EN： Present Perfect Tense (has/have + past participle) is used to describe an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past and has a direct result or relevance to the present moment.
中文： 現在完成式（has/have + 過去分詞）用於描述過去某個未明確說明的時間點所發生的動作，且該動作對現在有直接的影響或關聯性。
The company has launched its new product, and customers are excited.
該公司已經推出了新產品，消費者們感到非常興奮。
EN： Non-defining Relative Clause with 'which' is used to add extra information about the entire preceding clause. It is always separated from the main clause by a comma.
中文： 使用 'which' 的非限制性關係子句，用來對前面整個主要子句所描述的情況進行額外的補充說明。此用法前面必須加上逗號與主要子句隔開。
He passed the difficult exam, which made his parents very proud.
他通過了那場艱難的考試，這讓他的父母感到非常驕傲。
EN： Present Perfect Tense (has/have + past participle) is used to describe an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past and has relevance to the present. The adverb 'recently' is commonly used with this tense to emphasize that the action occurred not long ago.
中文： 現在完成式（has/have + 過去分詞）用於描述在過去不特定時間發生且與現在相關的動作。副詞「recently」（最近）常用於此時態，以強調該動作在不久前才發生。
The company has recently launched a new smartphone.
該公司最近推出了一款新的智慧型手機。
EN： Noun Adjuncts (or Noun Premodifiers) occur when a noun is used to modify another noun, functioning like an adjective. In 'technology reporter', 'technology' describes the type of reporter.
中文： 名詞修飾語（或稱名詞作形容詞）是指一個名詞用來修飾另一個名詞，起到了形容詞的作用。在「technology reporter」（科技記者）中，「technology」描述了記者的類型。
She is a famous fashion designer in Paris.
她是巴黎一位著名的時尚設計師。
EN： Mark Gurman is a highly respected technology journalist, currently working for Bloomberg, who is famous for his incredibly accurate leaks and predictions regarding Apple's unreleased products and future strategies.
中文： 馬克·古爾曼（Mark Gurman）是一位備受尊敬的科技記者，目前任職於彭博社（Bloomberg）。他以精準預測和爆料蘋果（Apple）尚未發布的產品及未來策略而聞名於科技界。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'according to' is used to indicate the source of information or an opinion. It is followed by a noun or pronoun (e.g., 'according to the report', 'according to him').
中文： 介系詞片語「according to」（根據……）用於指出資訊或意見的來源。其後接名詞或代名詞（例如：according to the report 根據報告、according to him 根據他的說法）。
According to the weather forecast, it will rain tomorrow.
根據天氣預報，明天會下雨。
EN： The preposition 'alongside' means 'together with' or 'next to'. In professional and product launch contexts, it is often used to describe items that are released or introduced at the same time.
中文： 介系詞「alongside」意為「與……一起」或「在……旁邊」。在專業和產品發表的語境中，它常用於描述同時發布或推出的品項。
The new smartphone was released alongside a range of accessories.
這款新智慧型手機與一系列配件一同發布。
EN： In the technology industry, a 'launch window' refers to an estimated period during which a product is expected to be released, rather than a specific date. This terminology is common in tech journalism and product planning to manage consumer expectations.
中文： 在科技產業中，「launch window」（發表窗口/推出時間）指的是預期產品將發布的估計時期，而非確切的日期。這種術語在科技新聞和產品規劃中非常常見，用以管理消費者的預期。
EN： Passive Voice with Infinitive (is expected to be): This structure is used to express expectations or beliefs about a future state or action. 'Is expected' is the passive verb, followed by the to-infinitive 'to be' to indicate what is anticipated.
中文： 被動語態搭配不定詞（is expected to be）：此結構用於表達對未來狀態或行動的預期或相信。「is expected」是被動語態動詞，後面接不定詞「to be」以指出預期的內容。
The new product is expected to be a huge success.
這款新產品預計將取得巨大的成功。
EN： Prepositional Phrase of Time (in early 2027): The preposition 'in' is used with seasons, months, and years. 'Early' acts as a modifier within the phrase to specify the beginning part of that time period.
中文： 時間介係詞片語（in early 2027）：介係詞「in」與季節、月份和年份連用。「early」在片語中作為修飾語，用以指定該時間段的初期。
The conference will take place in early 2025.
該會議將於 2025 年初舉行。
EN： In the technology industry, a 'launch window' refers to the period during which a company plans to release a product. For major tech giants like Apple, these windows are highly anticipated by consumers and closely analyzed by financial markets, as they dictate the company's seasonal revenue patterns.
中文： 在科技產業中，「launch window」（發布窗口）指的是公司計劃推出產品的時間區間。對於像蘋果這樣的科技巨頭，這些發布窗口受到消費者的高度期待，也受到金融市場的密切分析，因為它們決定了公司的季節性營收模式。
EN： The future tense with 'will' is used to express a future action or event that is expected to happen. It is formed by 'will' followed by the base form of the verb (in this case, 'join').
中文： 使用「will」的未來式用於表達預期會發生的未來動作或事件。其結構為「will」後接動詞原形（在此句中為「join」）。
The new store will open next month.
新店將於下個月開業。
EN： The present participle 'including' is used as a preposition to introduce examples that belong to a larger group mentioned earlier in the sentence.
中文： 現在分詞「including」（包括）在此處作為介系詞使用，用來引入屬於句子前面所提到之更大群體中的具體例子。
Many people attended the meeting, including the president.
許多人參加了會議，包括總統。
EN： In the technology industry, product naming conventions often follow a predictable pattern (like sequential numbers). The mention of 'iPhone Air' suggests a potential new design philosophy borrowing from Apple's 'MacBook Air' and 'iPad Air' lines, which emphasize thinness and light weight.
中文： 在科技產業中，產品命名通常遵循可預測的規律（如連續的數字）。提到「iPhone Air」暗示了一種可能借鑑自蘋果「MacBook Air」和「iPad Air」系列的新設計理念，這些系列都強調輕薄。
EN： The subordinating conjunction 'because' is used to introduce a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that provides the reason for the action or state described in the main clause.
中文： 從屬連接詞「because」（因為）用於引導從屬子句（副詞子句），用來解釋主要子句中所描述之動作或狀態的原因。
The project was successful because everyone worked hard.
這個專案很成功，因為每個人都很努力工作。
EN： The past participle 'built' (from 'build') is used here as a reduced relative clause (short for 'which is built' or 'that is built') to post-modify the noun 'chip'.
中文： 過去分詞「built」（源自 build）在此處用作簡化關係子句（省略了 which is built），用來後置修飾名詞「chip」（晶片），表示被動關係（被建造/被打造）。
EN： The mention of '2-nanometer technology' refers to the cutting-edge semiconductor manufacturing process. In the tech industry, a smaller nanometer (nm) size indicates more transistors can fit on a chip, leading to higher performance and energy efficiency. Apple's transition to 2nm chips represents its continuous push to lead in hardware innovation.
中文： 提及「2 奈米技術」指的是最尖端的半導體製造工藝。在科技產業中，奈米（nm）數值越小，代表晶片上能容納更多電晶體，從而帶來更高的效能與更低的功耗。蘋果向 2 奈米晶片的過渡，展現了其在硬體創新領域持續領先的企圖心。
EN： The causative verb 'make' is used here in the pattern 'make + object + adjective' to describe causing a change in state. In this sentence, 'make the iPad Pro faster and more efficient' means the chip design will cause the iPad Pro to become faster and more efficient.
中文： 使役動詞「make」在此處用於「make + 受詞 + 形容詞」的句型，用來描述引起狀態的改變。在本句中，「make the iPad Pro faster and more efficient」表示晶片設計將使 iPad Pro 變得更快、更有效率。
The new software update should make your phone faster.
新的軟體更新應該會讓你的手機更快。
EN： The modal verb 'should' is used to express expectation or probability, indicating that something is highly likely to happen based on logical reasoning or planned design.
中文： 情態助動詞「should」在此處用於表示預期或可能性，指出根據邏輯推論或計劃設計，某事極有可能發生。
The package should arrive by tomorrow afternoon.
包裹應該會在明天下午前送達。
EN： The modal verb 'might' is used to express a possibility or probability in the present or future. It is followed by the base form of the verb (in this case, 'include'). The adverb 'also' is placed after the modal verb to add information.
中文： 情態助動詞「might」用於表示現在或未來發生的可能性（機率通常比 may 稍低）。其後必須接動詞原形（在此為「include」）。副詞「also」（也、還）放在情態助動詞之後，用以補充說明額外資訊。
The new software update might also fix the battery drain issue.
新的軟體更新可能還會解決電池耗電過快的問題。
EN： The word 'exciting' is a present participle (-ing form) used as an adjective to describe a noun ('display improvements'). Present participles used as adjectives describe the characteristic of something that causes a feeling, whereas past participles (-ed) describe how someone feels.
中文： 單字「exciting」是現在分詞（-ing 形式）用作形容詞，用來修飾名詞（「display improvements」）。現在分詞作形容詞時，用來描述事物本身「令人產生某種感覺」的特徵；而過去分詞（-ed）則用來描述人「感到如何」。
We received some exciting news about the upcoming project.
我們收到了一些關於即將進行的專案的令人興奮的消息。
EN： In technology journalism, the word 'display' is commonly used instead of 'screen' to sound more professional. Additionally, 'ProMotion' is Apple's proprietary marketing term for its adaptive high-refresh-rate screen technology, which is a key selling point for their premium devices.
中文： 在科技新聞中，英文常使用「display」而非「screen」來顯得更專業（中文多譯為「螢幕」或「顯示器」）。此外，「ProMotion」是蘋果對其自動適應高更新率螢幕技術的專有行銷術語，是其高階裝置的主要賣點。
EN： The relative pronoun 'which' is used here in a non-defining relative clause to refer back to the entire preceding clause ('the tablet could feature a 180-hertz ProMotion screen'). It adds extra information about the result or effect of that situation.
中文： 關係代名詞「which」在此處用於非限定關係子句中，用來修飾前面提到的整個子句（「這款平板電腦可能會配備 180 赫茲的 ProMotion 螢幕」）。它補充說明了該情況所帶來的結果或影響。
The company decided to lower the price, which pleased many customers.
公司決定降低價格，這讓許多顧客感到高興。
EN： The causative verb 'make' is followed by an object and a bare infinitive (verb in base form without 'to') to express causing someone or something to do something or be in a certain state. In this sentence, 'make' is followed by the object 'animations' and the bare infinitive 'look'.
中文： 使役動詞「make」（使/讓）後面接賓語（受詞）和原形動詞（不帶 to 的動詞），用來表示使某人或某事做出某動作或處於某種狀態。在本句中，「make」後面接賓語「animations」（動畫）和原形動詞「look」（看起來）。
The funny movie made everyone laugh.
這部搞笑電影讓每個人都笑了。
EN： The term 'ProMotion' is Apple's proprietary marketing name for its adaptive high-refresh-rate display technology. In the tech industry, display smoothness is measured in Hertz (Hz). While standard screens are usually 60Hz, high-end devices feature 120Hz or even 180Hz to provide a much more responsive and fluid visual experience, especially for gaming and animations.
中文： 「ProMotion」是蘋果對其自適應高螢幕更新率顯示技術的專有行銷名稱。在科技產業中，螢幕的流暢度是以赫茲（Hz）來衡量的。一般標準螢幕通常為 60Hz，而高階裝置則會配備 120Hz 甚至 180Hz，以提供更即時、更流暢的視覺體驗，特別是在遊戲和動畫呈現上。
EN： The modal verb 'might' is used to express possibility or uncertainty about a future or present event. It is followed by the base form of the verb (in this case, 'come').
中文： 情態助動詞「might」用於表示對現在或未來事件的可能性或不確定性。其後須接動詞原形（在此句中為「come」）。
The new software update might improve the battery life of your device.
新的軟體更新可能會改善你裝置的電池壽命。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'as the standard amount' uses 'as' to function as a preposition meaning 'in the role of' or 'being'. It describes the status or function of the 16 gigabytes of memory.
中文： 介系詞片語「as the standard amount」中的「as」作為介系詞，表示「作為…」或「以…的身分/形式」。它用來描述 16 GB 記憶體的狀態或功能。
This laptop comes with a fast charger as the standard accessory.
這部筆記型電腦隨附一個快速充電器作為標準配件。
EN： In the consumer technology industry, 'standard amount' or 'base model specifications' are highly discussed topics. Apple has historically been criticized by tech enthusiasts for offering lower base memory (RAM) configurations compared to competitors. Speculation about 16 gigabytes becoming the 'standard amount' represents a significant shift in Apple's product strategy to accommodate demanding AI features.
中文： 在消費性科技產業中，「標準配備」或「入門款規格」是極受關注的話題。過去，蘋果常因其入門款產品提供的記憶體（RAM）容量低於競爭對手而受到科技愛好者的批評。因此，市場預測 16 GB 將成為「標準配備」，代表著蘋果為了因應高負載的 AI 功能，在產品策略上做出了重大轉變。
EN： The subject pattern 'One of the + plural noun' refers to a single item out of a larger group. Because the core subject is 'One', it always takes a singular verb (e.g., 'involves', 'is', 'has').
中文： 「One of the + 複數名詞」（其中之一）的結構，其核心主詞是單數的「One」（一個），因此後續的動詞必須使用單數動詞（例如本句中的 involves）。
One of the most important factors is time.
其中一個最重要的因素是時間。
EN： The verb 'involve' means to include something as a necessary part or result. It is a transitive verb that directly takes an object (noun, pronoun, or gerund) without a preposition.
中文： 動詞「involve」意為「涉及、包含」，是一個及物動詞，後面直接接賓語（名詞、代名詞或動名詞），不需要加介係詞。
The project involves a lot of hard work.
這個專案涉及許多艱苦的工作。
EN： The 'Apple Pencil' is a line of wireless stylus pen devices designed by Apple for use on supported iPad tablets. The mention of a 'redesigned version' with a 'replaceable battery' reflects a significant shift in Apple's design philosophy, which historically favored sealed, non-user-replaceable hardware, now adapting to European Union environmental and consumer regulations.
中文： 「Apple Pencil」是蘋果公司設計的無線觸控筆，專供 iPad 系列平板使用。文中提到具有「可更換電池」的「全新設計版本」，反映了蘋果產品設計哲學的重大轉變。蘋果過去一向偏好封閉式、用戶無法自行更換零件的硬體設計，如今則必須適應歐盟的環保與消費者保護法規。
EN： Noun Clause with 'that': The word 'that' introduces a noun clause functioning as the direct object of the reporting verb 'reports'. It connects the main statement with the reported information.
中文： that 引導的名詞子句：單字「that」在此引導一個名詞子句，作為報導動詞「reports」（報導）的直接受詞，用來連接主句與所報導的具體訊息。
She believes that the project will succeed.
她相信這個企劃會成功。
EN： Relative Clause (Adjective Clause): The relative pronoun 'that' introduces an adjective clause ('that will have a replaceable battery') to modify the preceding noun 'version'.
中文： 關係子句（形容詞子句）：關係代名詞「that」引導形容詞子句（that will have a replaceable battery），用來修飾先行詞（名詞）「version」（版本）。
This is a smartphone that has a very long battery life.
這是一款擁有極長電池續航力的智慧型手機。
EN： The mention of a 'replaceable battery' reflects a major shift in the tech industry driven by European Union environmental regulations. Historically, Apple has designed devices with sealed batteries to maintain slim profiles, but new laws are forcing tech giants to prioritize repairability and consumer rights.
中文： 提及「可拆卸電池」反映了由歐盟環保法規推動的科技產業重大變革。歷史上，蘋果為了維持產品的輕薄外觀，一直設計密封式電池，但新法規正迫使科技巨頭必須優先考慮可維修性與消費者權益。
EN： Present Perfect Passive Voice: Formed with 'has/have been' + past participle. It is used to describe an action that started in the past and continues to have an effect in the present, emphasizing the receiver of the action rather than the doer.
中文： 現在完成式的被動語態：由「has/have been」+ 過去分詞構成。用於描述一個從過去開始並對現在產生影響的動作，強調動作的承受者而非執行者。
The new policy has been approved by the board.
新政策已獲得董事會批准。
EN： Reduced Relative Clause (Passive): The phrase 'a regulation called...' is a reduced relative clause, shortened from 'a regulation which is called...'. The relative pronoun and the verb 'to be' are omitted, leaving only the past participle.
中文： 簡化關係子句（被動）：短語「a regulation called...」是一個簡化關係子句，由「a regulation which is called...」簡化而來。省去了關係代名詞與 be 動詞，只留下過去分詞。
I bought a book written by a famous author.
我買了一本由著名作家寫的書。
EN： This sentence refers to the European Union's regulatory power, which often sets global standards for consumer electronics (a phenomenon known as the 'Brussels Effect'). Commission Regulation 2023/1670 is a real EU eco-design requirement aimed at making batteries in smartphones and tablets more sustainable, durable, and easily replaceable by end-users.
中文： 這句話提及了歐盟的監管權力，歐盟的法規經常為全球消費性電子產品設定標準（這種現象被稱為「布魯塞爾效應」）。「委員會條例 2023/1670」是歐盟一項真實的環保設計要求，旨在讓智慧型手機和平板電腦的電池更具永續性、耐用性，且更易於讓終端用戶自行拆卸與更換。
EN： The verb 'require' is followed by a 'that' clause expressing a demand or mandate. In formal English, this triggers the subjunctive mood, where the verb in the 'that' clause is in its base form (bare infinitive), regardless of the subject. In this sentence, 'consumer electronics have' uses the base form 'have' instead of 'has'.
中文： 動詞「require」（要求）後面接表示命令或要求的「that」子句時，在正式英文中會觸發「虛擬語氣」（Subjunctive Mood）。此時，不論主詞是單數還是複數，子句中的動詞都必須使用「原形動詞」。在本句中，「consumer electronics have」使用的是原形動詞「have」而非「has」。
The new law requires that every manufacturer provide a warranty.
新法規要求每家製造商都必須提供保固。
EN： The structure 'adjective + to-infinitive' (e.g., 'easy to remove') is used to describe how an action is performed on the subject. In this structure, the subject of the main clause ('batteries') is the logical object of the infinitive verbs ('remove' and 'replace').
中文： 「形容詞 + 不定詞」（例如「easy to remove」，易於拆卸）的結構，用來描述對主詞進行某動作的難易度或性質。在此結構中，主句的主詞（batteries，電池）在邏輯上是後面不定詞動詞（remove 和 replace）的接受者（受格）。
These instructions are difficult to understand.
這些說明步驟很難理解。
EN： This sentence refers to real-world legislation by the European Union (EU) aimed at reducing electronic waste and promoting the 'right to repair.' The EU has been a global leader in forcing major tech companies like Apple to standardize chargers (USB-C) and design products with more sustainable, user-replaceable parts. This law significantly impacts global product design, as companies rarely manufacture different hardware versions solely for the European market.
中文： 這句話提及了歐盟（EU）旨在減少電子垃圾並推動「維修權」的真實法規。歐盟在迫使蘋果等科技巨頭標準化充電器（如改用 USB-C）以及設計更具永續性、允許用戶自行更換零件的產品方面，一直扮演著全球領頭羊的角色。這項法律對全球產品設計產生了深遠影響，因為科技公司很少會僅為了歐洲市場而單獨設計不同硬體版本的產品。
EN： The present perfect passive voice ('has been' + past participle) is used to describe an action that happened in the past but has a strong connection to or effect on the present. In this sentence, 'has been forced' shows that the pressure on Apple started in the past and its effect is still relevant now.
中文： 現在完成式的被動語態（has/have been + 過去分詞）用於描述過去發生但與現在有強烈關聯或影響的動作。在此句子中，「has been forced」（被迫）表示對蘋果施加的壓力始於過去，且其影響至今仍然存在。
The company has been forced to close its doors due to the economic crisis.
由於經濟危機，該公司被迫關閉。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'because of' is used to introduce the reason for something. It is followed by a noun or noun phrase ('this new European law'), unlike 'because', which is followed by a full clause (subject + verb).
中文： 介系詞片語「because of」（因為/由於）用於引導某事的原因。其後接名詞或名詞片語（如「this new European law」），與後面接完整子句（主詞+動詞）的「because」不同。
The flight was delayed because of the heavy rain.
因為暴雨，班機延誤了。
EN： This sentence refers to the significant impact of European Union (EU) regulations on global technology companies. The EU has increasingly passed laws (like the common charger mandate and battery replaceability rules) that force multinational giants like Apple to change their hardware designs globally, as making separate versions just for Europe is often not economically viable.
中文： 這句話反映了歐盟（EU）法規對全球科技公司的重大影響。歐盟近年來陸續通過各項法律（例如統一充電接口與電池易於更換的規定），迫使像蘋果這樣的跨國巨頭在全球範圍內更改其硬體設計，因為僅為歐洲市場製作單獨版本在經濟上通常是不可行的。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 日程表、進度表，指預先安排好的活動時間順序
在本文中： 高效率的，指以最少的時間、精力或資源達到最佳效果
在本文中： 標準的、常規的，指作為規範或普遍採用的規格
在本文中： 可替換的，指損壞或用盡時可以更換新零件的
在本文中： 規章、條例，指官方制定並要求遵守的法律或規則
在本文中： 消費者的，指購買並使用商品或服務的個人
在本文中： 適應、調整，指為了適應新的情況或要求而做出改變
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
A period of time during which a product can be launched or a spacecraft can be sent into space.
發布窗口、推出時機
To become active or start to apply (especially of a law, rule, or medicine).
生效、起作用
Electronic equipment intended for everyday use, typically in private homes.
消費性電子產品