EN： The Present Perfect tense ('has been') is used here to describe a state that started in the past and continues up to the present moment. It is often paired with 'for' to indicate the duration of the state.
中文： 現在完成式（has been）在此處用於描述一個從過去開始並一直持續到現在的狀態。它通常與「for」連用，以表示該狀態持續的時間長度。
She has been a teacher for five years.
她當老師已經五年了。
EN： The idiom 'in a row' is used to describe events happening one after another without interruption (consecutively). It always follows the time period it modifies.
中文： 片語「in a row」用於描述連續發生、中間沒有中斷的事情（連續地）。它總是放在其修飾的時間週期之後。
It rained for four days in a row.
雨連續下了四天。
EN： In the United States, a 'heat advisory' is an official warning issued by the National Weather Service when the combination of heat and humidity is expected to make it feel dangerously hot. Municipalities often open 'cooling centers' (air-conditioned public spaces) to protect vulnerable residents during these periods.
中文： 在美國，「heat advisory」（高溫預警）是國家氣象局在預計高溫和濕度結合會使人感到危險炎熱時發布的官方警告。在此期間，地方政府通常會開放「避暑中心」（有空調的公共場所）以保護易受高溫影響的居民。
EN： Noun clauses introduced by 'that' function as the direct object of a reporting verb (like 'announced', 'said', 'thought'). The word 'that' is a conjunction and can often be omitted in informal speech, but is kept in formal writing.
中文： 由「that」引導的名詞子句作為報告動詞（如「announced」宣布、「said」說、「thought」想）的直接受詞。這裡的「that」是一個連接詞，在非正式口語中常可省略，但在正式寫作中通常會保留。
The company announced that the new product will launch next month.
該公司宣布新產品將於下個月上市。
EN： The preposition 'through' is used to indicate 'up to and including' a specific time or day, meaning the action continues until the end of that period.
中文： 介係詞「through」用於表示「一直到並包括」某個特定的時間或日子，意指該動作會持續到該時段結束為止。
The exhibition will run from Tuesday through Thursday.
展覽將從星期二一直進行到星期四（包含星期四）。
EN： In the United States, 'cooling centers' are temporary air-conditioned public spaces set up by local governments during extreme heat waves. They are crucial for vulnerable populations, such as the homeless or elderly, who may not have access to air conditioning at home, highlighting public health responses to climate change.
中文： 在美國，「避暑中心」（cooling centers）是地方政府在極端熱浪期間設立的臨時空調公共空間。這些中心對於無家可歸者或老年人等弱勢群體至關重要，因為他們家中可能沒有空調。這反映了因應氣候變遷的公共衛生應對措施。
EN： The noun clause introduced by 'that' acts as the direct object of the verb 'warned'. It contains a complete sentence structure (subject + verb + object) to explain the content of the warning.
中文： 由連接詞「that」引導的名詞子句作為動詞「warned」（警告）的直接受詞。該子句包含完整的句子結構（主詞 + 動詞 + 受詞），用來詳細說明警告的具體內容。
The doctor warned that the patient needed immediate rest.
醫生警告說病人需要立即休息。
EN： The prepositional phrase starting with 'with' is used here to express an accompanying circumstance or additional detail. The structure is 'with + noun (the heat index) + past participle (expected to...)', which functions as an adverbial modifier.
中文： 以介係詞「with」引導的介係詞片語在此處用於表示伴隨情況或補充細節。其結構為「with + 名詞（the heat index）+ 過去分詞（expected to...）」，在句中作副詞性修飾語。
The storm approached, with strong winds expected to cause power outages.
暴風雨即將來臨，強風預計會導致停電。
EN： In the United States, temperature is measured in Fahrenheit rather than Celsius. A temperature of 113 degrees Fahrenheit is extremely hot, equivalent to 45 degrees Celsius. Additionally, the 'heat index' (often called 'feels-like temperature') combines air temperature and relative humidity to determine how hot it actually feels to the human body.
中文： 在美國，溫度計量使用的是華氏度（Fahrenheit）而非攝氏度。華氏度 113 度是非常極端的高溫，約相當於攝氏 45 度。此外，「熱指數」（heat index，常被稱為體感溫度）結合了氣溫與相對濕度，用以評估人體實際感受到的炎熱程度。
EN： The passive voice structure 'be located at' is used to describe the geographical position or site of a building or facility. 'Located' acts as a past participle adjective here.
中文： 被動語態結構「be located at」（位於……）用於描述建築物或設施的地理位置或地點。這裡的「located」作為過去分詞形容詞使用。
The new library is located at the center of the town.
新圖書館位於鎮中心。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'from... to...' is used to indicate a range of time, starting from one point and ending at another.
中文： 介係詞片語「from... to...」（從……到……）用於表示時間範圍，起於某個時間點並止於另一個時間點。
The museum is open from Tuesday to Sunday.
博物館從星期二到星期日開放。
EN： In the United States, 'cooling centers' are temporary air-conditioned public spaces set up by local governments during extreme heat waves to protect vulnerable populations, such as the homeless or elderly, who may not have access to air conditioning at home.
中文： 在美國，「避暑中心」（cooling centers）是地方政府在極端熱浪期間設立的臨時空調公共空間，旨在保護無家可歸者或老年人等在家中可能無法使用空調的弱勢群體。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'from [time] to [time]' is used to indicate the starting and ending points of a time period. It is a common way to express business hours or scheduled events.
中文： 介系詞片語「from [時間] to [時間]」（從……到……）用於表示某個時間段的起點和終點。這是表達營業時間或活動日程的常用方式。
The library is open from 9 in the morning to 8 in the evening.
圖書館從早上9點開放到晚上8點。
EN： The future simple tense 'will be' combined with the adjective 'open' describes a state that will exist in the future. Note that 'open' here functions as an adjective meaning 'not closed', rather than a verb.
中文： 簡單未來式「will be」結合形容詞「open」（開放的）用來描述未來將存在的狀態。請注意，這裡的「open」是用作形容詞，表示「營業中/開放的」，而非動詞。
The new supermarket will be open next month.
這家新超市下個月將會開始營業。
EN： In the United States, 'cooling centers' are temporary air-conditioned public spaces set up by local governments during extreme heatwaves to protect residents, especially vulnerable populations like the elderly or homeless, who may not have access to air conditioning at home.
中文： 在美國，「避暑中心」（cooling centers）是地方政府在極端熱浪期間設立的臨時空調公共空間，旨在保護居民，特別是那些家中可能沒有空調的弱勢群體（如老人或無家可歸者）。
EN： The relative adverb 'where' is used to introduce a relative clause (adjective clause) that modifies a noun of place (in this case, 'a safe place'). It functions as an adverbial of place within the relative clause, meaning 'in/at which'.
中文： 關係副詞「where」用於引導關係子句（形容詞子句），用來修飾表示地點的名詞（在此句中為「a safe place」）。它在關係子句中充當地方副詞的角色，相當於「in/at which」。
This is the library where we study every afternoon.
這就是我們每天下午學習的圖書館。
EN： The verb 'provide' is a transitive verb meaning to supply or make something available. A common pattern is 'provide something' or 'provide someone with something'. Here, it directly takes the noun phrase 'a safe place' as its direct object.
中文： 動詞「provide」是一個及物動詞，意思是提供或使某物可用。常見的句型包括「provide something（提供某物）」或「provide someone with something（為某人提供某物）」。在本句中，它直接接名詞片語「a safe place」作為其直接受詞。
The hotel provides free breakfast for all guests.
這家飯店為所有住客提供免費早餐。
EN： In the United States, 'cooling centers' are temporary air-conditioned public spaces set up by local governments during extreme heatwaves. They are crucial public health resources, especially for low-income families, the elderly, and the homeless who may not have access to air conditioning at home.
中文： 在美國，「避暑中心」（cooling centers）是地方政府在極端熱浪期間設立的臨時空調公共空間。這些中心是至關重要的公共衛生資源，特別是對於那些家中可能沒有冷氣設備的低收入家庭、老年人和無家可歸者。
EN： The sentence uses a noun clause (or 'that' clause) acting as the direct object of the reporting verb 'said'. In English, the conjunction 'that' is frequently omitted in informal or spoken contexts, as seen here ('said [that] the situation is...').
中文： 本句使用了名詞子句（或稱 'that' 子句）作為報導動詞 'said' 的直接受詞。在英語中，連接詞 'that' 在非正式或口語情境中經常會被省略，如本句所示（'said [that] the situation is...'）。
The doctor said the patient needs more rest.
醫生說病人需要更多休息。
EN： The phrase 'public health concern' is a compound noun structure where 'public health' (noun adjunct) modifies the head noun 'concern'. This is a common way in English to describe specific issues or topics.
中文： 片語 'public health concern' 是一個複合名詞結構，其中 'public health'（公共衛生，作名詞修飾語）用來修飾中心名詞 'concern'（擔憂/問題）。這是英語中用來描述特定議題或主題的常見方式。
Water pollution is a major environmental concern.
水污染是一個重大的環境問題。
EN： In US local governance, a 'city official' refers to an appointed or elected individual responsible for municipal administration. During extreme weather events, public health announcements from these officials are critical for mobilizing community resources like cooling centers.
中文： 在美國地方政府體制中，「市府官員」（city official）是指負責市政管理的委任或民選官員。在極端天氣事件期間，這些官員發布的公共衛生公告對於調配避暑中心等社區資源至關重要。
EN： The noun clause introduced by 'that' acts as the direct object of the reporting verb 'explained'. The conjunction 'that' is often used to introduce reported speech or statements of fact, and it can sometimes be omitted in informal contexts.
中文： 由「that」引導的名詞子句作為報導動詞「explained」（解釋）的直接受詞。連接詞「that」常用於引導間接引語或陳述事實，在非正式語境中可以省略。
He proved that the new method was much faster.
他證明了新方法要快得多。
EN： The preposition 'like' is used here to mean 'similar to' or 'such as', introducing an example ('this') to modify the noun phrase 'extreme weather'.
中文： 介係詞「like」在此處表示「像…一樣」或「例如」，引導例子（this）來修飾名詞片語「extreme weather」（極端天氣）。
Cities like Jacksonville are preparing for climate change.
像傑克遜維爾這樣的城市正在為氣候變化做準備。
EN： In public health communications in the United States, 'elderly people' (or older adults) and 'young children' are consistently identified as high-risk groups during extreme weather events. Public facilities like libraries and community centers are often designated as 'cooling centers' to provide free air conditioning to those who may not have it at home.
中文： 在美國的公共衛生宣導中，「老年人」（或高齡者）和「幼童」一向被列為極端天氣事件中的高風險群體。圖書館和社區中心等公共設施通常會被指定為「避暑中心」（cooling centers），為家裡可能沒有冷氣的人提供免費的空調環境。
EN： Noun Clause as Object: The word 'that' introduces a noun clause ('that the cooling centers have been designed...') which functions as the direct object of the reporting verb 'added'. In English, 'that' in this position is often optional but is included here for formal clarity.
中文： 名詞子句作賓語（受詞）：單字「that」引導一個名詞子句（that the cooling centers have been designed...），在句中作為報導動詞「added」的直接賓語。在英文中，此位置的「that」通常可以省略，但在此處使用以使語氣更為正式清晰。
He confirmed that the meeting had been rescheduled.
他確認了會議已經重新安排。
EN： Present Perfect Passive Voice: The structure 'have been designed' uses the present perfect tense in the passive voice (have/has + been + past participle). It emphasizes that the action of designing was completed in the past, but its result or state is relevant to the present.
中文： 現在完成式被動語態：結構「have been designed」使用了現在完成式的被動語態（have/has + been + 過去分詞）。它強調設計的動作在過去已經完成，但其結果或狀態與現在密切相關。
These programs have been created to support local artists.
這些計畫的建立是為了支持當地的藝術家。
EN： In the United States, 'cooling centers' are temporary air-conditioned public spaces set up by local governments during extreme heatwaves. They are crucial for 'vulnerable members' of the community, such as the elderly, young children, and those experiencing homelessness, who may not have access to air conditioning at home. This reflects a public health approach to climate-related emergencies.
中文： 在美國，「避暑中心」（cooling centers）是地方政府在極端熱浪期間設立的臨時空調公共空間。這對於社區中的「脆弱成員」（如老人、幼童和無家可歸者）至關重要，因為他們家中可能沒有空調。這反映了應對氣候相關緊急情況的公共衛生措施。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (has/have + past participle) is used here to describe an action that happened in the past but has a strong relevance or effect on the present situation. The adverb 'also' is placed between the auxiliary verb 'has' and the main verb 'arranged'.
中文： 現在完成式（has/have + 過去分詞）在此用於描述過去發生但對現在狀況有重要關聯或影響的動作。副詞「also」（也）置於助動詞「has」與主要動詞「arranged」之間。
The school has also provided free lunch for all students.
學校也為所有學生提供了免費午餐。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'to and from' functions as an adjective modifier here, indicating direction to a place and back. It is followed by the destination 'the cooling centers'.
中文： 介系詞片語「to and from」（往返）在此作形容詞修飾語，表示前往某地並返回的方向。其後接目的地「the cooling centers」（避暑中心）。
The hotel offers shuttle service to and from the airport.
這家飯店提供往返機場的接駁車服務。
EN： In the United States, local governments often coordinate with public transit authorities during extreme weather events (like heatwaves or severe winter storms) to offer free rides to emergency shelters or cooling centers. This ensures that low-income individuals or those without personal vehicles can access life-saving resources safely.
中文： 在美國，地方政府在極端天氣事件（如熱浪或嚴重的冬季風暴）期間，經常會與大眾運輸機構協調，提供免費搭乘服務以載送民眾前往緊急避難所或避暑中心。這確保了低收入戶或無個人交通工具的民眾能夠安全地獲得維持生命的資源。
EN： The noun clause (or object clause) introduced by 'that' is used as the direct object of the verb 'tell'. In this structure, 'tell' takes an indirect object ('the bus driver') followed by a direct object clause ('that they are traveling to a cooling center') to show what is being communicated.
中文： 由「that」引導的名詞子句（或稱賓語子句）在此作為動詞「tell」的直接受詞。在這種結構中，「tell」後面接間接受詞（「the bus driver」），再接直接受詞子句（「that they are traveling to a cooling center」），用以說明告知的具體內容。
She told her teacher that she would be late.
她告訴老師她會遲到。
EN： The infinitive phrase 'to receive a free ride' functions as an adverbial of purpose, explaining 'why' the action of telling the driver is performed. It is equivalent to 'in order to receive'.
中文： 不定詞片語「to receive a free ride」在此作為目的副詞，用來解釋為什麼要執行「告訴司機」這個動作。這相當於「in order to receive」（為了要獲得）。
He woke up early to catch the first train.
他早起是為了趕上首班火車。
EN： In the United States, local governments often set up 'cooling centers' (usually in public libraries, community centers, or senior centers) during extreme heatwaves to protect vulnerable populations who may not have access to air conditioning. Providing free public transit to these locations is a common equity measure to ensure low-income residents can reach safety.
中文： 在美國，地方政府在遭遇極端熱浪時，通常會在公共圖書館、社區中心或長者中心設立「避暑中心」（cooling centers），以保護家中可能沒有冷氣的易受傷害族群。提供前往這些地點的免費大眾運輸工具是一項常見的社會公平措施，以確保低收入居民能夠安全抵達避暑場所。
EN： The verb 'allow' is followed by an object and an infinitive verb ('to' + verb) to express permitting or enabling someone to do something. The structure is 'allow + object + to-infinitive'.
中文： 動詞「allow」（允許/使得）後面接賓語（受詞）和不定詞（to + 動詞），用來表示允許或使某人能夠做某事。其結構為「allow + 賓語 + 不定詞」。
The new program will allow students to learn at their own pace.
這項新計劃將使學生能夠按照自己的節奏學習。
EN： The verb 'stay' can function as a linking verb, which is followed directly by adjectives (like 'cool' and 'safe') to describe the state or condition of the subject.
中文： 動詞「stay」（保持）可作為連繫動詞使用，後面直接接形容詞（如「cool」和「safe」），用來描述主詞所處的狀態或情況。
Please stay calm during the emergency.
在緊急情況下請保持冷靜。
EN： The passive voice 'be + past participle' (are encouraged) is used to focus on the action being done to the subject (residents) rather than who is doing the action. It is followed by an infinitive 'to + verb' to express the action they are encouraged to do.
中文： 被動語態「be 動詞 + 過去分詞」（are encouraged）用於將焦點放在主詞（居民）所接受的動作，而非執行動作的人。後面接不定詞「to + 動詞」來表示被鼓勵去做的事情。
Employees are encouraged to share their ideas during the meeting.
員工被鼓勵在會議期間分享他們的想法。
EN： Parallel structure (parallelism) is used to connect words or phrases of equal grammatical rank. In this sentence, three infinitive actions follow 'to': 'stay hydrated', '[to] avoid spending...', and '[to] check on...'. The preposition 'to' is omitted in the second and third parts for conciseness.
中文： 平行結構（排比）用於連接文法地位相同的單字或片語。在本句中，有三個不定詞動作接在「to」後面：「stay hydrated」（保持水分）、「[to] avoid spending...」（避免花費...）以及「[to] check on...」（關心...）。為了簡潔，第二和第三個動作省略了介系詞「to」。
EN： In the United States, during extreme weather events like heatwaves, local governments and communities place a strong emphasis on 'checking on neighbors,' especially the elderly or vulnerable who may not have working air conditioning. This community-based welfare check is a common public health recommendation.
中文： 在美國，每當遇到熱浪等極端天氣事件時，地方政府和社區都會強烈強調「關心鄰居」（checking on neighbors），特別是可能沒有冷氣設備的長者或弱勢族群。這種基於社區的互助關懷是常見的公共衛生建議。
EN： The verb 'recommend' is commonly followed by a gerund (verb-ing) when expressing a general recommendation without specifying who should perform the action.
中文： 動詞「recommend」（建議）後面通常接動名詞（V-ing），用於表達一般的建議，而不特定指出由誰來執行該動作。
The doctor recommends exercising at least three times a week.
醫生建議每週至少運動三次。
EN： The preposition 'for' is used here to indicate purpose or the reason for an action, connecting the action of visiting the website to the goal of getting more information.
中文： 介係詞「for」在此處用於表示目的或行動的原因，將「訪問網站」的行為與「獲取更多資訊」的目標連結起來。
Please call this number for more details about the event.
欲知更多關於活動的詳情，請撥打這個號碼。
EN： In the United States, local governments frequently use official websites and social media to coordinate emergency services, such as opening 'cooling centers' during extreme heatwaves. These centers are typically set up in public libraries, community centers, or senior centers to provide air-conditioned spaces for vulnerable populations.
中文： 在美國，地方政府經常利用官方網站和社群媒體來協調緊急服務，例如在極端熱浪期間開放「避暑中心」（cooling centers）。這些中心通常設在公共圖書館、社區中心或長者活動中心，為易受高溫影響的群體提供有空調的安全空間。
EN： The structure 'one of the + superlative adjective + plural noun' is used to single out one item that has the highest degree of a quality among a group. Note that the noun following this structure must be plural.
中文： 「one of the + 最高級形容詞 + 複數名詞」的結構用於指出在某個群體中，某個事物在某種特質上達到最高程度。請注意，此結構後面的名詞必須是複數形式。
Mount Everest is one of the most famous mountains in the world.
聖母峰是世界上最著名的山峰之一。
EN： The verb 'urge' is followed by an object and an infinitive verb ('urge someone to do something') to strongly advise or try to persuade someone to do a particular thing.
中文： 動詞「urge」（敦促）後面接賓語（受詞）和不定詞（「urge someone to do something」），用於強烈建議或試圖說服某人去做某件特定的事情。
The doctor urged him to stop smoking immediately.
醫生敦促他立即戒菸。
EN： In the United States, a 'heat advisory' is an official alert issued by the National Weather Service when the heat index is expected to reach dangerously high levels (usually 100°F to 104°F or higher depending on the region). Local governments often respond by opening 'cooling centers'—air-conditioned public facilities like libraries or community centers—to protect vulnerable populations, especially those without access to air conditioning at home.
中文： 在美國，「高溫預警」（heat advisory）是國家氣象局在預計體感溫度達到危險的高溫水平（通常根據地區不同為華氏 100 度至 104 度或更高）時發布的官方警報。地方政府通常會通過開放「避暑中心」（cooling centers，如圖書館或社區中心等設有空調的公共設施）來應對，以保護易受傷害的群體，特別是那些家中沒有空調的人。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： （政府或官方機構發出的）警告、公告、諮詢
在本文中： （具特定功能的）場所、設施、設備
在本文中： 易受傷的、脆弱的、易受影響的
在本文中： 安排、籌備、整理
在本文中： 補充水分的、身體水分充足的
在本文中： 規律地、定期地、經常地
在本文中： 極端的、極度的
在本文中： 敦促、力勸、催促
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
One after another without interruption; consecutively.
接連地、連續地
A quantity expressing the discomfort felt as a result of the combined effects of the temperature and humidity of the air.
酷熱指數、體感溫度
An air-conditioned public space set up by local authorities to temporarily deal with the health effects of a heat wave.
避暑中心、降溫庇護所
To look at or examine someone or something to make sure they are safe, correct, or in a satisfactory condition.
查看、探視、確認（安全或健康狀況）
To regard something as important and worthy of attention or respect.
認真對待某事、重視某事