EN： The present perfect tense ('has found') is used with reporting verbs to introduce recent research or investigative findings that have current relevance. It connects the past action to the present state of knowledge.
中文： 現在完成式（has found）常用於報導動詞，用來引述具備當前重要性或影響力的近期調查與研究發現，將過去的調查動作與現階段的認知連結起來。
A new study has shown that sleep quality directly affects memory.
一項新研究顯示，睡眠品質會直接影響記憶力。
EN： The conjunction 'that' introduces a noun clause functioning as the direct object of the transitive verb 'found'. Inside the clause, a complete subordinate sentence ('fast ferries often travel...') is embedded.
中文： 從屬連接詞 'that' 引導名詞子句，作為及物動詞 'found' 的受詞。子句內部包含完整的獨立子結構（'fast ferries often travel...'）。
Scientists discovered that the ocean temperatures were rising steadily.
科學家發現海洋溫度正在持續上升。
EN： The Guardian is a major British daily newspaper known for its rigorous investigative journalism and environmental reporting. Investigative pieces often hold corporations and governments accountable on ecological crises.
中文： 《衛報》（The Guardian）是英國著名全國性綜合日報，以嚴謹的調查報導與長期關注氣候及生態環境議題著稱。此類新聞報導常針對企業營運對瀕危野生動物的威脅進行深入追蹤。
EN： Reduced relative clause using a past participle: 'run by...' modifies the subject noun 'Ships', functioning as a shorter alternative to 'which were run by...'.
中文： 過去分詞片語作後位修飾語：'run by...' 修飾主詞名詞 'Ships'，等於省略了關代與 be 動詞的子句 'which were run by...'，表示「由……營運的」。
Buses operated by the city council run every ten minutes.
由市議會營運的公車每十分鐘一班。
EN： Passive voice in past tense ('were recorded'): used when the focus is on the action being observed/documented rather than who recorded it.
中文： 過去簡單式的被動語態（were + 過去分詞 recorded）：重點在於航速「被記錄」的客觀事實，而非記錄者本身。
Temperatures were recorded at historic highs last summer.
去年夏天記錄到了歷史高溫。
EN： A 'knot' is a standard unit of speed used in maritime and aviation navigation, equal to one nautical mile per hour (approximately 1.852 km/h or 1.15 mph). In whale conservation zones, vessels are often urged to slow down under 10 knots to drastically reduce fatal strikes.
中文： 「節」（knot）是航海與航空領域常用的速度計量單位，等於每小時一海浬（約 1.852 公里/小時）。在鯨魚保育區內，通常建議船隻降速至 10 節以下，以大幅降低致命撞擊的機率。
EN： "Even though" is a subordinating conjunction used to introduce a clause of concession or contrast, emphasizing an unexpected contrast between two facts (stronger than 'although').
中文： 「even though」（即使／儘管）為從屬連接詞，用於引導讓步狀語從句，強調兩個事實之間出人意料的強烈對比（語氣強於「although」）。
He continued driving even though the road was covered in ice.
儘管路面結了冰，他還是繼續開車。
EN： "Which includes..." is a non-defining relative clause set off by a comma. It provides extra, non-essential information about the antecedent "the area".
中文： 「, which includes...」為非限定關係子句，以逗號隔開，用來對先行詞「the area」（該區域）補充說明額外資訊，抽離後不影響主句結構完整性。
We visited the local museum, which houses many ancient artifacts.
我們參觀了當地的博物館，裡面收藏了許多古代文物。
EN： The Pelagos Sanctuary for Mediterranean Marine Mammals is a specially protected marine area covering parts of French, Monegasque, and Italian waters. Designed to safeguard whales and dolphins, it recommends speed limits for maritime traffic, though enforcement is often challenging.
中文： 佩拉戈斯保護區（Pelagos Sanctuary）是地中海海洋哺乳動物特別保護區，橫跨法國、摩納哥和義大利海域。設立初衷是保護鯨魚與海豚等免受船隻撞擊與噪音干擾，雖然官方建議降低航速，但因多國管轄與法規限制，實際執行與監督仍面臨挑戰。
EN： The structure 'be unlikely to + infinitive' is used to express that something has a low probability of happening. 'Likely' or 'unlikely' act as predicative adjectives here.
中文： 句型「be unlikely to + 原形動詞」表示「某事不太可能發生」，其中 likely / unlikely 作為形容詞，用於表達可能性大小。
The weather is unlikely to improve before tomorrow morning.
天氣在明早之前不太可能會好轉。
EN： The conjunction 'but' coordinates two independent clauses showing contrast between high-speed collisions and low-speed strikes.
中文： 對等連接詞「but」用來連接兩個獨立子句，表達高速碰撞與低速撞擊兩者後果之間的對比。
He studied very hard, but he failed to pass the final examination.
他讀書非常用功，但期末考依然沒有及格。
EN： In maritime contexts, speed is measured in 'knots' (nautical miles per hour, where 1 knot ≈ 1.852 km/h or 1.15 mph). Marine conservation regulations commonly use 10 knots as a crucial safety threshold because scientific studies show whale collision mortality drops significantly below this speed.
中文： 在航海語境中，船速以「節（knots）」計算（每小時1海浬，1節約等於時速1.852公里）。海洋保育規範經常將「10節」視為關鍵安全門檻，因為科學研究證實低於此速度時，船隻撞擊鯨魚的致死率會大幅降低。
EN： The present perfect tense ('have been') combined with the adverb 'long' indicates a state or situation that started in the past and continues to be true up to the present moment.
中文： 現在完成式（have been）搭配副詞「long」，表示某種狀態或情況從過去就開始存在，並一直持續到現在（「長久以來一直……」）。
Plastic pollution has long been a serious threat to marine life.
塑膠污染長久以來一直是對海洋生物的嚴重威脅。
EN： Stacked noun modifiers: 'a leading human cause of death' uses 'leading' (participial adjective meaning principal/major), 'human' (noun functioning as an adjective), and 'cause' to describe the primary factor responsible for fatalities caused by humans.
中文： 複合名詞修飾結構：「a leading human cause of death」結合了分詞形容詞「leading」（主要的）、名詞轉形容詞「human」（人為的）與核心名詞「cause」（原因），表示「人為的主要死因」。
Habitat loss is a leading cause of species extinction.
棲息地流失是物種滅絕的主要原因之一。
EN： The Mediterranean Sea is one of the world's busiest shipping corridors, overlapping significantly with critical cetacean feeding and breeding grounds such as the Pelagos Sanctuary. International conservation bodies frequently campaign for mandatory vessel speed restrictions, as ship strikes are globally recognized as a catastrophic threat to recovering whale populations.
中文： 地中海是全球航運最繁忙的海域之一，與佩拉戈斯保護區等鯨豚類核心覓食與繁殖棲地高度重疊。國際海洋保育組織經常倡議強制船舶限速，因為船隻碰撞已被全球公認為阻礙鯨魚族群復育的最致命人為威脅之一。
EN： Prepositional phrases indicating time (e.g., 'During a recent research trip') often appear at the beginning of a sentence as introductory adverbials, setting the background before the main clause. They are typically set off by a comma.
中文： 表示時間的介系詞片語（如「During a recent research trip」）常放在句首作為前置副詞修飾語，用來交代主句發生的時間背景，其後通常使用逗號隔開。
During the morning meeting, the manager announced the new project guidelines.
在早會期間，經理公布了新專案的指導方針。
EN： The preposition 'with' can introduce a descriptive prepositional phrase functioning as an adjectival post-modifier, meaning 'having' or 'bearing' a specific characteristic (e.g., 'a sperm whale with an injury').
中文： 介系詞「with」可引導描述性介系詞片語，作為後置形容詞修飾前面的名詞，表示「具有」或「帶有」某種特徵（例如「a sperm whale with an injury」表示「受傷的抹香鯨」）。
The scientist observed a bird with unusual blue feathers.
科學家觀察到了一隻帶有罕見藍色羽毛的鳥。
EN： In English journalism, professions or titles without an article frequently precede personal names (e.g., 'marine biologist Alice Barbarioli' rather than 'the marine biologist...'). This journalistic convention is known as a 'false title' or 'appositive title,' used to introduce sources concisely.
中文： 在英語新聞寫作中，專業職銜常不加冠詞直接放在人名前（例如「marine biologist Alice Barbarioli」，而非「the marine biologist...」）。這種寫作手法被稱為「假頭銜（false title）」或「稱謂式同位語」，目的是簡明扼要地向讀者介紹消息來源或受訪者的身分。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'Given...' means 'taking into account' or 'considering'. Here, it introduces an embedded question clause functioning as its object: 'how precise the mark is' (wh-word + adjective + subject + verb), which preserves normal declarative word order rather than inversion.
中文： 介系詞「Given」意為「考慮到」或「鑑於」。在此處它引導名詞子句作為受詞：「how precise the mark is」（疑問詞 + 形容詞 + 主詞 + 動詞）。請注意間接問句需保持直述句語序，不可倒裝。
Given how bad the weather is, we should cancel the trip.
考慮到天氣如此糟糕，我們應該取消這趟行程。
EN： The phrase 'the result of [noun]' is used to explain causation or the consequence of an event or action.
中文： 片語「the result of [名詞]」表示「……的結果」或「由……所造成」，用來解釋原因或後果。
His success was the result of years of hard work.
他的成功是多年努力的結果。
EN： In scientific reporting, researchers frequently use hedges like 'probably' or conditional framing ('Given...') rather than stating absolutes. This reflects scientific rigor, ensuring statements remain accurately grounded strictly in observational evidence.
中文： 在科學報導與研究訪談中，科學家常使用「probably（很可能）」或「Given...（考慮到……）」等具審慎語氣（hedging）的表達，而非斷言絕對的事實。這反映了科學研究的嚴謹性，確保結論完全立足於當前所觀察到的證據。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 調查
在本文中： 棲息地
在本文中： 保護區、避難所
在本文中： 碰撞、相撞事故
在本文中： 致命的
在本文中： 瀕臨滅絕的
在本文中： 傷、損傷
在本文中： 精確的、清晰分明的
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
to reduce speed or become less active
減速、放慢速度
a collision between a vessel and a marine animal, especially a whale
船隻撞擊（海洋生物）
the specific injury, condition, or event that results in death
死因
the outcome, consequence, or effect caused by something
……的結果、由……所導致