EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle) is used to describe an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past and has a direct result or relevance to the present.
中文： 現在完成式（have/has + 過去分詞）用於描述過去某個未明確指出的時間發生的動作，且該動作對現在仍有直接的影響或關聯。
The company has updated its privacy policy to protect user data.
該公司已經更新了隱私權政策以保護使用者資料。
EN： Nouns can be used as possessive modifiers by adding 's (e.g., Elon Musk's) or joined in apposition to give extra information about a noun phrase (e.g., social media platform X).
中文： 名詞可透過加上 's 形成所有格修飾語（如 Elon Musk's），亦可使用同位語結構來為名詞短語提供額外補充資訊（如 social media platform X）。
Chef Ramsay's new restaurant Bistro 9 has opened downtown.
主廚拉姆齊的新餐廳 Bistro 9 已經在市中心開幕了。
EN： The term 'the kingdom' in news contexts usually refers specifically to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia when mentioned alongside Saudi figures or policy. Additionally, 'geoblocking' refers to technology that restricts access to internet content based on the user's geographic location, often employed to comply with local laws or government takedown requests.
中文： 新聞語境中的「the kingdom」（該王國）在提及沙烏地阿拉伯相關人物或政策時，特指「沙烏地阿拉伯王國」。此外，句中提及的「地理封鎖」（geoblocking）是指根據使用者的地理位置限制網路內容存取的技術，常被社群平台用來配合當地法律或政府的要求。
EN： The Present Perfect Passive Voice ('have been + past participle') is used to describe an action that began in the past and continues to affect the present, where the focus is on the receiver of the action rather than the performer.
中文： 現在完成時被動語態（have/has been + 過去分詞）用於描述從過去開始並持續影響到現在的動作，且焦點在於動作的承受者而非執行者。
Several new laws have been passed since the beginning of the year.
自今年年初以來，已通過了幾項新法律。
EN： The object complement structure 'make + object + adjective' means to cause someone or something to enter a particular state. In the passive voice, it becomes 'object + be made + adjective'.
中文： 受詞補語結構「make + 受詞 + 形容詞」表示「使某人/某物處於某種狀態」。在被動語態中，會轉變為「受詞 + be made + 形容詞」。
The document was made available to all employees yesterday.
該檔案已於昨天開放給所有員工調閱。
EN： The past participle 'called' is used as a reduced relative clause (short for 'which is called') to post-modify the noun 'method'.
中文： 過去分詞「called」在此作為簡化關係子句（原本為「which is called」），置於名詞「method」之後進行後位修飾，意思是「被稱為……的」。
They bought a new product called 'SmartHome'.
他們購買了一款名為「SmartHome」的新產品。
EN： The non-defining relative clause introduced by 'which' adds extra information about 'geoblocking'. The pattern 'prevent someone from V-ing' means to stop someone from doing an action.
中文： 由「which」引導的非限定關係子句用來補充說明前面的「geoblocking（地理封鎖）」。句中的句型「prevent someone from V-ing」則表示「阻止／防止某人做某事」。
The heavy rain prevented us from going to the concert.
大雨阻止了我們去參加演唱會。
EN： The Passive Voice (be + past participle) is used when the focus is on the action or the receiver of the action rather than the doer. Here, 'was taken' emphasizes 'this action'.
中文： 被動語態（be 動詞 + 過去分詞）用於將焦點放在動作本身或接收動作的對象，而非執行者。在此處，'was taken' 強調了「這項行動」。
The decision was made after a long discussion.
這個決定是在長時間討論後做出的。
EN： The preposition 'after' can be used as a conjunction followed by a full clause (subject + verb) to indicate time order.
中文： 介系詞 'after'（在……之後）可作為連接詞，後接一個完整的子句（主詞 + 動詞），用來表示事件發生的時間順序。
She left the office after her boss finished the presentation.
在她老闆結束簡報後，她離開了辦公室。
EN： The pattern 'the only [noun] that...' uses a relative clause introduced by 'that' to specify or limit the noun. When 'the only' modifies the head noun, 'that' is preferred over 'which'.
中文： 「the only + 名詞 + that...」句型中使用由「that」引導的關係子句（形容詞子句）來限定該名詞。當先行詞有「the only（唯一的）」修飾時，關係代名詞通常優先使用「that」而非「which」。
She is the only person that understood my explanation.
她是唯一理解我解釋的人。
EN： The Present Perfect tense ('has followed') is used here to describe an action that occurred at an unspecified time in the past and has relevance to the present situation.
中文： 現在完成式（has + 過去分詞，如 has followed）在此用於描述過去發生且與現在狀況仍有緊密關聯的動作或狀態。
Our company has followed international safety standards for years.
我們公司多年來一直遵循國際安全標準。
EN： The past perfect tense ('had + past participle') is used to describe an action that was completed before another action or point in the past. Here, 'had blocked' happened before 'reports showed'.
中文： 過去完成式（had + 過去分詞）用於表示在過去某個時間點或動作「之前」已經完成的動作。在本句中，「封鎖帳號（had blocked）」發生在「報導指出（reports showed）」之前。
She realized that she had left her keys at home.
她意識到自己把鑰匙忘在家裡了。
EN： A noun clause introduced by 'that' functions as the direct object of the main verb 'showed', expressing the fact or content being reported.
中文： 由「that」引導的名詞子句在此作為主要動詞「showed」的直接受詞，用來說明報導的具體內容。
Research shows that exercise improves mental health.
研究顯示運動能改善心理健康。
EN： The reported speech pattern 'claimed that...' is used to state what someone said or alleged, often requiring tense backshifting (using past continuous 'were violating' to report an action happening at that past time).
中文： 間接引語結構「claimed that...」（主張/聲稱……）常用於引用他人的說法。在此句中，主要動詞為過去式，因此子句中使用過去進行式（were violating）來表示當時正在發生的行為（時態一致）。
The company claimed that they were working on a solution.
該公司聲稱他們當時正在尋求解決方案。
EN： The past continuous tense (were + -ing) is used here within a subordinate clause to describe an ongoing action taking place at the time of the main verb's action.
中文： 過去進行式（were + 動詞-ing）在此處用於從屬子句中，描述在主要動詞發生當時，正在進行的持續性動作。
Police said the suspect was breaking the law.
警方表示該名嫌犯當時正在觸犯法律。
EN： Government censorship and geoblocking are frequently used by authorities in authoritarian states to restrict access to foreign social media accounts belonging to political dissidents and human rights activists.
中文： 政府審查制度與地理封鎖（geoblocking）常被專制國家當局用來限制該國民眾存取海外異議人士及人權活動家之社群帳號。
EN： The Present Perfect tense ('has raised') is used here to describe an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past and has an ongoing relevance or effect in the present.
中文： 現在完成式（has raised）在此用於描述過去某個不確定時間點發生的動作，且該動作對現在仍具有持續性的影響或關聯。
The recent policy change has raised many questions among employees.
最近的政策改變引發了員工之間的許多疑問。
EN： Prepositional phrases ('of censorship', 'on social media', 'among human rights organisations', 'around the world') are used sequentially to modify nouns, providing specific details about 'the issue' and 'concerns'.
中文： 介系詞片語（如 of censorship、on social media 等）接連使用來修飾名詞，為「問題（the issue）」與「關切（concerns）」提供具體的細節補充。
The lack of resources in local schools has caused concern among parents across the country.
當地學校資源的匱乏已引發全國家長之間的擔憂。
EN： Social media censorship has become a contentious international topic. Tech companies often face a dilemma between adhering to local government legal demands and upholding universal free speech standards. In authoritarian contexts, platforms geoblocking content can severely impact activists and dissidents who rely on social media as their primary platform for advocacy.
中文： 社群媒體審查制度已成為熱門的國際議題。科技公司常夾在「遵守當地政府法律要求」與「捍衛普世言論自由標準」的兩難之中。在極權環境下，平台若採取地理封鎖（geoblocking）等審查手段，將嚴重影響依賴社群媒體作為主要發聲管道的異議人士與活動家。
EN： The past perfect tense ('had + past participle') is used to express an action completed before another past event or time in the past.
中文： 過去完成式（had + 過去分詞）用於表示在過去某個特定時間點或事件「之前」就已經完成的動作。
She had already left when I arrived at the office.
當我到達辦公室時，她已經離開了。
EN： The phrase 'believe in' means to feel certain about the value, truth, or effectiveness of something, often followed by a gerund (-ing form) when expressing an action.
中文： 片語「believe in」表示「相信……的價值或重要性」，若後面接動作，需使用動名詞（V-ing）型態。
Our company believes in encouraging young talent.
我們公司相信鼓勵年輕人才是至關重要的。
EN： The past perfect tense ('had + past participle') is used to describe an action completed before another past action or a specific point in the past. Here, 'had not taken' shows the non-action occurred prior to the main reporting verb 'said'.
中文： 過去完成式（had + 過去分詞）用於表示在過去某個時間點或另一個過去動作之前就已經完成（或未完成）的動作。在此句中，'had not taken' 表示在主句動詞 'said'（說）之前，該平台尚未採取行動。
She said she had already finished her homework before the movie started.
她說在電影開始之前，她就已經做完作業了。
EN： The conjunction 'when' introduces a time clause indicating two events happening at or around the same time in the past.
中文： 連詞 'when' 用來引導時間副詞子句，表示在過去某個特定時間點或事件發生時，另一個動作同時或緊接著發生。
The train had just left when we arrived at the station.
當我們到達車站時，火車剛好開走了。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense ('has changed') is used with 'since then' to describe an action or state that began in the past and continues to be relevant or true up to the present.
中文： 現在完成式（has + 過去分詞）常與副詞片語「since then」（自那時以來）連用，用來表示從過去某一特定時間點開始，一直持續到現在或對現在仍有重大影響的動作或狀態。
He moved to Tokyo last year, and his life has changed significantly since then.
他去年搬到了東京，從那時起他的生活發生了顯著的變化。
EN： The adverb 'significantly' is used to modify the verb 'changed', indicating the degree or extent of the change (meaning 'to an important or noticeable degree').
中文： 程度副詞（Adverb of Degree）如「significantly」（顯著地），在此用來修飾動詞「changed」，說明改變的幅度與程度相當明顯。
The company's profits have increased significantly this quarter.
該公司本季度的利潤大幅增加。
EN： Compound adjectives can be formed using a noun + a past participle (e.g., 'London-based'). This functions as a single adjective modifying the noun that follows.
中文： 複合形容詞可以由「名詞 + 過去分詞」組成（例如：London-based），在句中充當單一形容詞，用來修飾後面的名詞。
She works for a New York-based technology firm.
她在一家總部位於紐約的科技公司工作。
EN： Past participle phrase as a reduced relative clause: 'called ALQST' is a shortened form of 'which is called ALQST', used to provide additional information about the noun.
中文： 過去分詞片語作為簡化關係子句：「called ALQST」是「which is called ALQST」的縮略形式，用來補充說明前面的名詞。
The girl called Sarah is my best friend.
那個名叫莎拉的女孩是我最好的朋友。
EN： ALQST is an independent human rights organization founded in 2014 to document and promote human rights in Saudi Arabia. Based in London, it operates outside the jurisdiction of the Saudi government to advocate for political prisoners and dissidents freely.
中文： ALQST 是一個創立於 2014 年的獨立人權組織，旨在記錄與推廣沙烏地阿拉伯的人權狀況。其總部位於倫敦，因而能在沙烏地阿拉伯政府的管轄範圍之外運作，自由地為政治犯與異議人士倡議。
EN： Inversion with Prepositional Phrases: When a prepositional phrase (e.g., 'Among those affected') is placed at the beginning of a sentence for emphasis, the subject and the verb swap places. Here, 'are' (verb) comes before 'well-known Saudi activists' (subject).
中文： 介系詞片語倒裝：當介系詞片語（如 'Among those affected'）為了強調而放在句首時，主詞與動詞的位置會對調。在此句中，動詞 'are' 出現在主詞 'well-known Saudi activists' 之前。
Among the guests was a famous actor.
在賓客之中有一位著名的演員。
EN： Relative Clause with 'Who': The relative pronoun 'who' introduces a relative clause ('who now live in exile') that provides essential information about the noun phrase 'well-known Saudi activists'.
中文： 使用 'Who' 的關係子句：關係代名詞 'who' 引導關係子句（'who now live in exile'），用來修飾並提供主要名詞片語 'well-known Saudi activists' 的附加資訊。
She supports artists who live in rural areas.
她支持居住在鄉村地區的藝術家。
EN： The term 'exile' refers to being barred from one's native country, often for political reasons. Many Saudi activists live abroad (e.g., in the UK or USA) to continue their advocacy work without facing imprisonment or government suppression in Saudi Arabia.
中文： 「流亡」（exile）指的是因政治等原因被禁止返回母國或被迫離開。許多沙烏地阿拉伯異議人士與活動家選擇居住於國外（例如英國或美國），以便在不受沙烏地阿拉伯政府拘禁或壓制的情況下繼續發聲。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses provide extra, non-essential information about a noun (separated by commas). We use 'who' for people and cannot replace it with 'that'.
中文： 非限定關係子句（用逗號隔開）用於提供名詞的補充資訊。描述人時使用「who」，且此處不可替換為「that」。
My brother, who lives in New York, is a doctor.
我哥哥住在紐約，他是一名醫生。
EN： The causative structure 'have + object + past participle' is used when something is done to someone's property or body, often by an outside force or authority.
中文： 使役動詞結構「have + 受詞 + 過去分詞（p.p.）」常用於表示某人的財產或身體「遭遇了某事」（通常由他人或權威機構執行）。
She had her passport stolen while traveling.
她在旅行時護照被偷了。
EN： ALQST is a London-based independent human rights organization advocating for human rights in Saudi Arabia. In recent years, social media platforms have faced increasing legal and political pressure from governments in the Middle East to censor or block regional dissidents, leading to debates over global free speech versus local law enforcement.
中文： ALQST 是一個總部位於倫敦的獨立人權組織，致力於倡導沙烏地阿拉伯的人權狀況。近年來，社群媒體平台面臨來自中東政府日益增加的法律與政治壓力，要求審查或封鎖該地區的異議人士，這引發了全球言論自由與遵守地方法律之間的激烈爭議。
EN： An appositive is a noun or noun phrase that sits next to another noun to rename or describe it. Here, 'a United States-based critic of Saudi human rights violations' explains who Abdullah Alaoudh is.
中文： 同位語（Appositive）是一個緊跟在另一個名詞旁的名詞或名詞片語，用來重新命名或補充說明該名詞。在此處，『a United States-based critic of Saudi human rights violations』是用來解釋阿卜杜拉·阿拉烏德的身分。
Elon Musk, the owner of X, made an important decision.
X 的所有者伊隆·馬斯克做出了一個重要決定。
EN： The present perfect passive voice ('has/have been' + past participle) is used to show that an action was performed on the subject in the past, and the result is relevant to the present.
中文： 現在完成時的被動語態（has/have been + 過去分詞）用於表示主詞在過去遭受了某個動作，且該動作的結果對現在仍有影響。
Many users have been affected by the new policy.
許多使用者已經受到了新政策的影響。
EN： The phrasal verb 'belong to' means to be owned by someone or to be a member/part of a particular group. It is followed by a noun or pronoun.
中文： 動詞片語 'belong to' 意為「屬於……」或「歸……所有」，後面接名詞或代名詞做受詞。
These historical documents belong to the national library.
這些歷史文獻屬於國家圖書館。
EN： Past participles (e.g., 'blocked', 'exiled') can function as adjectives to describe nouns, expressing a passive meaning (having been acted upon).
中文： 過去分詞（如 'blocked'、'exiled'）可做形容詞使用，用來修飾名詞，帶有被動涵義（表示「已被……的」）。
The stolen car was found near the station.
那輛被盜的汽車在車站附近被找到了。
EN： The pattern 'share one's view on [topic]' is used to express an opinion or perspective about a specific subject or situation.
中文： 動詞片語「share one's view on [主題]」意為「分享/表達某人對……的看法」，介系詞 on 用來引出所討論的特定主題或狀況。
The expert shared her view on the future of artificial intelligence.
這位專家分享了她對人工智慧未來的看法。
EN： Prepositional phrases indicating context or manner (e.g., 'in a recent statement') often appear at the end of a sentence to add specific detail to the main action.
中文： 介系詞短語（如「in a recent statement」）常置於句尾，用來補充說明主句動作發生的背景、方式或地點。
The company announced its new policy in an official press release.
該公司在一份官方新聞稿中宣布了其新政策。
EN： In modern human rights discourse and political activism, issuing a official 'statement' (often to media or human rights groups) is a standard method for exiled dissidents to call attention to government censorship and rights violations.
中文： 在現代人權議題與政治行動中，發表「官方聲明」（statement，通常透過媒體或人權組織）是流亡異議人士吸引國際社會關注政府審查與侵犯人權行為的標準方式。
EN： Indirect Speech (Reported Speech) with a Noun Clause: When reporting what someone said in the past, a 'that'-clause is used as the direct object of the reporting verb (e.g., 'said'). The tense in the dependent clause usually shifts back to match the past reporting verb (e.g., 'is' becomes 'was').
中文： 間接話語（轉述語氣）與名詞子句：當轉述某人過去所說的話時，常用包含 that 的名詞子句作為轉述動詞（如 said）的直接受詞。子句中的動詞時態通常會退回過去時態以與主句動詞一致（例如：is 變成 was）。
She said that the decision was unfair to the employees.
她說這個決定對員工不公平。
EN： Correlative Conjunction 'both ... and ...': Used to join two parallel words, phrases, or clauses, emphasizing that two items are equally involved or applicable.
中文： 對等連接詞「both ... and ...」（既……又……／無論……還是……）：用於連接兩個文法結構對等的詞彙、短語或子句，強調兩者同時成立或皆適用。
The company operates both in Europe and in Asia.
該公司在歐洲和亞洲皆有營運。
EN： In human rights contexts, 'in exile' refers to individuals forced to live outside their native country due to political persecution or safety threats. 'At home' refers to those remaining inside the country, often facing direct legal or physical suppression. Social media plays a critical role for political dissidents as one of the few available tools for public expression.
中文： 在人權議題背景下，「in exile」（流亡海外）指因政治迫害或安全脅迫而被迫生活於祖國之外的人士；「at home」（國內）則指留在國內、經常面臨直接法律或實體壓制的異議人士。對政治異議人士而言，社群媒體是極少數能對外公開發聲的重要工具。
EN： The phrasal verb 'point out' means to direct attention to a specific fact or information. It is often followed by a 'that' clause acting as the direct object.
中文： 動詞片語「point out」意為「指出、提及」某個特定事實或資訊，後面經常接由「that」引導的名詞子句作為直接受詞。
She pointed out that the meeting time had been changed.
她指出會議時間已經更改了。
EN： The past perfect tense ('had violated') is used here to indicate an action that happened before another past action ('did not say').
中文： 過去完成式（had + 過去分詞，如「had violated」）用於表示在另一個過去動作（「did not say」）之前就已經發生或未發生的動作。
He realized that he had forgotten his keys at home.
他意識到自己把鑰匙忘在家裡了。
EN： The Passive Voice (was carried out) is used when the focus is on the action being performed rather than the person or entity performing it. It is formed using a form of the verb 'to be' followed by the past participle.
中文： 被動語態（was carried out）用於當焦點放在「動作本身」而非「執行動作的人或單位」時。其結構為「be 動詞 + 過去分詞」。
The investigation was carried out by an independent committee.
這項調查是由一個獨立委員會執行的。
EN： The phrasal verb 'carry out' means to perform, execute, or complete a task, order, or action.
中文： 片語動詞「carry out」意為「執行」、「實施」或「完成」某項任務、命令或行動。
The doctors need to carry out further tests to confirm the diagnosis.
醫生需要進行進一步的檢查以確認診斷。
EN： 'Geoblocking' under state 'jurisdiction' refers to the legal and technical compliance where global tech companies restrict content locally to abide by national laws, balancing international human rights norms against local legal obligations.
中文： 在國家「管轄權（jurisdiction）」下實施的「網路地理封鎖（geoblocking）」，是指跨國科技公司為了遵守當地法律，而在特定國家/地區屏蔽內容的合規作為。這往往涉及國際人權標準與在地法律義務之間的衝突與拉鋸。
EN： The noun phrase 'questions about' is often followed by a noun clause introduced by a question word (here, 'how'). This clause functions as the object of the preposition 'about' and maintains normal statement word order (Subject + Verb).
中文： 名詞短語「questions about」（關於……的問題）後面常接由疑問詞（此處為 how）引導的名詞子句。該子句作為介系詞「about」的受詞，句構需維持陳述句的語序（主詞 + 動詞）。
We discussed how technology affects our daily lives.
我們討論了科技如何影響我們的日常生活。
EN： The verb 'raise' is a transitive verb meaning 'to bring up or cause to arise'. It requires a direct object, such as 'questions', 'concerns', or 'issues'.
中文： 動詞「raise」為及物動詞，意為「提出、引起或引發」，後面必須接直接受詞，常見搭配名詞如「questions」（問題）、「concerns」（疑慮）或「issues」（議題）。
The new policy raised many concerns among employees.
新政策在員工之間引發了許多疑慮。
EN： This sentence reflects the global debate over state censorship versus freedom of speech on major social media platforms. Global tech companies often face legal and ethical dilemmas when authoritarian governments demand the removal of content or blocking of political dissidents.
中文： 這句話反映了全球對於國家審查與主要社群媒體平台上言論自由之間的爭議。當威權政府要求移除內容或封鎖政治異議人士時，全球科技公司往往面臨法律與倫理上的雙重困境。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 持不同政見者、異議人士
在本文中： 防止、阻止
在本文中： 官方、當局
在本文中： 違反、違背
在本文中： 審查制度、言論審查
在本文中： 關切、憂慮
在本文中： 捍衛、保護
在本文中： 顯著地、相當大程度地
在本文中： 流亡、亡命
在本文中： 司法管轄權、管轄範圍
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
The practice of restricting access to internet content based on the user's geographical location.
地理封鎖
To direct attention to a fact or detail.
指出、提醒
To perform, conduct, or execute a task or instruction.
執行、實施
The basic rights and freedoms that belong to every person in the world.
人權