EN： The adverb 'fundamentally' is used to modify the verb 'changed', indicating that the change was deep and essential. In English, adverbs of manner often appear between the auxiliary verb/subject and the main verb.
中文： 副詞「fundamentally」（從根本上）用來修飾動詞「changed」，表示這種改變是深層且本質的。在英文中，程度或方式副詞常置於主詞與主要動詞之間。
The new technology fundamentally altered the industry.
這項新技術從根本上改變了該行業。
EN： The phrase 'the way' acts as a noun phrase that can be followed by a relative clause (people... think) to describe how something is done. In this structure, 'how' or 'in which' is often omitted.
中文： 「the way」作為名詞短語，後方可接關係子句（people... think）來描述某事進行的方式。在這種結構中，通常會省略關係副詞「how」或「in which」。
I like the way she explains complex ideas.
我喜歡她解釋複雜概念的方式。
EN： The sentence reflects a global shift in mindset where 'public health' moved from a specialized medical topic to a common concern for every individual, highlighting the interconnectedness of modern society.
中文： 這句話反映了全球思維的轉變：「公共衛生」從一個專業的醫學課題變成了每個普通人共同關心的話題，突顯了現代社會中人與人之間緊密的相互關聯。
EN： The Past Perfect Tense (had + past participle) is used to describe an action that was completed before another point or action in the past. Here, it indicates the state of mind existing before the specific year 2020.
中文： 過去完成式（had + 過去分詞）用於描述在過去某個時間點或動作之前已經完成的動作。在此句中，它表示在 2020 年這個特定時間點之前就已經存在的心理狀態。
By the time the movie started, we had already finished our popcorn.
在電影開始之前，我們就已經吃完爆米花了。
EN： The idiom 'take something for granted' means to fail to properly appreciate something because it is so common or familiar, or to assume something is true without questioning it.
中文： 成語 'take something for granted' 意為「視某事為理所當然」，指因為某事太常見或太熟悉而未能正確欣賞其價值，或是不加思索地認定某事是真實的。
We often take our health for granted until we get sick.
我們常在生病之前，都把健康視為理所當然。
EN： The sentence reflects a global shift in consciousness. In many Western cultures, prior to COVID-19, wearing masks or extreme hand hygiene was often associated only with medical settings, whereas in some East Asian cultures, it was already more common during flu seasons. The pandemic unified these practices globally.
中文： 這句話反映了全球意識的轉變。在許多西方文化中，在新冠肺炎之前，佩戴口罩或極端的洗手衛生通常僅與醫療場所相關；而在一些東亞文化中，流感季節佩戴口罩已較為普遍。這場疫情使這些做法在全球範圍內得到了統一。
EN： Past Perfect Tense (had + past participle): Used to describe an action that was completed before another action in the past. Here, the virus spreading happened before the enforcement of measures.
中文： 過去完成式 (had + 過去分詞)：用於描述在過去某個動作之前就已經完成的動作。在此句中，病毒的擴散發生在強制執行措施之前。
By the time the police arrived, the thief had already escaped.
當警察到達時，小偷已經逃跑了。
EN： Passive Voice (be + past participle): Used when the subject is the receiver of the action. 'Were forced' indicates that the governments and citizens did not choose this, but were compelled by circumstances.
中文： 被動語態 (be動詞 + 過去分詞)：當主詞是動作的接受者時使用。「Were forced」表示政府和公民並非自願選擇，而是受環境所迫。
The flight was cancelled due to the heavy storm.
航班因暴風雨而被取消了。
EN： The phrase 'governments and citizens alike' reflects a collective responsibility often emphasized during global crises, highlighting that the pandemic affected all levels of society regardless of status.
中文： 「governments and citizens alike」這個短語反映了在全球危機期間經常被強調的集體責任，突顯了疫情不分地位地影響了社會的各個層面。
EN： Gerunds as Subjects: A gerund is the '-ing' form of a verb that functions as a noun. In this sentence, three gerund phrases ('Wearing...', 'maintaining...', and 'washing...') act together as a compound subject.
中文： 動名詞當主詞：動名詞是動詞的 -ing 形式，其功能等同於名詞。在本句中，三個動名詞短語（佩戴、保持、洗手）共同構成一個複合主詞。
Reading books and practicing speaking are effective ways to learn English.
閱讀書籍和練習口說都是學習英文的有效方法。
EN： Parallel Structure: When listing multiple items or actions, they should follow the same grammatical form. Here, all three activities are presented as gerund phrases to maintain balance and clarity.
中文： 平行結構：當列舉多個項目或動作時，應使用相同的語法形式。在此句中，三個活動皆以動名詞短語呈現，以保持句子的平衡與清晰。
EN： The phrase 'social distance' became a global standard during the COVID-19 pandemic, though the specific distance (e.g., 1.5 meters or 6 feet) varied slightly by country. In many East Asian cultures, mask-wearing was already a common courtesy when sick, which facilitated quicker adoption compared to some Western countries.
中文： 「社交距離」(social distance) 一詞在 COVID-19 疫情期間成為全球標準，儘管各國規定的具體距離（如 1.5 公尺或 6 英尺）略有不同。在許多東亞文化中，生病時佩戴口罩本就是一種常見的禮儀，這使得這些地區比某些西方國家更容易快速適應口罩政策。
EN： The structure 'One of the + superlative adjective + plural noun' is used to identify a specific item from a group of exceptional things. Note that the verb must be singular because the subject is 'One'.
中文： 「One of the + 最高級形容詞 + 複數名詞」結構用於從一組卓越的事物中識別出特定的一項。請注意，動詞必須使用單數，因為主詞是「One」（其中之一）。
One of the most talented students in the class was chosen for the award.
班上最有才華的學生之一被選中獲獎。
EN： The preposition 'during' is used to indicate that something happened within a specific period of time or throughout the course of an event.
中文： 介系詞「during」用於表示某事發生在特定時間段內或某個事件的整個過程中。
Many people lost their jobs during the economic crisis.
許多人在經濟危機期間失去了工作。
EN： The sentence refers to the unprecedented speed of COVID-19 vaccine development, which typically takes 10-15 years but was achieved in under a year through global cooperation and mRNA technology.
中文： 這句話指的是 COVID-19 疫苗前所未有的研發速度。疫苗研發通常需要 10 到 15 年，但在全球合作和 mRNA 技術的幫助下，在不到一年的時間內就完成了。
EN： Non-defining Relative Clause: This uses 'who' to provide extra information about the subject (Scientists). It is separated by commas and can be removed without changing the core meaning of the sentence.
中文： 非限定用法關係子句：使用 'who' 來提供關於主詞（科學家）的額外資訊。這類子句前後通常帶有逗號，若將其刪除，句子的核心意義依然完整。
My brother, who lives in New York, is a doctor.
我哥哥（他住在紐約）是一位醫生。
EN： Past Perfect Continuous Tense: Formed with 'had been' + present participle (-ing), it describes an action that started in the past and continued up until another point in the past.
中文： 過去完成進行式：由 'had been' 加上現在分詞（-ing）構成，用來描述一個在過去某個時間點之前就已經開始，並持續進行到該時間點的動作。
They had been waiting for two hours before the train finally arrived.
在火車終於抵達之前，他們已經等了兩個小時。
EN： The phrase 'in record time' is a common idiom used to emphasize that something was completed faster than ever before, highlighting the unprecedented global collaboration during the COVID-19 pandemic.
中文： 短語 'in record time'（創紀錄的時間內）是一個常見的習語，用來強調某事完成的速度比以往任何時候都快，這突顯了 COVID-19 疫情期間前所未有的全球合作。
EN： Past Perfect Tense (had + past participle): Used to describe an action that was completed before a specific point in time or another action in the past. In this sentence, the approval happened before the end of 2020.
中文： 過去完成式 (had + 過去分詞)：用於描述在過去某個特定時間點或另一個過去動作之前已經完成的動作。在本句中，疫苗獲批發生在 2020 年底之前。
By the time the movie started, we had already finished our popcorn.
電影開始時，我們已經吃完了爆米花。
EN： Prepositional Phrase 'By the end of': This phrase is used to indicate a deadline or a point in time by which something occurs. It is frequently paired with perfect tenses.
中文： 介系詞短語 'By the end of'：此短語用於表示某事發生的截止日期或時間點。它經常與完成式連用。
She will have completed the report by the end of the week.
她將在週末前完成報告。
EN： The term 'emergency approval' (or Emergency Use Authorization - EUA) became a common phrase during the pandemic. It refers to a regulatory mechanism that allows medical products to be used in a public health crisis before full formal licensure, provided they meet specific safety criteria.
中文： 「緊急批准」（或稱緊急使用授權 - EUA）在疫情期間成為常用詞彙。它指的是一種監管機制，允許醫療產品在獲得正式全面許可前，只要符合特定的安全標準，即可在公共衛生危機中使用。
EN： The conjunction 'Although' is used to introduce a subordinate clause that expresses a contrast or concession. In English, 'although' and 'but' are not used together in the same sentence structure.
中文： 連接詞「Although」(雖然) 用於引導表達對比或讓步的從屬子句。在英文語法中，「although」與「but」(但是) 不能在同一個句子中同時出現。
Although the weather was cold, they decided to go for a walk.
雖然天氣很冷，他們還是決定去散步。
EN： The Past Perfect tense (had + past participle) is used to describe an action that was completed before another action or time in the past. Here, the trials were completed before the concerns were fully addressed or before the current point of reference.
中文： 過去完成式 (had + 過去分詞) 用於描述在過去某個動作或時間點之前已經完成的動作。在此句中，試驗的證明過程發生在人們表達擔憂之前或特定的過去參考點之前。
The train had already left when I arrived at the station.
當我到達車站時，火車已經離開了。
EN： In scientific and medical contexts, 'clinical trials' refer to a highly regulated multi-phase process. Mentioning 'extensive clinical trials' is a common way in English-speaking media to reassure the public about the rigor of scientific evidence.
中文： 在科學和醫學語境中，「臨床試驗」(clinical trials) 指的是受高度監管的多階段過程。在英語媒體中，提到「廣泛的臨床試驗」是向大眾保證科學證據嚴謹性的常見方式。
EN： The idiom 'play a role in' (followed by a noun or gerund) is used to describe the contribution or influence someone or something has on a situation. The adjective 'crucial' modifies 'role' to emphasize high importance.
中文： 片語「play a role in」（後接名詞或動名詞）用於描述某人或某事對情況的貢獻或影響。形容詞「crucial」（至關重要的）修飾「role」，用以強調其重要程度。
Technology plays a significant role in modern education.
科技在現代教育中發揮著重要的作用。
EN： The preposition 'in' is followed by the gerund 'slowing' (verb+ing). In English, prepositions must be followed by a noun or a gerund when expressing an action.
中文： 介係詞「in」後面接動名詞「slowing」（動詞+ing）。在英文中，當介係詞後要表達一個動作時，必須使用名詞或動名詞形式。
She is interested in learning new languages.
她對學習新語言感興趣。
EN： The term 'quarantine' has historical roots in the Italian word 'quaranta' (forty), referring to the 40-day isolation period required for ships arriving in Venice during the Black Death. In the context of COVID-19, it became a globally recognized public health strategy.
中文： 「Quarantine」（隔離）一詞源於義大利語「quaranta」（四十），指黑死病期間抵達威尼斯的船隻需進行為期 40 天的隔離。在 COVID-19 的背景下，這成為了全球公認的公共衛生策略。
EN： Past Perfect Passive (had been + past participle): This structure is used to describe an action that was completed in the passive voice before another point in the past.
中文： 過去完成式的被動語態 (had been + 過去分詞)：此結構用於描述在過去某個時間點之前已經完成的被動動作。
The documents had been signed before the meeting started.
文件在會議開始前就已經簽署好了。
EN： Relative Clause (who...): A defining relative clause is used here to identify exactly which 'people' the sentence is referring to.
中文： 關係子句 (who...)：這裡使用限定用法關係子句來明確界定句子中所指的「人們」是哪些人。
Students who finish the test early may leave the room.
提早完成考試的學生可以離開教室。
EN： The term 'designated period' in a public health context often refers to the scientifically determined incubation period of a virus, which was typically 14 days during the early COVID-19 pandemic.
中文： 在公共衛生語境中，「指定期間」(designated period) 通常指科學判定的病毒潛伏期，在 COVID-19 疫情初期，這通常是指 14 天的隔離期。
EN： The conjunction 'While' is used here to introduce a contrast between two ideas, similar to 'although'. It acknowledges one fact while presenting another that might seem contradictory or equally important.
中文： 連接詞「While」在此處用於引導兩個觀點之間的對比，類似於「although」（雖然）。它在承認一個事實的同時，提出另一個可能看似矛盾或同樣重要的事實。
While the new software is powerful, it is difficult to learn.
雖然這款新軟體功能強大，但很難學習。
EN： The preposition 'in' followed by a gerund (verb-ing) is used to indicate the specific area or activity where an action or quality is applicable.
中文： 介係詞「in」後接動名詞（V-ing）用於表示某種動作或特質所適用的特定領域或活動。
She has extensive experience in managing large teams.
她在管理大型團隊方面有豐富的經驗。
EN： In many Western cultures, the pandemic sparked a significant public discourse on the balance between physical safety (quarantine) and mental well-being, leading to increased awareness and funding for mental health services.
中文： 在許多西方文化中，這場大流行引發了關於身體安全（隔離）與心理健康之間平衡的重大公共討論，進而提高了對心理健康服務的意識和資金投入。
EN： The phrase 'as a result of' is a compound preposition used to introduce the cause or reason for something. It is followed by a noun or noun phrase.
中文： 短語「as a result of」是一個複合介系詞，用於引出某事的原因或理由。其後接名詞或名詞短語。
The flight was canceled as a result of heavy snow.
由於大雪，航班被取消了。
EN： The Oxford Comma (or serial comma) is the comma used after the penultimate item in a list of three or more items, before 'and' or 'or'. It helps clarify that the items are separate.
中文： 牛津逗號（或稱序列逗號）用於三個或更多項目列表中的倒數第二項之後，即「and」或「or」之前。它有助於明確區分各個項目。
She bought apples, oranges, and bananas.
她買了蘋果、柳橙和香蕉。
EN： The sentence reflects a global shift in mental health awareness post-COVID-19. In many Western cultures, discussing mental health struggles like 'loneliness' and 'anxiety' has become more normalized and less stigmatized due to the shared experience of the pandemic.
中文： 這句話反映了後疫情時代全球對心理健康意識的轉變。在許多西方文化中，由於大流行的共同經歷，討論「孤獨」和「焦慮」等心理健康困擾已變得更加常態化，且不再那麼被污名化。
EN： The Noun Clause (that-clause) functions as the direct object of the verb 'emphasized'. It reports a fact or a statement that was highlighted.
中文： 名詞子句（that 子句）在此作為動詞「emphasized」的直接受詞。它用來陳述被強調的事實或觀點。
The teacher emphasized that students must submit their assignments on time.
老師強調學生必須準時交作業。
EN： The Comparative Structure 'more effective than' is used to compare two nouns (prevention and treatment) regarding their quality or impact.
中文： 比較級結構「more effective than」（比...更有效）用於比較兩個名詞（預防與治療）在性質或影響上的差異。
Regular exercise is more effective than dieting alone for long-term health.
規律運動對於長期健康而言，比單純節食更有效。
EN： The phrase 'prevention is better than cure' is a common English proverb. This sentence uses a more formal academic variation ('more effective than treatment') suitable for public health contexts.
中文： 「預防勝於治療」(Prevention is better than cure) 是一句常見的英文諺語。本句使用了更為正式的學術變體（more effective than treatment），適用於公共衛生相關的正式語境。
EN： The use of 'invested heavily in' demonstrates a phrasal verb pattern where 'invest in' is modified by an adverb to show intensity. 'In' is the required preposition to indicate the destination of the investment.
中文： 「invested heavily in」展示了動詞片語「invest in」（投資於...）的用法，中間加上副詞「heavily」來表示程度劇烈。介係詞必須使用「in」來接續投資的對象或領域。
The company invested heavily in renewable energy last year.
該公司去年在再生能源方面投入了大量資金。
EN： The 'to + infinitive' phrase (to protect...) functions as an adverbial of purpose, explaining 'why' the governments took the action described in the main clause.
中文： 「to + 原型動詞」片語（to protect...）在此擔任目的副詞，用來解釋政府採取主句動作的「原因」或「目的」。
She studied hard to pass the entrance exam.
她努力學習是為了通過入學考試。
EN： The term 'contact tracing' became a globally recognized public health strategy during COVID-19, though its implementation varied significantly between Western countries (focusing on privacy) and some Asian countries (using more centralized digital data).
中文： 「接觸者追蹤」(contact tracing) 在 COVID-19 期間成為全球公認的公共衛生策略，但各國實施方式不同：西方國家通常較強調隱私，而部分亞洲國家則運用較多中心化的數位數據進行追蹤。
EN： Perfect Participle Phrase: The structure 'having + past participle' is used to indicate that the action in the participle phrase happened before the action of the main verb. It functions as an adverbial modifier explaining the reason or background.
中文： 完成分詞短語：使用「having + 過去分詞」結構來表示該動作發生在主句動詞之前。在此句中作為副詞修飾語，解釋了主詞被視為英雄的原因或背景。
Having finished the report, she turned off her computer.
完成報告後，她關掉了電腦。
EN： Passive Voice (Past Tense): The structure 'were + past participle' (were recognized) indicates that the subject receives the action rather than performing it. 'Widely' is an adverb placed between the auxiliary and the main verb for emphasis.
中文： 被動語態（過去式）：結構為「were + 過去分詞」（were recognized），表示主詞是動作的接受者而非執行者。副詞「widely」置於助動詞與主動詞之間以示強調。
The new policy was widely supported by the local community.
這項新政策受到當地社區的廣泛支持。
EN： The term 'front lines' is a military metaphor commonly used in public health to describe healthcare workers who directly interact with patients during an outbreak, emphasizing their bravery and sacrifice.
中文： 「front lines」（前線）原本是軍事術語，在公共衛生領域常用來形容在疫情期間直接接觸病患的醫護人員，強調他們的勇敢與犧牲精神。
EN： The structure 'remind someone of something' is used to cause someone to remember or think about a particular fact or situation.
中文： 結構 'remind someone of something'（提醒某人某事）用於使某人想起或思考某個特定的事實或情況。
The photograph reminded her of her childhood in the countryside.
這張照片讓她想起了她在鄉下度過的童年。
EN： The gerund 'supporting' acts as the object of the preposition 'of', describing the specific nature of the 'importance'.
中文： 動名詞 'supporting' 作為介係詞 'of' 的受詞，用來描述這個「重要性」的具體內容。
The importance of exercising regularly cannot be overstated.
規律運動的重要性再怎麼強調也不為過。
EN： In many Western cultures, the pandemic led to a significant shift in public perception of healthcare workers, moving from seeing them as standard employees to 'frontline heroes.' This sentence reflects that societal shift in gratitude.
中文： 在許多西方文化中，這場大流行導致公眾對醫療工作者的看法發生了重大轉變，從將其視為普通員工轉變為「前線英雄」。這句話反映了社會在感激之情上的這種轉變。
EN： Future Perfect Tense (will have + past participle): This tense is used to describe an action that will be completed by a specific point in the future. In this sentence, it suggests that by a future time, the process of shaping policy will be finished or established.
中文： 未來完成式 (will have + 過去分詞)：此時態用於描述在未來某個特定時間點之前將會完成的動作。在本句中，它暗示到未來的某個時刻，塑造政策的過程將已經完成或確立。
By next year, the government will have implemented the new health regulations.
到明年，政府將已經實施了新的衛生法規。
EN： Reduced Relative Clause: The phrase 'learned from the COVID-19 pandemic' is a reduced relative clause modifying 'the lessons'. It is short for 'which were learned'.
中文： 減縮關係子句：短語 'learned from the COVID-19 pandemic' 是一個減縮關係子句，用來修飾 'the lessons'。它是 'which were learned' 的縮寫形式。
The experience gained during the crisis is invaluable.
在危機期間獲得的經驗是無價的。
EN： The phrase 'for generations to come' is a common idiomatic expression in English used to emphasize the long-term impact of an event or policy, suggesting it will affect children, grandchildren, and beyond.
中文： 短語 'for generations to come' 是英語中常見的慣用語，用來強調某個事件或政策的長期影響，暗示它將影響到子孫後代。
EN： Future Perfect Tense (will have + past participle): This tense is used to describe an action that will be completed before a specific point in time in the future.
中文： 未來完成式 (will have + 過去分詞)：此時態用於描述在未來某個特定時間點之前將會完成的動作。
By next month, I will have finished my research project.
到下個月，我將已經完成我的研究計畫。
EN： Time Clause with 'By the time': When using 'by the time' to refer to a future event, the verb in the dependent clause is usually in the Present Simple tense, while the main clause uses the Future Perfect.
中文： 由 'By the time' 引導的時間副詞子句：當使用 'by the time' 指向未來事件時，從屬子句的動詞通常使用現在簡單式，而主要子句則使用未來完成式。
By the time the movie starts, we will have bought our popcorn.
到電影開始時，我們將已經買好爆米花了。
EN： In public health discourse, 'early warning systems' refer to the infrastructure and protocols used to detect disease outbreaks before they become pandemics. The sentence reflects a global shift toward proactive rather than reactive policy.
中文： 在公共衛生論述中，「預警系統」(early warning systems) 指的是在疾病爆發演變成大流行之前，用於偵測疫情的基礎設施和協議。這句話反映了全球政策從「被動反應」轉向「主動預防」的轉變。
EN： Relative Clauses (Adjective Clauses): The word 'that' introduces a defining relative clause 'that experienced the pandemic firsthand' to identify which specific communities are being discussed.
中文： 關係子句（形容詞子句）：單字 'that' 引導限定用法關係子句 'that experienced the pandemic firsthand'，用來具體指明是在討論哪些社區。
Students that study consistently usually achieve better results.
持續學習的學生通常會取得更好的成績。
EN： Gerunds after Prepositions: The word 'protecting' is a gerund (verb + -ing acting as a noun) because it follows the preposition 'in'.
中文： 介係詞後的動名詞：單字 'protecting' 是一個動名詞（動詞 + -ing 作為名詞使用），因為它接在介係詞 'in' 之後。
She has a lot of experience in managing large teams.
她在管理大型團隊方面有豐富的經驗。
EN： The term 'vulnerable populations' in a public health context typically refers to groups at higher risk, such as the elderly, immunocompromised individuals, or those with limited access to healthcare. 'Collective responsibility' reflects a shift from individualistic thinking to community-based action, which was a major theme during the global pandemic response.
中文： 在公共衛生語境中，「vulnerable populations」（弱勢族群）通常指風險較高的群體，如老年人、免疫功能低下者或醫療資源獲取受限的人。「Collective responsibility」（集體責任）反映了從個人主義思維向社區行動的轉變，這是全球大流行應對過程中的一個重要主題。
EN： The sentence uses a 'Noun Clause' (that individual actions... as a whole) acting as the direct object of the verb 'taught'. It explains exactly what was taught.
中文： 本句使用了「名詞子句」（that individual actions... as a whole）作為動詞「taught」的直接受詞，用來詳細說明所教導的內容。
The teacher told us that hard work leads to success.
老師告訴我們，努力會帶來成功。
EN： The phrase 'as a whole' is an idiom used after a noun to mean 'considered as a single unit' or 'altogether'.
中文： 「as a whole」是一個慣用語，置於名詞之後，表示「作為一個整體」或「總體而言」。
The project was beneficial for the company as a whole.
這項專案對公司整體而言是有益的。
EN： The sentence reflects a shift in Western societies towards 'collective responsibility,' a concept more traditionally associated with East Asian cultures, highlighting how the pandemic bridged some cultural gaps in public health thinking.
中文： 這句話反映了西方社會向「集體責任」觀念的轉變，這在傳統上更多與東亞文化相關，突顯了大流行病如何縮小了公共衛生思維中的文化差異。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 從根本上地；徹底地
在本文中： 重要性；意義
在本文中： 突破；重大進展
在本文中： 廣泛的；大規模的
在本文中： 隔離（期間）
在本文中： 傳播；傳染
在本文中： 長期的；持續很久的
在本文中： 基礎設施；底層建設
在本文中： 精密的；複雜的；先進的
在本文中： 脆弱的；易受傷害的
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
To fail to properly appreciate something because it is so common or familiar.
視為理所當然
Faster than has ever been done before.
比以往任何時候都快。
In the most important or dangerous position of an activity or conflict.
在第一線
A situation where all members of a group are responsible for the actions and well-being of the group.
集體責任
To think about or plan for the future.
展望未來
A type of RNA that carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where it serves as a template for protein synthesis.
信使核糖核酸 (mRNA)
Research studies performed in people that are aimed at evaluating a medical, surgical, or behavioral intervention.
臨床試驗
The process of identifying, assessing, and managing people who have been exposed to a disease to prevent onward transmission.
接觸者追蹤
Groups of people who are at higher risk for poor health or social outcomes due to various barriers or biological factors.
弱勢族群 / 易受傷害族群
The physical space maintained between individuals to prevent the spread of an infectious disease.
社交距離