Nelson Mandela: Freedom and Forgiveness納爾遜·曼德拉：自由與寬恕
聆聽課程
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EN： The phrase 'While in prison' is a reduced adverbial clause. The subject and the verb 'to be' (While he was in prison) are omitted because the subject is the same as the main clause.
中文： 「While in prison」是一個簡化的副詞子句。當從屬子句的主詞與主要子句相同，且動詞為 be 動詞時（While he was in prison），主詞與 be 動詞可以省略。
While in London, she visited many museums.
在倫敦期間，她參觀了許多博物館。
EN： The verb 'continue' can be followed by an infinitive (to study) or a gerund (studying) with little to no change in meaning, indicating an action that persists.
中文： 動詞「continue」後面可以接不定詞（to study）或動名詞（studying），兩者意義幾乎相同，用來表示持續進行某個動作。
They continued to work despite the heavy rain.
儘管下著大雨，他們仍繼續工作。
EN： 'Study by correspondence' refers to distance learning via mail, which was the primary way for prisoners to receive higher education before the internet era. Mandela's pursuit of a law degree while imprisoned was a significant act of intellectual resistance.
中文： 「Study by correspondence」（函授學習）是指透過郵件進行的遠距教學，這在網路時代之前是囚犯接受高等教育的主要方式。曼德拉在獄中堅持攻讀法律學位，被視為一種強大的智力抗爭行為。
EN： The verb 'refuse' is followed by a 'to-infinitive' (to + base verb) to indicate what action the subject declines to do.
中文： 動詞 'refuse' (拒絕) 後面接「不定詞」(to + 原形動詞)，用來表示主詞拒絕執行的動作。
She refused to accept the bribe.
她拒絕接受賄賂。
EN： The conjunction 'even though' introduces a concession clause, used to express a fact that makes the main statement surprising or unexpected.
中文： 連接詞 'even though' (儘管/雖然) 引導讓步子句，用來表達一個事實，使得主要子句的陳述顯得令人驚訝或出乎意料。
Even though it was raining, they went for a hike.
儘管下著雨，他們還是去健行了。
EN： This sentence highlights Nelson Mandela's philosophy of non-violence and forgiveness. In the context of South Africa's Apartheid, 'the system' refers to the institutionalized racial segregation and discrimination enforced by the government from 1948 to 1994.
中文： 這句話強調了納爾遜·曼德拉非暴力與寬容的哲學。在南非種族隔離制度 (Apartheid) 的背景下，「體制」(the system) 指的是 1948 年至 1994 年間政府強制執行的制度化種族隔離與歧視。
EN： The verb 'grow' followed by an infinitive (to + verb) means to gradually begin to do something or to develop a feeling over time.
中文： 動詞「grow」後接不定詞（to + 動詞）表示「逐漸開始做某事」或隨著時間推移而產生某種感覺。
I grew to like the quiet life in the countryside.
我逐漸喜歡上了鄉村寧靜的生活。
EN： The preposition 'for' is used here to indicate the reason or cause for the respect being given.
中文： 介係詞「for」在此處用於表示給予尊重的理由或原因。
The teacher is admired for her patience.
這位老師因其耐心而受到欽佩。
EN： This sentence reflects Nelson Mandela's extraordinary character. In the context of South African Apartheid, the relationship between white guards and black prisoners was typically one of extreme hostility. Mandela's ability to win the respect of his oppressors through moral consistency is a central theme of his legacy.
中文： 這句話反映了納爾遜·曼德拉非凡的人格魅力。在南非種族隔離制度的背景下，白人警衛與黑人囚犯之間的關係通常極度敵對。曼德拉能透過道德的一致性贏得壓迫者的尊重，是他留給世人的核心精神遺產。
EN： The sentence uses a Noun Clause starting with 'that' as the direct object of the verb 'realized'. This clause functions as a noun to express the content of his realization.
中文： 本句使用由 'that' 引導的名詞子句作為動詞 'realized' 的受詞。此子句的功能如同名詞，用來表達他所意識到的具體內容。
She realized that hard work was the key to success.
她意識到努力工作是成功的關鍵。
EN： The modal verb 'would' is used here to express a future-in-the-past perspective, showing what Mandela predicted or understood about the consequences of bitterness from his viewpoint at that time.
中文： 助動詞 'would' 在此用於表達「過去未來的觀點」，顯示曼德拉從當時的角度對怨恨後果的預測或理解。
He knew that the rain would stop eventually.
他知道雨最終會停的。
EN： In this context, 'cause' refers to a principle or movement that someone is prepared to support or fight for, specifically the anti-apartheid movement in South Africa. Mandela's realization highlights the philosophy of Ubuntu and reconciliation that defined his leadership.
中文： 在此語境中，'cause' 指的是某人願意支持或為之奮鬥的理想或運動，特別是指南非的反種族隔離運動。曼德拉的這一體悟凸顯了定義他領導風格的「烏班圖」(Ubuntu) 哲學與和解精神。
EN： Passive Voice (be + past participle): Used when the subject receives the action rather than performing it. In this case, Mandela did not release himself; he was released by the authorities.
中文： 被動語態 (be 動詞 + 過去分詞)：用於主詞是動作的接受者而非執行者時。在此句中，曼德拉並非自己釋放自己，而是被當局釋放。
The new library was opened by the mayor last week.
新圖書館上週由市長主持開幕。
EN： Prepositions of Time and Place: 'On' is used for specific dates (February 11), while 'from' indicates the point of origin or separation.
中文： 時間與地點介係詞：「On」用於特定的日期（2月11日），而「from」則表示來源或分離的起點。
The flight from London arrived on July 4th.
從倫敦起飛的班機於7月4日抵達。
EN： The release of Nelson Mandela after 27 years in prison marked a pivotal moment in the end of apartheid in South Africa. February 11, 1990, is remembered globally as a symbol of the triumph of the human spirit and the beginning of a new democratic era.
中文： 納爾遜·曼德拉在入獄 27 年後獲釋，標誌著南非種族隔離制度（Apartheid）走向終結的關鍵時刻。1990 年 2 月 11 日被全球視為人類精神勝利及新民主時代開啟的象徵。
EN： The conjunction 'as' is used here to indicate that two actions are happening simultaneously. It functions similarly to 'while' or 'at the same time that'.
中文： 連接詞「as」在此處用於表示兩個動作同時發生。其功能類似於「while」或「at the same time that」（當……的時候）。
She waved to her parents as the train pulled out of the station.
當火車駛離車站時，她向父母揮手。
EN： The phrase 'millions of' is used to describe a large, indefinite number. Note that 'million' is pluralized (millions) when followed by 'of' and a noun.
中文： 短語「millions of」用於描述大量且不確定的數字。請注意，當後面接「of」和名詞時，「million」必須使用複數形式（millions）。
Millions of stars were visible in the clear night sky.
在晴朗的夜空中可以看到數百萬顆星星。
EN： Nelson Mandela's release from Victor Verster Prison in 1990 was a pivotal global event, symbolizing the beginning of the end of Apartheid in South Africa. The phrase 'walked to freedom' refers to his famous autobiography title, 'Long Walk to Freedom'.
中文： 納爾遜·曼德拉於 1990 年從維克多·韋斯特監獄獲釋是一個關鍵的全球性事件，象徵著南非種族隔離制度終結的開始。「走向自由」（walked to freedom）一詞呼應了他著名的自傳書名《漫漫自由路》（Long Walk to Freedom）。
EN： The coordinating conjunction 'but' is used to connect two independent clauses, showing a contrast between the subject's physical age and his mental strength.
中文： 對等連接詞 'but' 用於連接兩個獨立子句，用以展現主體生理年齡與心理韌性之間的對比。
The task was difficult, but she completed it on time.
這項任務很困難，但她準時完成了。
EN： The linking verb 'remain' is followed by adjectives (strong and unbroken) to describe the state or quality of the subject (his spirit) that continues to exist.
中文： 連綴動詞 'remain' 後接形容詞（strong 和 unbroken），用來描述主詞（他的精神）持續存在的狀態或特質。
Despite the noise, the baby remained asleep.
儘管有噪音，寶寶依然維持在睡眠狀態。
EN： Nelson Mandela's resilience after 27 years in prison is a cornerstone of modern South African history. The term 'unbroken' specifically refers to his refusal to compromise his ideals despite decades of confinement.
中文： 納爾遜·曼德拉在獄中度過 27 年後的韌性是現代南非歷史的基石。「unbroken」（不屈）一詞特別指他在數十年的監禁中，仍拒絕在理想上妥協的精神。
EN： The phrase 'instead of' is a prepositional phrase meaning 'in place of' or 'rather than'. When followed by a verb, the verb must be in the gerund form (-ing) because it follows a preposition.
中文： 短語 'instead of' 是一個介係詞短語，意思是「代替」或「而不是」。當後面接動詞時，該動詞必須使用動名詞形式 (-ing)，因為它位於介係詞之後。
Instead of staying home, we went to the park.
我們沒有待在家裡，而是去了公園。
EN： The phrasal verb 'call for' means to publicly ask for or demand something that is needed or wanted, often used in political or social contexts.
中文： 片語動詞 'call for' 意為公開要求或呼籲某件必要或想要的事情，常用於政治或社會背景中。
The protesters are calling for a change in the law.
抗議者們正呼籲修改法律。
EN： This sentence refers to Nelson Mandela's pivotal role in ending Apartheid in South Africa. Instead of seeking retribution against the white minority government that imprisoned him for 27 years, he promoted the 'Truth and Reconciliation Commission' to heal the nation's wounds through forgiveness.
中文： 這句話指的是納爾遜·曼德拉在結束南非種族隔離制度中的關鍵作用。他沒有對監禁他 27 年的少數白人政府尋求報復，而是推動了「真相與和解委員會」，旨在透過寬恕來治癒國家的創傷。
EN： The relative adverb 'where' is used to introduce a relative clause that provides more information about a place or a specific situation (in this case, the 'election'). It functions as 'in which'.
中文： 關係副詞 'where' 用於引導關係子句，提供關於地點或特定情況（在此句中指「選舉」）的更多資訊。其功能相當於 'in which'。
This is the school where I studied ten years ago.
這就是我十年前就讀的那所學校。
EN： The Past Simple tense ('held') is used to describe a completed action that took place at a specific time in the past ('In 1994').
中文： 過去簡單式（'held'）用於描述在過去特定時間（'In 1994'）發生的已完成動作。
The company held a meeting yesterday to discuss the new project.
公司昨天舉行了一場會議來討論新計畫。
EN： The 1994 election was a landmark event in world history, marking the end of apartheid in South Africa. It was the first time the black majority could exercise their right to vote, leading to Nelson Mandela becoming the country's first black president.
中文： 1994年的選舉是世界歷史上的里程碑，標誌著南非種族隔離制度（apartheid）的終結。這是黑人多數族群第一次能夠行使投票權，並促成納爾遜·曼德拉成為該國第一位黑人總統。
EN： The sentence uses the 'Compound Predicate' structure, where a single subject (Nelson Mandela) performs two actions connected by the conjunction 'and'. Both verbs ('won' and 'became') must be in the same tense (Past Simple) to maintain parallel structure.
中文： 本句使用了「複合謂語」結構，即單一主詞（Nelson Mandela）執行了由連接詞「and」連接的兩個動作。為了保持平行結構，兩個動詞（won 和 became）都必須使用相同的時態（過去簡單式）。
She finished her homework and went to the park.
她完成了作業並去了公園。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'by a landslide' functions as an adverbial of manner, describing how the victory was achieved. In political contexts, it specifically refers to winning by a very large margin.
中文： 介係詞短語「by a landslide」作為方式狀語，描述了勝利是如何取得的。在政治語境中，它特指以極大的優勢勝出（壓倒性勝利）。
The mayor was re-elected by a landslide.
市長以壓倒性優勢獲得連任。
EN： The 1994 election was a landmark event in world history as it marked the end of apartheid in South Africa. A 'landslide' victory for Mandela's party (the ANC) was significant because it demonstrated the overwhelming support for a new, inclusive government after decades of racial segregation.
中文： 1994年的選舉是世界歷史上的里程碑，標誌著南非種族隔離制度（apartheid）的終結。曼德拉所屬政黨（非國大）的「壓倒性」勝利意義重大，因為它展現了在數十年的種族隔離後，民眾對建立一個包容性新政府的壓倒性支持。
EN： The verb 'invite' follows the pattern 'invite someone to do something' (Infinitive Phrase). This structure indicates the action the object is being asked to perform.
中文： 動詞 'invite' 遵循 'invite someone to do something'（不定詞片語）的句型。此結構用來表示邀請對象去執行的動作。
She invited her neighbors to join the party.
她邀請她的鄰居們參加聚會。
EN： The use of 'on' as a preposition of time for specific days or dates (e.g., 'on inauguration day').
中文： 介系詞 'on' 的用法，用於指代特定的日子或日期（例如：'在就職典禮當天'）。
We usually exchange gifts on Christmas Day.
我們通常在聖誕節當天交換禮物。
EN： The 'front row' at an inauguration is typically reserved for high-ranking officials, foreign dignitaries, and family members. By inviting his former jailers to sit there, Mandela made a powerful global statement about reconciliation and the end of the Apartheid era's animosity.
中文： 就職典禮的「前排」通常是保留給高官、外國元首和家屬的。曼德拉邀請他以前的獄卒坐在那裡，向全球發出了一個關於和解以及結束種族隔離時代仇恨的強大訊號。
EN： The noun 'commitment' is frequently followed by the preposition 'to' to indicate the target or goal of the dedication. Note that 'to' here is a preposition, so it is followed by a noun or a gerund (V-ing).
中文： 名詞「commitment」(承諾/奉獻) 經常後接介系詞「to」來表示致力於某個目標或對象。請注意，這裡的「to」是介系詞，因此後面必須接名詞或動名詞 (V-ing)。
The company has a strong commitment to environmental protection.
這間公司對環境保護有著堅定的承諾。
EN： The Past Simple tense is used here ('symbolized') to describe a completed action or state in the past within a historical narrative.
中文： 這裡使用過去簡單式 (symbolized) 來描述歷史敘事中，過去已經完成的動作或當時存在的狀態。
The white dove symbolized peace after the long war.
在漫長的戰爭後，白鴿象徵了和平。
EN： This sentence refers to Nelson Mandela's efforts to heal South Africa after the end of Apartheid. Instead of seeking retribution against those who imprisoned him, he focused on 'reconciliation,' a key concept in South African history that led to the formation of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission.
中文： 這句話指的是納爾遜·曼德拉在種族隔離制度結束後為治癒南非所做的努力。他沒有尋求報復那些囚禁他的人，而是專注於「和解」(reconciliation)，這是南非歷史中的核心概念，並促成了「真相與和解委員會」的成立。
EN： Present Participle Phrase (V-ing): Used here as a reduced relative clause or a supplementary action, describing the manner or result of the main action. 'Choosing' explains how Mandela acted while creating the commission.
中文： 現在分詞短語 (V-ing)：此處用作簡化子句或補充說明，描述主句動作的方式或結果。「Choosing」解釋了曼德拉在創立委員會時所採取的態度或方式。
She walked out of the room, slamming the door behind her.
她走出房間，砰的一聲關上了門。
EN： Prepositional Phrase 'A over B': This structure is used to indicate a preference or choice of one thing (A) instead of another (B).
中文： 介系詞短語「A over B」：此結構用於表示偏好或選擇某物（A）而非另一物（B）。
Many people prefer tea over coffee in the morning.
許多人早晨喜歡喝茶勝過咖啡。
EN： The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) was a court-like restorative justice body assembled in South Africa after the end of apartheid. It was a crucial part of the transition to democracy, focusing on uncovering the truth about human rights violations rather than seeking simple retribution.
中文： 真相與和解委員會 (TRC) 是南非種族隔離制度結束後成立的一個法庭式修復性司法機構。它是南非轉型正義的關鍵部分，重點在於揭露人權侵犯的真相，而非僅僅尋求報復。
EN： The Present Participle Phrase (V-ing) is used here as a resultative clause, indicating an action that happens as a direct consequence of the main verb.
中文： 現在分詞短語 (V-ing) 在此用作結果子句，表示主句動作所產生的直接結果或影響。
The storm destroyed the bridge, making it impossible to cross the river.
暴風雨摧毀了橋樑，使得過河變得不可能。
EN： The phrasal verb 'step down' means to resign or leave an important position, often used in political or corporate contexts.
中文： 片語動詞 'step down' 意為辭職或卸任重要職位，常用於政治或企業背景。
The CEO decided to step down after ten years of service.
執行長在任職十年後決定卸任。
EN： In many developing democracies, leaders often try to extend their power beyond constitutional limits. Mandela's decision to serve only one term (1994-1999) was a powerful symbolic act that prioritized democratic stability over personal power, setting a rare precedent in African politics.
中文： 在許多發展中民主國家，領導人常試圖延長任期以把持權力。曼德拉決定僅擔任一任總統（1994-1999）是一個強大的象徵性舉措，將民主穩定置於個人權力之上，在非洲政治中樹立了罕見的先例。
EN： The sentence uses a 'Noun Clause' as the direct object of the verb 'showed'. The word 'that' introduces a complete sentence (27 years... spirit) which functions as a single noun to tell us what was shown.
中文： 本句使用了「名詞子句」作為動詞 showed 的直接受詞。連接詞 that 引導一個完整的句子（27 years... spirit），該子句在功能上等同於一個名詞，用來交代展示的內容。
The teacher showed the students that hard work pays off.
老師向學生們展示了努力終有回報。
EN： The modal verb 'cannot' (can + not) is used to express impossibility or a lack of ability. In this context, it emphasizes the resilience of the human spirit against external force.
中文： 助動詞「cannot」(can + not) 用於表達不可能或缺乏能力。在此語境中，它強調了人類精神在面對外力時的韌性。
Fear cannot stop us from pursuing our dreams.
恐懼無法阻止我們追求夢想。
EN： Nelson Mandela's 27-year imprisonment is a central symbol of the struggle against Apartheid in South Africa. His ability to emerge without bitterness and lead the nation toward reconciliation is considered one of the greatest moral achievements of the 20th century.
中文： 納爾遜·曼德拉長達27年的監禁是南非反種族隔離鬥爭的核心象徵。他出獄後不僅沒有懷恨在心，反而領導國家走向和解，這被認為是20世紀最偉大的道德成就之一。
EN： The sentence uses a Noun Clause starting with 'that' as the direct object of the verb 'proved'. This clause functions as a noun to state a fact or belief.
中文： 本句使用由 'that' 引導的名詞子句作為動詞 'proved' 的受詞。此子句的功能如同名詞，用來陳述一個事實或信念。
She proved that hard work leads to success.
她證明了努力會帶來成功。
EN： A Relative Clause (Adjective Clause) starting with 'who' is used to modify the noun 'person', providing more specific information about which person is being discussed.
中文： 關係子句（形容詞子句）由 'who' 引導，用來修飾名詞 'person'，提供關於該人物更具體的資訊。
I admire people who never give up.
我欽佩那些永不放棄的人。
EN： This sentence encapsulates Nelson Mandela's legacy. Despite 27 years in prison, his refusal to succumb to despair became a global symbol of resilience and the power of the human spirit against systemic oppression.
中文： 這句話概括了納爾遜·曼德拉留給世人的精神遺產。儘管身陷囹圄 27 年，他拒絕屈服於絕望，成為了韌性以及人類精神對抗體制性壓迫的全球象徵。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 廣泛地；程度很大地
在本文中： （尤指透過信件的）通訊、通信
在本文中： 壓迫；打壓
在本文中： 堅定不移的；不動搖的
在本文中： 和解；調和
在本文中： 民主的
在本文中： （選舉中）壓倒性的勝利
在本文中： 就職典禮
在本文中： 象徵；代表
在本文中： 承諾；奉獻
在本文中： 委員會
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
To resign from a high position or office.
辭職；下台；退位
To publicly ask for something to happen.
呼籲；要求
By a very large majority of votes.
以壓倒性優勢（獲勝）
To stop believing that something good will happen.
放棄希望
A method of distance learning where educational materials and assignments are sent between the student and the institution by mail.
透過函授學習法律
A principle, social movement, or political goal that someone supports and fights for.
損害他的事業/理想
An election victory in which one candidate or party receives a very large majority of the votes.
以壓倒性優勢贏得選舉
A specialized official body (commission) tasked with discovering and revealing past wrongdoing by a government.
真相與和解委員會
A fixed period of time during which a person holds a particular office or position.
僅擔任一任任期