EN： The phrase 'a growing number of + plural countable noun' functions as a plural subject, meaning that the following verb takes a plural form (e.g., 'have decided'). 'Growing' acts as a participle adjective modifying 'number'.
中文： 片語「a growing number of + 複數可數名詞」表示「越來越多的……」，在語法上通常視為複數主詞，後方動詞需用複數形（如本句中的 have decided）。其中 growing 為現在分詞作形容詞修飾 number。
A growing number of people prefer working remotely.
越來越多的人偏好遠距工作。
EN： The conjunction 'while' introduces an adverbial clause of time, meaning 'during the time that' or 'at the same time as'. The present simple tense ('study') is used here to indicate an ongoing habitual state or routine.
中文： 從屬連接詞「while」引導時間副詞子句，意為「在……期間」或「當……之時」。在此處搭配現在簡單式（study）表示就學這段期間的常態或習慣性狀態。
He listened to music while he cleaned his room.
他邊整理房間邊聽音樂。
EN： Traditionally in the United Kingdom, going to university meant moving away from home and living in student halls or shared rented houses, which was seen as a key rite of passage into adulthood. However, rising living costs and rent prices have led to a noticeable cultural shift, where staying with parents ('commuter students') is becoming increasingly common.
中文： 傳統上在英國，上大學通常意味著搬離原生家庭並住在學生宿舍或合租公寓中，這被視為邁向成年獨立的重要成年禮。然而，隨著生活成本與房租大幅上漲，英國的大學文化正在轉變，「住家通勤生」（commuter students）的比例正逐漸增加。
EN： An appositive noun phrase (here: 'the university admissions service') is placed directly beside another noun ('Ucas') to rename, describe, or provide additional identifying information about it, typically set off by commas.
中文： 同位語名詞短語（在此為「the university admissions service」）直接置於另一個名詞（「Ucas」）之後，用以補充說明或解釋該名詞的身份或性質，通常前後會用逗號隔開。
Dr. Miller, the head of the science department, announced the new research grant.
科學系主任米勒博士宣布了新的研究補助金。
EN： The verb 'apply' is frequently followed by a full infinitive ('to study') to express the intended purpose or action being requested, forming the pattern 'apply to do something'.
中文： 動詞「apply」（申請）常接不定詞（to + 原形動詞，例如「to study」），表示申請的目的或想要從事的活動，形成「apply to do something」的常見句型。
Thousands of international candidates applied to join the exchange program.
數以千計的國際候選人申請加入這項交換計畫。
EN： UCAS (Universities and Colleges Admissions Service) is the centralized organization through which almost all undergraduate applications in the UK are processed. Traditionally, British university culture strongly favors moving away from home to live in student dormitories or shared flats. The phrase 'study from home' highlights a major cultural shift where rising living costs are forcing more students to become 'commuter students'.
中文： 英國大學聯招系統（UCAS）是全英國統一處理大學部申請的核心機構。在英國傳統的升學文化中，高中畢業生普遍傾向搬離原生家庭、入住大學宿舍或在校外合租公寓，將獨立生活視為大學體驗的重要部分。因此，「study from home」（住在家裡上大學／走讀）人數激增，反映了因物價及租金高漲所帶來的深刻社會與升學文化轉變。
EN： Comparative structures with measurements: when stating the degree or extent of comparison, place the measurement (e.g., 'eight percent', 'two inches') directly before the comparative adjective (e.g., 'higher than').
中文： 帶有計量詞的比較級結構：在表達相差的程度或幅度時，會將數量詞（如「eight percent」）直接放在比較級形容詞（如「higher than」）之前。
Sales this quarter are ten percent lower than last quarter.
本季度的銷售額比上一季度低了百分之十。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses with 'when': after a noun referring to a specific time or period (like 'the previous year'), a comma followed by 'when' adds extra descriptive information without restricting the identity of that time period.
中文： 以「when」引導的非限定關係子句：在表示具體時間或時期的名詞（如「the previous year」）之後加上逗號和「when」，用以補充說明當時發生的情況，而不是用來限定該時間。
He graduated in 2020, when the pandemic disrupted traditional ceremonies.
他在2020年畢業，當時疫情擾亂了傳統的畢業典禮。
EN： In British higher education, moving away from home to live in university halls of residence (dorms) has traditionally been seen as a rite of passage. Reporting statistics on commuter students highlights a major cultural shift driven by modern economic pressures.
中文： 在英國的高等教育體系中，離家搬進大學宿舍（halls of residence）向來被視為邁入成年的重要成年禮（rite of passage）。新聞對走讀通勤學生統計數據的報導，突顯出在現代經濟壓力下校園生活文化的重大轉變。
EN： The sentence uses the Present Perfect Passive ('have been identified'). This structure is formed by 'have/has + been + past participle' and is used to describe actions that have occurred in the past and remain relevant now, focusing on the receiver of the action rather than the doer.
中文： 本句使用了「現在完成式的被動語態」（have been identified）。其結構為「have/has + been + 過去分詞」，用於表示過去已經完成且影響持續至今的被動動作，重點在於承受動作的對象而非執行者。
Several potential solutions have been proposed by the committee.
委員會已經提出了幾項潛在的解決方案。
EN： The pattern 'identify [something] as [something]' means to recognize or categorize something as a specific role or cause. In the passive voice, it becomes '[something] is identified as [something]'.
中文： 句型「identify... as...」表示「將……認定／視為……」。轉為被動語態時，結構為「... be identified as ...」（……被認為是／被認定為……），常用於新聞報導及學術分析中指出原因或身份。
Lack of sleep has been identified as a major cause of stress.
睡眠不足已被認定為壓力的主要原因。
EN： In the UK, university culture has traditionally emphasized moving away from home and living in student halls or shared rented housing. However, the recent 'cost of living crisis' in Britain has made rent and maintenance costs significantly higher, pushing a record number of students to commute from their family homes instead.
中文： 在英國，傳統的大學生活文化非常強調離家獨立居住，例如入住學生宿舍或在外合租。然而近年英國面臨生活成本危機（cost of living crisis），租金與生活費大幅上漲，促使越來越多學生打破傳統，選擇直接住在家中通勤上學。
EN： An appositive is a noun or noun phrase placed next to another noun to rename or describe it. Here, 'a second-year business student' is set off by commas and provides additional information about the subject 'Lucy Brazier'.
中文： 同位語（Appositive）是放在名詞旁邊、用來重新命名或補充說明該名詞的詞或片語。在此句中，「a second-year business student」前後用逗號隔開，作為主詞「Lucy Brazier」的同位語，補充說明其身分。
David, an experienced graphic designer, helped us redesign the company website.
大衛是一位經驗豐富的平面設計師，他協助我們重新設計了公司網站。
EN： The conjunction 'because' introduces an adverbial clause of reason ('because she lives near the campus'), explaining why the action in the main clause ('commutes to the University of Essex') occurs.
中文： 從屬連接詞「because」用來引導表示原因的副詞子句（because she lives near the campus），說明主要子句動詞動作（commutes to...）發生的原因。
Mark walks to work because his apartment is very close to the office.
馬克走路去上班，因為他的公寓離辦公室非常近。
EN： Traditionally in the UK, university students move away from home to live in university halls of residence or shared student housing. However, rising living costs have led to an increase in 'commuter students' who continue living with family and travel to campus daily.
中文： 在英國的傳統文化中，大部分大學生會搬離家中，住進學校宿舍（halls of residence）或校外合租公寓。然而，近年由於生活與住宿費用持續高漲，越來越多學生選擇成為「通勤學生」（commuter students），即與家人同住並每天往返校園。
EN： The gerund 'commuting' functions as the subject of the noun clause ('commuting was an easy decision'). Gerunds (verb + -ing) act as nouns and always take singular verbs.
中文： 動名詞「commuting」（通勤）在此充當 that 名詞子句中的主詞（commuting was an easy decision）。動名詞片語作為主詞時，後續的動詞一律視為單數（搭配 was）。
Cooking at home saves a lot of money.
在家煮飯能省下很多錢。
EN： The conjunction 'after' introduces an adverbial time clause ('after she compared...'), explaining when the realization or decision took place relative to the action of comparison.
中文： 從屬連接詞「after」（在……之後）引導副詞子句（after she compared...），用來說明動作發生的先後時間順序，此處修飾子句中的主要動詞 was。
He chose this course after he spoke to several graduates.
在與幾位畢業生聊過之後，他選擇了這門課程。
EN： In British English, 'student halls' (short for 'halls of residence') refers to university-provided student dormitories. Living in halls during the first year is a quintessential UK university tradition, making the choice to commute a notable shift in student lifestyle.
中文： 在英式英語中，「student halls」（即 halls of residence）指大學提供的學生宿舍。傳統上，英國大學新鮮人通常第一年都會住進學校宿舍以體驗校園生活；因此選擇「住家裡通勤」在當地被視為相當顯著的生活型態轉變。
EN： A defining relative clause starting with 'that' modifies the noun phrase 'overnight rooms'. It provides essential information identifying what kind of rooms are offered.
中文： 以「that」引導的限定關係子句用來修飾名詞片語「overnight rooms」（過夜客房），提供必要的定義說明這些客房具有何種特性。
The hotel provides free shuttle buses that run every thirty minutes.
該飯店提供每三十分鐘一班的免費接駁車。
EN： Passive voice with a modal verb follows the structure 'modal (can) + be + past participle (booked)'. It focuses on the action being possible rather than specifying who performs it.
中文： 情態助動詞的被動語態結構為「情態動詞 (can) + be + 過去分詞 (booked)」，重點在於該行為的可行性，而非指出具體的執行者。
Tickets can be purchased online before the event.
門票可以在活動前於線上購買。
EN： In the UK, many universities that traditionally emphasized full-time, on-campus residency are introducing flexible, low-cost short-stay accommodation for 'commuter students' (students who live at home to save on high rent). Thirty-five pounds per night is considered very economical compared to standard commercial hotel rates in Britain.
中文： 在英國，傳統上強調校內住宿的大學正逐步為「通勤學生」（為了省下高昂租金而住在家中的學生）推出平價且具彈性的短住方案。相較於英國一般的商業旅館價格，一晚三十五英鎊顯得非常實惠。
EN： The present perfect tense ('has used') connects a past action or experience with the present. Here, it indicates that Brazier has had the experience of using the service up to the present moment.
中文： 現在完成式（has used）用來連接過去發生的動作或經驗與現在的關聯。在此處表示布拉齊爾直到目前為止，具備使用這項服務的經驗。
He has visited the campus library several times this semester.
他這學期已經造訪過校園圖書館好幾次了。
EN： A non-defining relative clause introduced by 'which' (preceded by a comma) can refer back to an entire previous clause or situation, rather than just a single preceding noun. The parenthetical phrase 'she says' is embedded within it.
中文： 由逗號引導的非限定關係子句（以 'which' 開頭），可以指代前面整個子句所描述的整件事情或情況，而不僅僅是前面的單一名詞。其中還插入了表示說法的插入語「she says」。
The train was delayed for an hour, which was quite frustrating.
火車延誤了一小時，這令人相當沮喪。
EN： In the UK, university life has traditionally revolved around moving away from home into student halls or shared flats. With the rise of commuter students, some universities now provide low-cost 'overnight rooms' or flexible guest accommodation so students can still participate in evening social life or avoid early morning travel on exam days.
中文： 在英國，傳統的大學生活多半是搬離原生家庭並住進學生宿舍或合租公寓。隨著走讀（通勤）學生比例增加，部分大學開始提供平價的「臨時過夜宿舍（overnight rooms）」，讓通勤生也能參與夜間的社交活動，或在考試當天避免一大早趕車。
EN： The present continuous tense ('are now adapting') is used here to describe an ongoing trend or gradual change happening around the present moment.
中文： 此處使用現在進行式（'are now adapting'）來描述當前正在發生、持續推進中的趨勢或漸進式轉變。
Many companies are adapting to hybrid working models this year.
許多公司今年正在調整適應混合辦公模式。
EN： The infinitive of purpose ('to meet...') explains why the action is taking place, answering 'for what purpose?'. The phrase 'meet the needs of' is a common collocation meaning to satisfy requirements.
中文： 不定詞作目的狀語（'to meet...'）用來修飾動詞 adapting，說明動作發生的目的（為了……）。其中「meet the needs of」是常見固定搭配，意為「滿足……的需求」。
The school updated its library to meet the needs of modern learners.
學校更新了圖書館設施，以滿足現代學習者的需求。
EN： Traditionally in the UK, university students left home to live in halls of residence or rented shared houses as an essential rite of passage. Due to soaring rent and cost of living pressures, 'commuter students' (students who live with their parents and travel to campus) have become a prominent and growing demographic, prompting universities to adapt class schedules and facilities.
中文： 傳統上，英國大學生大多會離家住校或租房合住，這被視為邁向獨立的重要人生歷程。然而，隨著租金與生活成本大幅上漲，「通勤學生」（住在家中往返校園就讀者）人數劇增，促使各大學紛紛調整課表及校園設施以因應這股新趨勢。
EN： An appositive phrase is a noun or noun phrase that immediately follows another noun to rename or describe it. Here, 'the chief executive of Universities UK' is set off by commas to explain who 'Vivienne Stern' is.
中文： 同位語（Appositive）是緊跟在另一個名詞之後、用來補充說明或重新指稱該名詞的名詞或名詞片語。在此句中，由逗號隔開的「the chief executive of Universities UK」就是主詞「Vivienne Stern」的同位語，用以說明其職稱與機構。
Mr. Davis, the principal of the high school, gave an inspiring speech.
高中校長戴維斯先生發表了一場鼓舞人心的演講。
EN： A noun clause introduced by 'that' functions as the direct object of a reporting verb such as 'says', 'believes', or 'thinks'. It expresses what was stated.
中文： 由連接詞「that」引導的名詞子句常放在「says」、「believes」或「thinks」等轉述動詞之後，作為整句的受詞，用來說明陳述的具體內容。
The report suggests that online education is becoming more popular.
該報告指出線上教育正變得越來越受歡迎。
EN： Universities UK (UUK) is the collective advocacy organisation representing over 140 universities across England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Traditionally in the UK, going to university meant moving away from home and living in halls of residence; this cultural norm is shifting due to rising living costs, leading more students to commute.
中文： 英國大學協會（Universities UK, 簡稱 UUK）是代表英國境內 140 多所大學的官方組織。傳統上，英國大學生大多會離開家鄉搬進學生宿舍生活；然而隨著生活成本與住宿費用上升，越來越多學生選擇住家裡通勤，使得傳統的校園生活型態正面臨轉變。
EN： The sentence uses a noun clause introduced by 'that' as the direct object of the reporting verb 'explains'. Inside this clause, another clause modifies 'resources' using a relative clause ('that are designed...').
中文： 本句使用由連接詞 'that' 引導的名詞子句（that-clause）作為轉述動詞 'explains' 的受詞。在此子句內部，又包含由關係代名詞 'that' 引導的關係子句（形容詞子句），用以修飾先行詞 'resources'。
He mentioned that the company provides training sessions that are tailored for beginners.
他提到公司提供了專為初學者量身打造的培訓課程。
EN： The relative pronoun 'who' introduces a defining relative clause ('who have longer journeys or other responsibilities') modifying the noun 'students'.
中文： 關係代名詞 'who' 引導限定用法的關係子句（形容詞子句），用來具體修飾先行詞 'students'（學生），說明這些學生的特質或情況。
The library offers quiet areas for students who need to concentrate on exam preparation.
圖書館為需要專心準備考試的學生提供安靜的區域。
EN： In British higher education, 'timetables' refers to academic class schedules. Traditionally, UK undergraduate degrees expect students to live on campus or in nearby private rented housing. With rising living costs, UK universities are shifting toward supporting 'commuter students' through condensed block teaching (e.g., all lectures on two fixed days a week) rather than spreading classes thinly across five days.
中文： 在英國高等教育體系中，'timetables' 指的是課堂排程或課表。傳統上英國大學生多傾向住在校園宿舍或鄰近租屋；但近年隨著生活成本大增，越來越多學生選擇通勤。因此許多英國大學開始實施彈性排課（例如將每週課程集中在兩到三天），以減輕通勤學生的交通負擔與時間成本。
EN： The sentence uses the present perfect passive voice ('have been reorganised'). It is formed with 'have/has + been + past participle' and is used to describe an action completed in the past that has a direct relevance or result in the present, while focusing on the receiver of the action rather than the doer.
中文： 此句使用了現在完成式的被動語態（'have been reorganised'）。其結構為「have/has + been + 過去分詞」，用於表示過去已完成、但對現在仍有直接影響或結果的動作，並著重於承受動作的對象（課程）而非執行者。
The library schedule has been changed to support working students.
圖書館的開放時間已經被調整，以支援在職學生。
EN： 'So that' is a subordinating conjunction used to indicate purpose or result ('in order that'). It is usually followed by a clause containing a subject and a modal verb or present/past tense verb.
中文： 「So that」（以便／為了）是一個從屬連接詞，用於引導表示目的或結果的子句。其後通常接一個包含主詞和動詞（或情態助動詞）的完整子句。
We moved closer to the station so that we could save time on our commute.
我們搬到離車站更近的地方，以便節省通勤時間。
EN： In the UK, traditional university culture heavily emphasized living away from home in student halls ('halls of residence'). However, due to the sharp rise in living costs, 'commuter students' (students who travel daily from their family home) have become much more common, prompting universities to adapt course timetables (e.g., consolidating lectures into fewer days).
中文： 在英國傳統的大學文化中，學生多半會離家住在學校宿舍（halls of residence）。然而隨著生活成本急遽上漲，「通勤學生」（commuter students）大幅增加，迫使各大學調整課程時間表（例如將實體課程集中在每週少數幾天），以減輕學生交通負擔。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses use commas to give extra, non-essential information about a noun. The relative pronoun 'who' refers to people and cannot be replaced by 'that' in non-defining clauses.
中文： 非限定關係子句（Non-defining relative clauses）使用逗號隔開，用來提供先行詞的補充說明或額外資訊。此處先行詞為人，使用關係代名詞「who」，在非限定子句中不能換成「that」。
David, who recently joined our team, has won an international award.
最近加入我們團隊的大衛獲得了一項國際大獎。
EN： The present perfect continuous tense (has/have been + verb-ing) indicates an action that started in the past and is still continuing into the present, often accompanied by 'for' or 'since' to show duration.
中文： 現在完成進行式（has/have been + 動詞-ing）表示動作從過去某個時間點開始，持續進行到現在且可能繼續下去。常用「for + 一段時間」表示持續的時間長度。
She has been working on this research project for six months.
她進行這項研究計畫已經有六個月了。
EN： The National Union of Students (NUS) is a confederation of student unions in the United Kingdom, representing several million students. Its leadership often comments publicly on government educational policy, tuition fees, and student living costs.
中文： 英國全國學生聯合會（National Union of Students，簡稱 NUS）是英國各大專院校學生會的聯合組織，代表數百萬名學生的權益。其領導層常就政府的教育政策、學費標準及學生生活成本等議題公開發聲。
EN： The conjunction 'that' introduces a noun clause functioning as the direct object of the verb 'believes'. In spoken English, 'that' is often optional, but in formal or written English it is commonly retained.
中文： 連接詞「that」引導名詞子句，作為動詞「believes」的受詞。在口語中「that」常可省略，但在正式或書面語中通常會保留。
He believes that regular exercise improves mental health.
他認為規律運動能改善心理健康。
EN： The idiom 'play a role (in something)' means to be an involved factor or to have an effect on a situation. Here it is used in the present perfect tense ('have played a role') to describe an ongoing or relevant influence.
中文： 成語「play a role (in something)」意思是「（在某事中）扮演角色、發揮作用或產生影響」。本句中使用現在完成式（have played a role），表示這項影響從過去持續至今或仍具現實關聯。
Diet and sleep have also played a role in his recovery.
飲食與睡眠也在他的康復過程中發揮了作用。
EN： Traditionally, UK university students almost universally left home to live in halls or private rentals, making 'moving away' a key rite of passage. Campbell's comment highlights a significant cultural shift where living at home is no longer seen merely as an economic compromise, but also as a normal personal and lifestyle choice.
中文： 傳統上，英國大學生幾乎普遍會離家入住學生宿舍或租房，獨立生活被視為成年儀式的重要一環。坎貝爾的發言點出了深刻的文化變遷：如今住在家中通勤求學，已不再單純被視為經濟上的妥協，更逐漸成為被社會普遍接受的個人生活方式選擇。
EN： The structure 'the idea of + V-ing' uses a gerund phrase after the preposition 'of' to define or explain the specific content of the noun 'idea'.
中文： 「the idea of + 動名詞（V-ing）」結構中，介系詞 of 後接動名詞短語，作為同位語或修飾語，用來說明 idea（想法、念頭）的具體內容。
The idea of working from home appeals to many employees.
在家工作的想法吸引了許多員工。
EN： The passive pattern 'be seen as + adjective/noun' means 'to be regarded or considered as something'. The adverb 'no longer' modifies the verb phrase to indicate that a past state has ceased.
中文： 被動語態句型「be seen as + 形容詞/名詞」表示「被視為……」。副詞「no longer」意為「不再」，修飾動詞片語以表達某種過去的情況已停止存在。
Owning a car is no longer seen as a necessity in the city.
在城市裡，擁有汽車已不再被視為必需品。
EN： Historically in the UK, going to university was considered a rite of passage that involved moving away from home and living independently in halls of residence. Rising living and accommodation costs have shifted this cultural expectation, making commuting and living with parents increasingly common and normalized.
中文： 傳統上在英國，上大學常被視為邁向成年的重要成年禮（rite of passage），學生多半會離家搬進學校宿舍或校外租屋以學習獨立生活。然而，隨著住宿與生活成本持續飆升，這種文化觀念正在轉變，通勤上學並與家人同住逐漸被大眾視為正常且務實的選擇。
EN： The conjunction 'as' is used here to indicate a proportional change or simultaneous progression, meaning 'in proportion to the way in which' or 'while'. It connects the adverbial clause of progression ('As commuting becomes more common') to the main clause.
中文： 從屬連接詞「as」在此處表示「隨著……」，引導表伴隨或比例變化的副詞子句（As commuting becomes more common），用來描述兩個情境隨著時間同時發展的趨勢。
As technology advances, remote work is becoming more accessible.
隨著科技進步，遠端工作正變得更加容易實現。
EN： The structure 'how + subject + verb' acts as a noun clause functioning as the direct object of the verb 'change'. Here, 'how they deliver education' means 'the way in which they deliver education'.
中文： 由疑問詞「how」引導的名詞子句（how they deliver education）作及物動詞「change」的受詞，語意相當於「the way that...」（他們提供教育的方式）。
The manager explained how we should handle customer complaints.
經理說明了我們應該如何處理顧客抱怨。
EN： In the UK, the traditional university experience has historically involved moving away from home to live in student halls or shared housing. However, rising living costs have fueled the rise of 'commuter students' who stay at home, prompting universities to modernize schedules and digital learning.
中文： 在英國傳統觀念中，讀大學通常意味著搬離原生家庭、住在學生宿舍或合租公寓。然而近年因生活成本攀升，「通勤學生」（commuter students）大幅增加，促使許多英國大學調整課程時間表並強化遠距教學以適應此轉變。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 入學許可；准許進入
在本文中： 住所；住宿
在本文中： 趨勢；趨向
在本文中： 通勤；上下班或上下學往返
在本文中： 適應；調整以符合新情況
在本文中： 主管；執行長
在本文中： 有彈性的；靈活的
在本文中： 責任；職責
在本文中： 偏好；喜好
在本文中： 傳授；提供（教育或服務）
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
only a short time before something happens, without much advance warning
臨時；在短時間內通知
to satisfy the requirements or demands of someone or something
滿足……的需求
to have an active part in an event, process, or situation; to be an influencing factor
發揮作用；扮演角色；成為因素之一
a college or university student who lives off-campus and travels to classes rather than living in student housing
通勤學生；走讀生
the stress or difficulty caused by not having enough money or facing high expenses
經濟壓力；財務困境