EN： Compound adjectives are formed by joining two or more words with a hyphen (e.g., 'record-breaking'). They function as a single adjective to modify a noun. 'Record-breaking' combines the noun 'record' and the present participle 'breaking' to describe something that surpasses all previous achievements or limits.
中文： 複合形容詞（Compound adjectives）是由兩個或多個單字用連字號（-）連接而成，在句中作為單一形容詞來修飾名詞。例如「record-breaking」（創紀錄的）結合了名詞「record」（紀錄）與現在分詞「breaking」（打破），用來形容超越以往所有紀錄的事物。
The company announced record-breaking profits for the third quarter.
該公司宣布了第三季創紀錄的利潤。
EN： Time expressions indicating 'when' something happened (like 'in late June this year') are typically placed at the end of the sentence in English, or sometimes at the very beginning for emphasis. 'Late' is used here as an adjective meaning near the end of a period.
中文： 表示時間點的副詞片語（如「in late June this year」，意為「在今年六月下旬」）在英文中通常放在句尾，有時為了強調也會放在句首。這裡的「late」用作形容詞，表示某個時期的「晚期」或「下旬」。
EN： In recent years, Europe has experienced increasingly frequent and severe summer heatwaves due to climate change. Because many European homes and public transport systems historically did not require air conditioning, these sudden extreme temperatures pose significant infrastructure challenges and health risks to the population.
中文： 近年來，由於氣候變遷，歐洲夏季出現越來越頻繁且嚴重的熱浪。由於歷史上許多歐洲住宅和公共交通系統並不需要安裝冷氣（空調），這些突如其來的極端高溫給當地的基礎設施和居民健康帶來了重大挑戰。
EN： When listing multiple items in a series, English uses commas to separate them, with the coordinating conjunction 'and' preceding the final item. This is known as a parallel structure, where all listed items must belong to the same grammatical category (in this case, proper nouns representing countries).
中文： 當在英文中列出多個項目時，會使用逗號將它們隔開，並在最後一個項目之前加上對等連接詞「and」。這被稱為平行結構（Parallel Structure），其中所有列出的項目必須屬於相同的語法類別（在此例中，皆為代表國家的專有名詞）。
Italy, Greece and Portugal are popular summer destinations.
義大利、希臘和葡萄牙是熱門的夏季旅遊目的地。
EN： The word 'all' is used as a pre-determiner or adverb to emphasize that every member of the group experienced the action. In this sentence, 'all' is placed immediately before the main verb 'experienced' to modify the compound subject.
中文： 單字「all」（全部/都）在此用作副詞，用以強調該群體中的每一個成員都經歷了該動作。在此句子中，「all」被置於主要動詞「experienced」之前，用來修飾這個複合主詞。
The students all passed the final exam.
學生們全都通過了期末考試。
EN： In English, country names like 'the United Kingdom' and 'the Netherlands' always require the definite article 'the' because they contain plural nouns or political terms (Kingdom). In contrast, 'France', 'Spain', 'Belgium', 'Switzerland', and 'Germany' do not use articles.
中文： 在英文中，像「the United Kingdom」（英國）和「the Netherlands」（荷蘭）這樣的國家名稱，前面必須加上定冠詞「the」，因為它們包含複數名詞或政治體制名稱（Kingdom）。相比之下，「France」（法國）、「Spain」（西班牙）、「Belgium」（比利時）、「Switzerland」（瑞士）和「Germany」（德國）則不需要加冠詞。
EN： The Past Perfect Tense ('had + past participle') is used to describe an action that was completed before another action in the past. In this sentence, 'had never faced' happened before the reporting ('reported').
中文： 過去完成式（had + 過去分詞）用於描述在過去某個動作或時間點之前已經完成的動作。在本句中，「從未面臨過」（had never faced）發生在「報告」（reported）這個過去動作之前。
She realized that she had lost her keys.
她意識到她把鑰匙弄丟了。
EN： The noun clause starting with 'that' acts as the direct object of the reporting verb 'reported'. It contains a complete sentence structure (subject + verb + object) to show what was reported.
中文： 由「that」引導的名詞子句作為報告動詞「reported」的直接受詞。它包含一個完整的句子結構（主詞 + 動動 + 受詞），用來表示報告的具體內容。
The scientist proved that the theory was correct.
科學家證明了該理論是正確的。
EN： Present Perfect Tense (has + past participle): Used here to describe an action that started in the past and has a direct result or relevance to the present moment.
中文： 現在完成式（has + 過去分詞）：在此處用於描述一個始於過去、且對現在有直接影響或關聯的動作。
The heavy rain has already stopped.
大雨已經停了。
EN： Adverb Placement (also): The adverb 'also' is placed after the auxiliary verb 'has' and before the main verb 'reached' to add information to the subject.
中文： 副詞位置（also）：副詞「also」（也）放在助動詞「has」之後、主要動詞「reached」之前，用以對主詞補充說明資訊。
She has also visited that museum.
她也去過那家博物館。
EN： In English, country names that are plural or represent a union of states (like 'the United States' or 'the United Kingdom') must be preceded by the definite article 'the'. Note that 'the' is not capitalized unless it starts a sentence.
中文： 在英文中，國名若為複數形式或表示聯邦政體（如「the United States」或「the United Kingdom」），前面必須加上定冠詞「the」。請注意，除非位於句首，否則其中的「the」不需要大寫。
EN： The Present Continuous Tense (be + verb-ing) is used here to describe an ongoing state or action happening around the present time. In this context, 'are living' emphasizes the temporary, current situation of experiencing heat warnings.
中文： 現在進行式（be 動詞 + 現在分詞）在此處用於描述目前正在發生或持續中的狀態與動作。在這個語境中，「are living（正生活於...）」強調了目前正處於高溫預警影響下的暫時性現狀。
Many cities are currently experiencing unusually high temperatures this week.
許多城市本週目前正經歷異常的高溫。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'under heat warnings' uses 'under' to indicate being subject to or affected by a particular condition, rule, or official classification (such as weather alerts or pressure).
中文： 介系詞片語「under heat warnings」中使用介系詞「under（在...之下）」，用來表示正承受或受制於某種特定狀況、規則或官方發布的警報（例如天氣預警或壓力）。
The coastal areas are under a hurricane watch until tomorrow morning.
沿海地區在明天早上之前都處於颶風觀察預警之下。
EN： In the United States, 'heat warnings' (specifically Excessive Heat Warnings) are official alerts issued by the National Weather Service when extremely hot temperatures are expected to pose a serious risk to human health. This reflects the growing impact of climate change on North American weather patterns.
中文： 在美國，「heat warnings（高溫預警，具體為極端高溫警告）」是國家氣象局在預計極端高溫將對人體健康構成嚴重威脅時發布的官方警報。這反映了氣候變遷對北美天氣型態日益嚴重的影響。
EN： The passive voice structure 'be expected to + verb' is used to express what is anticipated or predicted to happen based on current information or schedules.
中文： 被動語態結構「be expected to + 動詞原形」用於表示根據目前資訊或計劃，預計或預期將會發生的事情。
The train is expected to arrive in ten minutes.
火車預計將在十分鐘內抵達。
EN： The non-defining relative clause starting with ', which is...' is used to add extra, non-essential information about the preceding noun phrase (the temperature range in Fahrenheit). It is separated from the main clause by a comma.
中文： 以「, which is...」引導的非限制性關係子句，用於對前面的名詞片語（華氏溫度範圍）補充說明非必要的額外資訊。它與主句之間用逗號隔開。
He bought a new laptop, which is much faster than his old one.
他買了一台新筆記型電腦，這比他的舊電腦快得多。
EN： The United States is one of the few countries that still primarily uses Fahrenheit for temperature measurement, whereas most of the world, including Europe, uses Celsius. News reports covering international weather often provide conversions between both scales to ensure clarity for global audiences.
中文： 美國是世界上少數仍主要使用華氏（Fahrenheit）進行溫度測量的國家之一，而世界上大多數其他地區（包括歐洲）則使用攝氏（Celsius）。報導國際天氣的新聞通常會提供這兩種溫標的換算，以確保全球讀者都能清楚理解。
EN： The noun clause (or content clause) introduced by 'that' functions as the direct object of the reporting verb 'say'. The conjunction 'that' is often omitted in informal speech but is kept here for clarity.
中文： 由「that」引導的名詞子句（或稱為內容子句）在此句中作為報導動詞「say」的直接受詞。在口語中「that」經常被省略，但在此處保留以使結構更清晰。
Experts believe that climate change is accelerating.
專家相信氣候變遷正在加速。
EN： The collocation 'put strain on [something/someone]' means to place worry, difficulty, or pressure on something or someone. The adjective 'enormous' (meaning extremely large) modifies 'strain' to emphasize the intensity of the pressure.
中文： 片語「put strain on [something/someone]」意為給某事或某人帶來擔憂、困難或壓力。形容詞「enormous」（意為極大的）修飾「strain」以強調壓力的強度。
The heavy snow put a strain on the power grid.
大雪給電網帶來了壓力。
EN： Zero Conditional: This structure is used to talk about general truths, scientific facts, or situations that always happen under certain conditions. It uses the pattern 'When/If + present simple, present simple'.
中文： 零類條件句（Zero Conditional）：此結構用於描述普遍真理、科學事實或在特定條件下必然會發生的情況。其句型結構為「When/If + 現在簡單式，現在簡單式」。
When water reaches 100 degrees Celsius, it boils.
當水達到攝氏 100 度時，它就會沸騰。
EN： The verb 'struggle' followed by an infinitive ('to + verb') means to experience difficulty while trying to do something.
中文： 動詞「struggle」後接不定詞（to + 動詞），表示在努力嘗試做某事時感到吃力或面臨困難。
EN： In Europe, many residential buildings historically do not have air conditioning because summers were traditionally mild. Consequently, when temperatures stay above 30 degrees Celsius (86 degrees Fahrenheit) during the day and do not drop at night, it presents a significant health hazard, as indoor environments remain extremely hot.
中文： 在歐洲，許多住宅建築歷史上並未裝設冷氣，因為傳統上當地的夏天相當溫和。因此，當白天溫度持續高於攝氏 30 度（華氏 86 度）且夜晚無法降溫時，會造成嚴重的健康威脅，因為室內環境會維持在極度悶熱的狀態。
EN： Compound Subject: When multiple noun phrases are joined by commas and the conjunction 'and' to form a single subject, they take a plural verb (in this case, 'are').
中文： 複合主詞：當多個名詞片語用逗號和連接詞「and」連接形成單一主詞時，它們需要搭配複數動詞（在此句中為「are」）。
Apples, bananas, and oranges are rich in vitamins.
蘋果、香蕉和柳橙富含維他命。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'at risk' functions as a subject complement after the linking verb 'be' (are), meaning 'in a situation where something bad or harmful could happen'.
中文： 介係詞片語「at risk」在連繫動詞「be」（此處為 are）後面擔任主詞補語，意思是「處於可能發生壞事或有害情況的危險中」。
Without proper gear, hikers are at risk in the mountains.
沒有適當的裝備，登山客在山區會面臨風險。
EN： The verb 'adapt' is commonly followed by the preposition 'to' when indicating the thing or environment that someone is adjusting to. The structure is 'adapt to + noun/gerund'.
中文： 動詞「adapt」（適應）後面通常會接介系詞「to」，用來表示某人正在適應的事物或環境。其結構為「adapt to + 名詞/動名詞」。
It takes time to adapt to a new school.
適應新學校需要時間。
EN： The phrase 'over time' is an adverbial phrase meaning gradually or as time passes. It is used to describe changes that happen slowly rather than all at once.
中文： 片語「over time」是一個副詞片語，意思是「隨著時間的推移」或「漸漸地」。它用來描述緩慢發生而非一次性發生的變化。
Her English skills improved over time.
她的英文能力隨著時間的推移而進步。
EN： Appositives (同位語) are nouns or noun phrases that follow another noun to explain or identify it. In this sentence, 'a physician at the University of Augsburg in Germany' is an appositive phrase that provides more information about 'Professor Claudia Traidl-Hoffmann'. It is set off by commas.
中文： 同位語（Appositives）是緊跟在另一個名詞後面的名詞或名詞短語，用於解釋或說明該名詞。在本句中，「a physician at the University of Augsburg in Germany」是一個同位語短語，用來提供關於「克勞迪亞·特賴德爾-霍夫曼教授」的更多資訊。它通常用逗號隔開。
Mr. Green, a talented musician from London, teaches us piano.
格林先生是一位來自倫敦的才華橫溢的音樂家，他教我們彈鋼琴。
EN： Prepositional phrases (介系詞短語) starting with 'at' and 'in' are used here to indicate location. 'At' is used for a specific institution ('at the University of Augsburg'), while 'in' is used for a larger geographical area ('in Germany').
中文： 以「at」和「in」開頭的介系詞短語（Prepositional phrases）在此處用於表示地點。「At」用於特定的機構（「在奧格斯堡大學」），而「in」則用於較大的地理區域（「在德國」）。
She works at a hospital in New York.
她在紐約的一家醫院工作。
EN： Noun Clause as Object: The word 'that' introduces a noun clause ('that the human body can adapt') which functions as the direct object of the reporting verb 'said'. In informal English, 'that' is often omitted, but it is kept here for clarity.
中文： 名詞子句作賓語（受詞）：單字「that」引導一個名詞子句（that the human body can adapt），在句中作為報導動詞「said」的直接賓語。在非正式英語中，「that」常被省略，但在此處保留以使結構更清晰。
He believes that technology can solve many environmental problems.
他相信科技可以解決許多環境問題。
EN： Relative Clause (Adjective Clause): The relative pronoun 'who' introduces a relative clause ('who are continuously exposed to heat') that modifies the noun 'people'. This clause provides essential information about which people have stronger adaptations.
中文： 關係子句（形容詞子句）：關係代名詞「who」引導一個關係子句（who are continuously exposed to heat），用來修飾名詞「people」（人們）。此子句提供了關於哪些人的適應能力更強的必要資訊。
Students who study regularly usually get better grades.
規律學習的學生通常會取得更好的成績。
EN： The adverb 'also' is used to add information. In sentences with the verb 'to be' (am, is, are, was, were), 'also' is placed directly after the 'be' verb.
中文： 副詞「also」（也）用於補充資訊。在含有 be 動詞（am, is, are, was, were）的句子中，「also」必須放在 be 動詞之後。
She is also a talented musician.
她也是一位有才華的音樂家。
EN： The preposition 'of' is used to show belonging, connection, or categorization. In the phrase 'the director of the Institute', 'of' indicates that the director belongs to or leads that specific institute.
中文： 介係詞「of」用於表示隸屬、關聯或類別。在片語「the director of the Institute」（該研究所的所長）中，「of」表示該所長隸屬於或領導該特定機構。
He is the manager of the new department.
他是新部門的經理。
EN： The 'Institute of Environmental Medicine at Helmholtz Munich' is a prominent research institution in Germany. Helmholtz Munich is part of the Helmholtz Association, Germany's largest scientific organization, which focuses on health, energy, and environmental research. This highlights the high academic standing of the expert mentioned in the news.
中文： 「慕尼黑亥姆霍茲中心環境醫學研究所」是德國著名的研究機構。慕尼黑亥姆霍茲中心隸屬於德國最大的科學組織「亥姆霍茲聯合會」，該聯合會專注於健康、能源與環境研究。這突顯了新聞中所提及專家的崇高學術地位。
EN： Present Perfect Continuous Tense (has/have been + V-ing) is used to describe an action that started in the past and is still continuing in the present, emphasizing the duration or ongoing nature of the activity.
中文： 現在完成進行式（has/have been + 現在分詞）用於描述一個從過去開始、目前仍在進行的動作，強調該活動的持續時間或進行狀態。
They have been living in this city for ten years.
他們在這個城市已經住了十年了。
EN： The preposition 'for' followed by a period of time (e.g., 'for many years') is used to indicate the duration of an action or state.
中文： 介系詞「for」後面接一段時間（例如「for many years」），用來表示某個動作或狀態持續的時間長度。
EN： The phrase 'focus on' is a phrasal verb meaning to give all your attention to something. It is followed by a noun or a gerund (verb-ing). In this sentence, 'treating' is a gerund acting as the object of the preposition 'on'.
中文： 動詞片語「focus on」（專注於）後面必須接名詞或動名詞（V-ing）。在本句中，「treating」（治療）是一個動動名詞，作為介係詞「on」的受詞。
Our team focuses on developing eco-friendly products.
我們的團隊專注於開發環保產品。
EN： This sentence uses nested relative clauses (adjective clauses) to modify nouns. 'Who suffer...' is a relative clause modifying 'patients', and 'that are caused...' is another relative clause nested inside, modifying 'illnesses'.
中文： 本句使用了嵌套的關係子句（形容詞子句）來修飾名詞。「who suffer...」是修飾「patients」（患者）的關係子句，而「that are caused...」則是嵌套在內、修飾「illnesses」（疾病）的另一個關係子句。
I know a teacher who helps students that have learning difficulties.
我認識一位專門幫助有學習困難學生的老師。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 極端的，偏激的，超出尋常範圍的
在本文中： 強烈的，極度的
在本文中： 壓力，重負，拉緊
在本文中： 艱難地奮鬥，掙扎，吃力地應對
在本文中： 恢復，康復，復原
在本文中： 適應，習慣（新環境或情況）
在本文中： 持續不斷地，連續地
在本文中： 暴露於…的，接觸到…的
在本文中： 環境的，自然環境的
在本文中： 遭受（痛苦、疾病等），受折磨
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
A period of unusually hot weather that typically lasts for several days.
熱浪
To place pressure, stress, or great demand on someone or something.
對…造成壓力或負擔
In a situation where you are in danger of being harmed, damaged, or lost.
處於危險之中，面臨風險
To experience physical or mental pain, illness, or loss.
受…之苦，患有（疾病）
Long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns, mainly caused by human activities.
氣候變遷