EN： The sentence uses the present perfect passive voice ('has been' + past participle 'launched'). This structure indicates an action that was completed recently by an unspecified agent, focusing on the result and its relevance to the present.
中文： 本句使用了現在完成式的被動語態（'has been' + 過去分詞 'launched'）。此結構用於表示一項動作剛在最近完成（發起者未特定說明），強調動作的結果以及其對當前的影響與關聯。
A new library has been opened in our neighborhood.
我們社區新開了一座圖書館。
EN： The infinitive of purpose ('to study...') expresses the aim or intention of the main action ('has been launched'). It answers the question 'Why was the project launched?'.
中文： 不定詞表目的（'to study...'）用來說明主要動作（'has been launched'）的目的或意圖，回答了「為什麼要啟動這項計畫？」的問題。
She traveled abroad to study marine biology.
她出國留學是為了研讀海洋生物學。
EN： In marine biology and conservation, 'vulnerable' is a specific category on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, indicating a high risk of endangerment in the wild. Additionally, the plural noun 'waters' typically refers to the sea or ocean area belonging to or bordering a specific country.
中文： 在海洋生物學與保育領域中，「vulnerable（易危）」是國際自然保護聯盟（IUCN）瀕危物種紅色名錄中的專業分類級別，代表面臨較高的野外滅絕風險。此外，名詞複數形態的「waters」通常專指屬於某國家或地區鄰近的領海或管轄海域。
EN： The present perfect tense ('has received') is formed by 'have/has + past participle'. In news contexts, it is commonly used to announce recent events or achievements that have relevance to the present.
中文： 現在完成式（has received）由「have/has + 過去分詞」構成。在新聞英語中，常用來宣布最近剛發生、且其影響或重要性延續至現在的事件或成果。
The research team has secured a major grant to develop new clean energy technologies.
該研究團隊已獲得一筆重大資助，用以開發新型清潔能源技術。
EN： Compound adjectives with hyphens: When a number and a singular noun combine with a hyphen (e.g., 'three-year'), they function together as an adjective modifying a noun ('investigation'). The noun inside the hyphenated modifier remains singular.
中文： 複合形容詞（連字號用法）：當數字與名詞用連字號連接（如 three-year）時，整體作為形容詞修飾後面的名詞（investigation）。連字號內的計量名詞必須保持單數形式，不可加 -s。
She enrolled in a four-week intensive training course.
她報名參加了一門為期四週的密集培訓課程。
EN： Natural England is an executive non-departmental public body sponsored by the UK Government's Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra). It is responsible for protecting England's natural environment and biodiversity.
中文： 英格蘭自然署（Natural England）是受英國政府環境、食品暨鄉村事務部（Defra）資助的非部會公共機構，專門負責英格蘭當地的自然環境保育與生物多樣性維護。
EN： The modal auxiliary 'will' is combined with the base verb 'work' to express future plans or intentions. 'Work together with [someone]' is a common phrasal construction meaning to collaborate with someone.
中文： 情態助動詞「will」後接原形動詞「work」，用來表達未來的計畫或意圖。「Work together with + 對象」是常見的片語結構，意為「與……攜手合作」。
Our team will work together with international researchers to complete the survey.
我們的團隊將與國際研究人員攜手合作以完成這項調查。
EN： The infinitive phrase 'to learn more about...' functions as an adverbial infinitive of purpose, indicating why the scientists will work together.
中文： 不定詞片語「to learn more about...」在此作目的副詞修飾語，用來表示科學家們合作的目的（「為了進一步了解……」）。
She attended the lecture to learn more about environmental conservation.
她參加了這場講座，以進一步了解環境保護。
EN： In the UK, recreational anglers often play a vital role in citizen science initiatives. The Angling Trust represents game, coarse, and sea anglers in England, regularly partnering with marine research institutions to collect ecological data.
中文： 在英國，休閒釣魚者在「公民科學」（citizen science）倡議中扮演關鍵角色。英國釣魚信託基金會代表英格蘭的釣魚愛好者，經常與海洋科研機構合作提供實地回報數據以協助生態保護。
EN： The conjunction 'that' introduces a noun clause (that-clause) functioning as the direct object of the verb 'realize'. It connects the main clause with the fact being realized or overlooked.
中文： 連接詞「that」引導名詞子句（that 子句），作為主要動詞「realize」的受詞，用來說明意識到或忽視的具體事實內容。
Scientists discovered that some whales can live for more than a century.
科學家發現某些鯨魚可以活超過一個世紀。
EN： The phrase 'more than' acts as a comparative quantifier meaning 'greater in number or amount than'. It modifies numerals or quantities such as 'forty different shark species'.
中文： 片語「more than」作為比較數量詞，意為「超過、多於」，用來修飾後方的數字或數量詞（如「forty different shark species」）。
There are more than fifty varieties of birds in this park.
這座公園裡有超過五十種鳥類。
EN： The term 'waters' in the plural often refers to the territorial seas or maritime zones belonging to a specific nation or geographical area (e.g., 'British waters', 'international waters'). People generally associate sharks with tropical seas, so the presence of over 40 species in British waters is surprising to the general public.
中文： 單詞「waters」使用複數形式時，通常指特定國家或地理區域管轄的「海域、領海」（例如「British waters 英國海域」、「international waters 公海」）。大眾通常誤以為鯊魚只棲息在熱帶海域，因此英國海域擁有超過四十種鯊魚的事實常令人感到驚訝。
EN： The pattern 'range from A to B' is used to express the limits, diversity, or variety within a specific group or spectrum. Here, 'A' and 'B' are noun phrases indicating the extremes or different examples within the range.
中文： 句型「range from A to B」（範圍從小/少/低……到大/多/高……不等）常用於表達特定群體或光譜內部的多樣性與極限。在此句中，A 與 B 均為名詞片語，用來呈現範圍中的不同範例。
Prices range from five dollars to fifty dollars.
價格從五美元到五十美元不等。
EN： Multiple adjectives can precede a noun to provide detailed descriptions. In 'large migratory blue sharks', 'large' (size) precedes 'migratory' (characteristic/behavior), which precedes 'blue' (color/species name), following natural adjective ordering before the head noun.
中文： 名詞前可並列多個形容詞進行修飾。例如在「large migratory blue sharks」中，「large」（尺寸/大小）置於「migratory」（特徵/習性）之前，再接「blue」（品種/顏色），符合形容詞修飾名詞時的自然語序。
We spotted a rare migratory gray whale off the coast.
我們在沿海發現了一隻罕見的遷徙性灰鯨。
EN： The 'basking shark' (Cetorhinus maximus) is the second-largest living shark after the whale shark, reaching lengths of over 10 meters. Despite their formidable size, they are harmless filter feeders commonly observed around the British coastline in spring and summer.
中文： 「姥鯊」（basking shark）是僅次於鯨鯊的現存第二大鯊魚，體長可超過10公尺。雖然體型極其龐大，但牠們實際上是溫和的濾食性動物，以浮游生物為食，常在春夏時節於英國沿海一帶出沒，在英國海洋生態中極具代表性。
EN： The adverb 'surprisingly' is used to modify the quantifier/determiner 'little', forming an adverbial modifier that emphasizes that the small amount or degree is unexpected. 'Little' here functions as a pronoun meaning 'not much'.
中文： 副詞「surprisingly」（令人驚訝地）用來修飾代名詞／量詞「little」（少許、幾乎沒有），強調「所知甚少」的程度出乎意料。
We have surprisingly little time left before the exam starts.
考試開始前，我們剩下的時間少得令人驚訝。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'about most of these animals' functions as an adverbial complement to 'know'. 'Most of' is followed by a definite determiner ('these') plus a plural noun, meaning 'the majority of'.
中文： 介系詞片語「about most of these animals」作為動詞「know」的補語。其中「most of + 限定詞（these）+ 複數名詞」表示「這些……中的大多數」。
Most of these books were written in the nineteenth century.
這些書中的大多數都是在十九世紀寫成的。
EN： The verb 'aim' is commonly followed by a to-infinitive ('aim to do something') to express purpose, goal, or intention.
中文： 動詞「aim」後面常接不定詞「to + 原形動詞」（aim to do sth），用來表達目標、宗旨或意圖，意為「旨在……」或「目標是……」。
The government aims to reduce carbon emissions by thirty percent.
政府旨在減少百分之三十的碳排放。
EN： Prepositional phrases often act as post-modifiers to nouns. Here, 'of marine biodiversity' describes what kind of 'understanding' is meant, and 'around Britain's coastline' describes the location of the biodiversity.
中文： 介系詞片語常作為名詞的後位修飾語。句中「of marine biodiversity」修飾「understanding」，說明理解的內容；而「around Britain's coastline」則修飾「biodiversity」，界定該生物多樣性的地理範圍。
We need to protect the natural habitats of endangered animals in this forest.
我們需要保護這座森林中瀕危動物的自然棲息地。
EN： British coastal waters are home to rich but often under-researched marine ecosystems, including more than 40 species of sharks. Public awareness and conservation projects often focus on protecting these cold-water habitats around the British Isles.
中文： 英國周邊海域擁有豐富但常被忽視的海洋生態系統，其中包含超過 40 種鯊魚。近年來英國公眾與保育機構更加重視保護這些圍繞不列顛群島的溫帶與冷水海域生態。
EN： An appositive is a noun or noun phrase placed next to another noun to explain or identify it. Non-restrictive appositives are set off by commas and provide extra information without changing the core meaning of the sentence.
中文： 同位語（Appositive）是指緊隨在另一個名詞或代名詞之後，用來解釋或補充說明的名詞或名詞片語。非限定同位語通常用逗號與主句隔開，提供額外補充資訊，若刪除也不會影響句子的主要結構與基本意義。
Mr. Davis, our science teacher, organized the school trip.
戴維斯先生是我們的自然老師，他組織了這次的校外教學。
EN： The prefix 'co-' means 'together' or 'jointly'. Attached to verbs or nouns (such as 'co-lead', 'co-author', 'co-founder'), it indicates shared responsibility or action between two or more people.
中文： 前綴「co-」表示「共同」或「聯合」。接在動詞或名詞前（例如 co-lead 共同主持、co-author 共同撰寫、co-founder 共同創辦人），用來表示兩人或多人分擔責任或一同進行某項行動。
Two senior researchers will co-lead the investigation next year.
兩位資深研究員明年將共同領導這項調查。
EN： In academic and news contexts, researchers with a PhD or an MD are commonly addressed with the title 'Doctor' (Dr.) to signify their professional credentials. Additionally, academic ranks such as 'associate professor' reflect seniority and are standard designations within university faculties globally.
中文： 在學術界與新聞報導中，擁有博士學位（PhD）的研究人員常被尊稱為「Doctor」（博士），以突顯其專業資格。此外，「associate professor」（副教授）是各國大學通行的學術職級名稱，用來標識其在學術界的資歷與身分。
EN： The transitive verb 'express' takes a direct object ('her enthusiasm') followed by a prepositional phrase introduced by 'about' to indicate the subject or topic of that feeling or thought.
中文： 及物動詞 express（表達）後面接直接受詞（her enthusiasm），並常與介系詞 about 引導的片語連用，用來指明該情感或想法所針對的主題或事物。
He expressed his concern about the new policy.
他對這項新政策表達了關切。
EN： The use of the simple past tense ('expressed') indicates a completed action in the past, standard in news reporting for actions and statements that occurred during an event or interview.
中文： 使用簡單過去式（expressed）表示在過去某個特定時間點已完成的動作，這是新聞報導中描述受訪者言論或反應時的標準時態。
The director praised the team for their hard work.
主任稱讚了團隊的辛勤工作。
EN： In academic and formal news reporting, phrases like 'expressed enthusiasm' or 'welcomed the initiative' are standard journalistic conventions used to summarize an expert's positive attitude without relying excessively on direct quotes.
中文： 在學術與正式新聞報導中，常用「expressed enthusiasm」（表達熱忱）或「welcomed the initiative」（對該倡議表示歡迎）等客觀概述用語，用來簡潔歸納受訪專家或官方的正面態度，避免過度依賴冗長的直接引語。
EN： Non-defining relative clause: 'which looks like...' uses 'which' preceded by a comma to give extra descriptive information about 'the porbeagle'. It does not define or restrict the noun.
中文： 非限定關係子句：逗號後面的「which looks like...」引導非限定關係代名詞子句，用來對先行詞「the porbeagle（鼠鯊）」補充說明特徵，而非限制其範圍。
He admires the blue shark, which travels vast distances across the ocean.
他很欽佩大青鯊，牠們能跨越大洋長途遷徙。
EN： Dummy 'it' structure: 'It is amazing that...' uses 'it' as a preparatory subject to introduce an extraposed noun clause ('that we share the water...'), placing the heavy content at the end.
中文： 虛主詞結構：「It is amazing that...」使用代名詞「it」作為形式主詞，真正的主詞是由「that」引導的名詞子句，以避免句子頭重腳輕。
It is fortunate that divers can observe these gentle creatures safely.
潛水員能夠安全地觀察這些溫和的生物，真是太幸運了。
EN： In the UK, public perception often associates sharks exclusively with tropical regions or dangerous attacks (often fueled by media depictions of great white sharks). Dr. Hawkes deliberately humanizes and demystifies British sharks by playfully comparing the porbeagle (Lamna nasus) to a 'baby great white shark,' promoting ocean coexistence rather than fear.
中文： 在英國，大眾常誤以為鯊魚只棲息在熱帶水域或極具攻擊性（多受大白鯊的影視形象影響）。霍克斯博士特意將英國水域常見的鼠鯊形容為「小大白鯊」，透過生動親切的比喻消除恐懼，鼓勵大眾以欣賞的態度看待海洋生物的共存。
EN： The conjunction 'even though' introduces an adverbial clause of concession, meaning 'despite the fact that'. It is used to contrast a surprising or unexpected reality with another fact.
中文： 連字號「even though」用於引導讓步副詞子句，意為「即使；儘管」，用來對比雖然存在某種事實，但主句的情況依然成立。
He decided to go swimming, even though the water was freezing.
儘管水很冰冷，他還是決定去游泳。
EN： The phrase 'be dangerous to' indicates that something poses a threat or risk to a specific person or thing. Here, 'humans' is the prepositional complement specifying who is at risk.
中文： 片語「be dangerous to」表示「對……有危險性」，後方接受詞（名詞或代名詞）以指明受威脅的對象。
These chemicals are dangerous to small children.
這些化學品對幼童是有危險的。
EN： Porbeagle sharks resemble smaller versions of great white sharks, which often causes alarm among beachgoers and surfers in coastal areas of the UK. Marine scientists frequently communicate with the public to dispel fears, as porbeagles feed primarily on small fish and pose virtually no threat to humans.
中文： 鼠鯊在外型上神似縮小版的大白鯊，因此常在英國沿海衝浪者或泳客間引發恐慌。海洋學家經常向公眾宣傳以消除恐懼，因為鼠鯊主要以小型魚類為食，對人類幾乎沒有威脅。
EN： The infinitive of purpose ('to gather...') is used here to explain why the subject performs the action ('will use several methods'). It answers the question 'why?' or 'for what purpose?'.
中文： 「不定詞表目的（to + 原形動詞）」在此句中用來表達進行主句動作（使用數種方法）的原因或目的，相當於「為了……」。
Scientists set up cameras in the forest to observe nocturnal animals.
科學家在森林裡架設相機，以觀察夜行性動物。
EN： The modal auxiliary 'will' expresses future intention or plans, followed by the base form of the main verb ('use').
中文： 情態助動詞 'will' 用於表示未來的計畫、預測或意圖，後方必須接原形動詞（此處為 'use'）。
The committee will announce the competition results tomorrow.
委員會將於明天公布比賽結果。
EN： The verb 'plan' is commonly followed by an infinitive ('to + verb') to express future intentions or goals.
中文： 動詞「plan」後面常接不定詞（to + 原形動詞），用來表達未來的打算或計劃。
We plan to visit the marine biology museum next weekend.
我們計劃下週末參觀海洋生物博物館。
EN： The past participle 'reported' functions as a reduced relative clause (short for 'which were reported'), modifying the noun 'sightings'.
中文： 過去分詞「reported」在此作為後位修飾語，修飾名詞「sightings」（目擊情況），相當於省略了「which were」的形容詞子句，表示被動關係。
The data collected by local volunteers was very helpful.
當地志工所收集的數據非常有幫助。
EN： In Britain, 'angling' specifically refers to recreational rod-and-line fishing, distinguished from commercial net fishing. Citizen science projects frequently rely on recreational anglers to contribute valuable ecological observation data.
中文： 在英國，「angling」特指使用釣竿與釣線的休閒垂釣，有別於大規模的商業捕撈。現代海洋公民科學計畫經常仰賴休閒釣客（recreational anglers）回報釣獲與目擊資訊，為生態保育提供珍貴的一手數據。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses are set off by commas and provide extra, non-essential information about a noun. They must use 'which' (never 'that') when referring to things.
中文： 非限定關係子句（Non-defining relative clause）前後會用逗號隔開，提供關於先行詞的補充、非必要資訊。修飾事物時必須使用關係代名詞 'which'，不可用 'that' 替換。
The town library, which was built in 1920, will undergo major renovations next month.
這座市立圖書館建於 1920 年，下個月將進行大規模翻修。
EN： The phrasal verb 'go back to' combined with a present participle (-ing) acts as a reduced relative clause (which goes back to...) functioning as an adjective to express origin in past time.
中文： 片語動詞 'go back to' 意為「追溯至……」。在此句中以現在分詞短語（going back to...）作後位修飾語，修飾前面的名詞 'catches' 或 'records'，相當於簡化的關係子句（which go back to...）。
We found old letters going back to the eighteenth century.
我們找到了可追溯至十八世紀的舊信件。
EN： In the UK, recreational sea angling records—such as the Pat Smith Database—represent valuable citizen-science assets. Because formal marine biological surveys began much later, historical recreational catch logs from the mid-20th century offer modern researchers irreplaceable baseline data on past fish populations.
中文： 在英國，休閒海釣紀錄（如帕特·史密斯資料庫）是極具價值的「公民科學」資源。由於現代正規的海洋生物調查起步較晚，20 世紀中葉釣魚愛好者所保留的歷史捕獲日誌，為現今研究人員提供了無可取代的過去魚類族群基準數據。
EN： The conjunction 'while' can be followed directly by a present participle (-ing form) when the subject of both clauses is the same, effectively shortening an adverbial time clause (e.g., 'while fishing' instead of 'while they are fishing').
中文： 當從屬子句的主詞與主要子句相同時，連接詞「while」後面可以直接接現在分詞（-ing 形式），形成分詞構句以簡化句子（例如用「while fishing」代替「while they are fishing」）。
Please wear protective gloves while handling these chemicals.
處理這些化學品時，請戴上防護手套。
EN： The subordinate conjunction 'Because' introduces an adverbial clause of cause and effect. When placed at the beginning of the sentence, a comma separates it from the main clause.
中文： 從屬連接詞「Because」用來引導表示原因的副詞子句。當原因子句置於句首時，通常會用逗號與後面的主要子句隔開。
Because the weather was severe, the ferry service was temporarily suspended.
因為天氣惡劣，渡輪服務暫時中止。
EN： In the UK, recreational sea angling is a popular pastime with a strong community that frequently participates in 'citizen science' initiatives. Anglers collaborate with scientific organizations by reporting catches and tagging fish to aid wildlife monitoring.
中文： 在英國，休閒海釣是一項非常普及的戶外活動，釣客社群經常積極參與「公民科學（citizen science）」計畫。釣客透過回報捕獲紀錄或協助標記魚類，成為科學機構進行野生動物監測的重要協力者。
EN： The verb 'hope' is followed by a to-infinitive ('to discover'), which here takes an embedded interrogative clause (wh-clause) introduced by 'where and when' as its direct object.
中文： 動詞「hope」後面常接不定詞（to-infinitive，如 to discover），在此處不定詞動詞後面又帶有由疑問詞「where and when」引導的名詞子句（間接問句），作其受詞。
Researchers want to know how and why the birds migrate each winter.
研究人員想知道這些鳥類每年冬天是如何以及為何遷徙的。
EN： Parallel structure with present participles: When listing multiple ongoing actions connected by conjunctions, the forms should match grammatically ('feeding, mating, and migrating').
中文： 現在分詞的平行結構（Parallel Structure）：在列舉由對等連接詞連接的多個進行中動作時，詞性與形式必須保持一致（如 feeding、mating 與 migrating 皆為 -ing 形式）。
The students spent the afternoon reading, discussing, and writing essays.
學生們花了整個下午閱讀、討論和撰寫文章。
EN： The sentence uses an embedded question (noun clause) acting as the direct object of the verb 'monitor': 'how shark populations have been changing...'. In English, indirect questions follow normal statement word order (Subject + Verb), not question inversion.
中文： 本句使用由疑問詞引導的名詞子句（間接問句）「how shark populations have been changing...」作為動詞「monitor」的受詞。英文中的間接問句需採用陳述句語序（主詞 + 動詞），不可倒裝。
Researchers want to determine how climate factors affect animal migration.
研究人員想要確定氣候因素如何影響動物遷徙。
EN： The phrase 'in terms of' is an idiomatic prepositional expression meaning 'with regard to' or 'concerning'. It is used to specify the particular aspect or criterion being discussed.
中文： 片語「in terms of」為慣用介系詞短語，意思是「就……而言」或「在……方面」，用於指明討論時所依據的特定角度、標準或層面。
The project was successful in terms of both speed and quality.
這項專案無論在速度還是品質方面都非常成功。
EN： The passive structure 'be expected to + verb' is frequently used in news and formal writing to express anticipation, projection, or likelihood based on current knowledge.
中文： 被動語態結構「be expected to + 原形動詞」常用於新聞與正式書面語中，表示根據現有資訊所作出的「預計、可望」等預期或推測。
The new policy is expected to create thousands of jobs next year.
這項新政策預計明年將創造數千個工作機會。
EN： The verb 'help' can be followed by a bare infinitive (help do something) or a full infinitive (help to do something). Here, 'help protect' and the coordinated '(help) support' are joined by 'and' to share the subject and auxiliary structure.
中文： 動詞「help」後方可接省略 to 的原形不定詞（help do）或保留 to 的不定詞（help to do）。本句中「help protect」與後方的「support」透過對等連接詞「and」構成平行結構，共用前面的助動詞與主要結構。
Regular exercise can help reduce stress and improve sleep quality.
規律運動有助於減輕壓力並提升睡眠品質。
EN： The term 'British coastline' highlights the United Kingdom's extensive island geography. Despite being known for cold and often turbid waters, Britain's surrounding seas host a surprisingly rich variety of marine megafauna, including several species of sharks that migrate through or inhabit regional waters.
中文： 「英國海岸線」（British coastline）凸顯了英國身為島國的地理特徵。儘管英國周邊海域常給人寒冷渾濁的印象，但實際上孕育著豐富的大型海洋生物群，包括多種在該海域棲息或進行長途遷徙的鯊魚物種。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 啟動、發起（專案或計畫）
在本文中： 易受傷害的；（物種）脆弱、瀕危的
在本文中： 調查；研究審查
在本文中： 遷徙的、有洄游習性的
在本文中： 熱情、熱忱
在本文中： 消遣的、休閒娛樂的
在本文中： 偶遇、相遇
在本文中： （自然資源、動植物等的）保護、保育
在本文中： 監測、持續觀察
在本文中： 分佈、散佈
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
to include a variety of different things between two extremes
範圍從……到……都有
the variety of plant and animal life living in the sea
海洋生物多樣性
with regard to the particular aspect or subject being discussed
就……而言；在……方面
to have existed since a particular time in the past
追溯到；始於