Nelson Mandela: The Long Walk Begins曼德拉：追求正義的旅程
聆聽課程
0:00
0:00
EN： The Passive Voice (be + past participle) is used here because the subject 'a boy' receives the action of birth rather than performing it. In English, we always say someone 'was born' using the past tense of 'to be'.
中文： 被動語態（be 動詞 + 過去分詞）在此處被使用，因為主詞「一名男孩」是接受出生的動作，而非執行動作。在英語中，我們總是使用 be 動詞的過去式來表達某人「出生」（was/were born）。
She was born in a small town in Italy.
她出生在義大利的一個小鎮。
EN： Prepositional Phrases of Time and Place: 'In 1918' (time) and 'in a small village' (place) provide context. When both appear, the specific location usually follows the time or vice versa depending on emphasis.
中文： 時間與地點的介系詞片語：「In 1918」（時間）與「in a small village」（地點）提供了背景資訊。在英文句子中，這些片語常用於修飾整個事件發生的時空背景。
In 2010, they moved to a new house.
在2010年，他們搬到了一間新房子。
EN： The sentence introduces the birth of Nelson Mandela. South Africa in 1918 was under British colonial rule, and the mention of a 'small village' (specifically Mvezo) highlights his humble beginnings before becoming a global icon for justice.
中文： 這句話介紹了納爾遜·曼德拉的出生。1918年的南非正處於英國殖民統治之下，提到「小村莊」（具體為姆韋佐村）強調了他在成為全球正義象徵之前平凡的出身背景。
EN： Appositive: A noun or noun phrase (Rolihlahla) placed next to another noun (His birth name) to identify or explain it. It is usually set off by commas.
中文： 同位語：將一個名詞或名詞短語（Rolihlahla）放在另一個名詞（His birth name）旁邊，用以識別或解釋它。通常使用逗號隔開。
My best friend, Sarah, is a talented musician.
我最好的朋友莎拉是一位才華橫溢的音樂家。
EN： Present Tense for Facts: The simple present tense 'means' is used here because the definition of a name is a permanent fact or general truth.
中文： 事實的現在式：這裡使用現在簡單式 'means'，因為名字的含義屬於永久性的事實或普遍真理。
The word 'aloha' means both hello and goodbye.
「aloha」這個詞既代表你好也代表再見。
EN： Xhosa is one of the official languages of South Africa, known for its distinctive 'click' sounds. In many African cultures, names carry significant meaning and are often chosen to reflect the circumstances of birth or the parents' hopes.
中文： 科薩語（Xhosa）是南非的官方語言之一，以其獨特的「吸氣音（click sounds）」聞名。在許多非洲文化中，名字具有深遠的意義，通常是根據出生時的情況或父母的期望來命名的。
EN： The sentence uses a 'Ditransitive Verb' (give), which takes two objects: an indirect object (him) and a direct object (the English name 'Nelson'). The pattern is: Subject + Verb + Indirect Object (person) + Direct Object (thing).
中文： 本句使用了「雙賓語動詞」（give），這類動詞接兩個受詞：間接受詞（him）和直接受詞（the English name 'Nelson'）。句型結構為：主詞 + 動詞 + 間接受詞（人）+ 直接受詞（物）。
My friend sent me a beautiful postcard from Japan.
我的朋友從日本寄給我一張漂亮的明信片。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'at his school' acts as an adjective modifying the noun 'teacher', specifying which teacher is being discussed.
中文： 介係詞片語「at his school」作為形容詞功能，修飾名詞「teacher」，用來明確指出是哪裡的老師。
The woman in the red dress is my aunt.
穿著紅色洋裝的那位女士是我的阿姨。
EN： In colonial South Africa, it was a common practice for teachers to give African students English names because African names were often considered difficult for colonial authorities to pronounce. Mandela's birth name, Rolihlahla, means 'pulling the branch of a tree' or colloquially 'troublemaker'.
中文： 在殖民時期的南非，老師給非洲學生取英文名字是很普遍的做法，因為殖民當局通常認為非洲原名難以發音。曼德拉的原名 Rolihlahla 意為「拉樹枝」，在口語中也有「麻煩製造者」的意思。
EN： The structure 'the first/second/last + noun + to-infinitive' is used to specify a person's order or rank in performing an action. The infinitive 'to attend' acts as an adjective modifying 'the first'.
中文： 結構「the first/second/last + 名詞 + 不定詞」用於指定某人執行某動作的順序或排名。這裡的不定詞「to attend」作為形容詞用法，修飾前面的「the first」。
She was the last person to leave the office.
她是最後一個離開辦公室的人。
EN： The preposition 'under' is used here to describe being subject to a particular system, law, or regime.
中文： 介系詞「under」在此處用於描述處於特定體制、法律或政權的統治或影響之下。
The country flourished under the new leadership.
這個國家在新領導層的帶領下繁榮發展。
EN： The 'colonial system' refers to the period when South Africa was under British and Dutch influence, which eventually led to the formal system of apartheid. Education for Black South Africans during this time was often limited and designed to reinforce colonial structures.
中文： 「殖民體制」指的是南非受英國和荷蘭影響的時期，這最終演變成了正式的種族隔離制度。當時南非黑人接受教育的機會通常受到限制，且教育內容往往是為了強化殖民結構而設計的。
EN： The sentence uses the Past Simple tense ('moved', 'studied') to describe completed actions in the past. The conjunction 'and' connects two independent clauses that share the same subject ('Mandela').
中文： 本句使用過去簡單式（moved, studied）來描述過去已完成的動作。連接詞「and」連接了兩個共享同一個主詞（Mandela）的獨立子句。
She moved to London and worked as a designer.
她搬到了倫敦並擔任設計師工作。
EN： The phrase 'to become' is an infinitive of purpose, explaining 'why' the action of studying was performed.
中文： 「to become」是不定詞表示目的的用法，解釋了「為什麼」要進行學習這個動作。
He practiced hard to win the race.
他刻苦練習是為了贏得比賽。
EN： Johannesburg is the largest city in South Africa and was a central hub for the anti-apartheid movement. For a Black South African like Mandela, moving there to study law was a significant step toward challenging the systemic inequality of the time.
中文： 約翰尼斯堡是南非最大的城市，也是反種族隔離運動的核心樞紐。對於像曼德拉這樣的南非黑人來說，前往那裡學習法律是挑戰當時體制性不平等的重要一步。
EN： Compound Subject: When two or more nouns or pronouns are joined by 'and', they form a compound subject. In this sentence, 'He and Oliver Tambo' acts as a single plural unit that performs the action.
中文： 複合主詞：當兩個或多個名詞或代名詞由「and」連接時，它們構成複合主詞。在本句中，「He and Oliver Tambo」作為一個複數單位共同執行動作。
Sarah and her brother visited the museum yesterday.
莎拉和她的哥哥昨天參觀了博物館。
EN： Ordinal Adjectives with Nouns: The word 'first' is an ordinal number used as an adjective to specify the position of the 'law firm' in a sequence. It is typically preceded by the definite article 'the'.
中文： 序數形容詞：單字「first」是序數，在此作為形容詞使用，用來指定「律師事務所」在序列中的位置。通常前面會加上定冠詞「the」。
This is the first time I have traveled abroad.
這是我第一次出國旅行。
EN： In the context of apartheid-era South Africa, the establishment of a Black law firm was a revolutionary act. It provided legal representation for Black citizens who were systematically oppressed by the legal system itself.
中文： 在南非種族隔離時期，成立一家黑人律師事務所是一項革命性的舉動。它為那些受到法律系統系統性壓迫的黑人公民提供了法律代理服務。
EN： The sentence uses a compound object structure where the verb 'saw' is followed by a noun phrase ('the injustice of apartheid') and a noun clause ('how it humiliated Black people'). This allows the speaker to connect a concrete observation with a descriptive process.
中文： 本句使用了複合受詞結構，動詞 'saw' 後面接了一個名詞短語（the injustice of apartheid）和一個名詞子句（how it humiliated Black people）。這種結構能讓說話者將具體的觀察與描述性的過程聯繫起來。
She realized the importance of the task and how it would help the community.
她意識到了這項任務的重要性，以及它將如何幫助社區。
EN： The word 'how' functions as a subordinating conjunction to introduce an indirect question or noun clause, explaining the manner or extent of an action within the main sentence.
中文： 單字 'how' 作為從屬連接詞，引導一個間接問句或名詞子句，用來解釋主句中動作的方式或程度。
I don't understand how the machine works.
我不明白這台機器是如何運作的。
EN： 'Apartheid' was a system of institutionalized racial segregation that existed in South Africa from 1948 until the early 1990s. The word means 'apartness' in Afrikaans. Understanding this context is crucial to grasping the emotional weight of Mandela's struggle.
中文： 「Apartheid」是 1948 年至 1990 年代初期南非實行的制度化種族隔離政策。這個詞在南非荷蘭語中意為「隔離」。了解這一背景對於理解曼德拉奮鬥過程中的情感重量至關重要。
EN： The phrase 'dedicate something to doing something' uses 'to' as a preposition, which means it must be followed by a noun or a gerund (V-ing). It indicates committing resources or effort to a specific cause.
中文： 短語「dedicate something to doing something」中的「to」是介係詞，因此後面必須接名詞或動名詞（V-ing）。這表示將資源或精力投入於特定目標。
She dedicated her career to improving public education.
她致力於她的職業生涯以改善公共教育。
EN： The preposition 'against' is used here to indicate opposition or resistance to a system or force.
中文： 介係詞「against」在此處用於表示對某種制度或力量的反對或抵抗。
The citizens protested against the new tax law.
公民們抗議這項新的稅法。
EN： Apartheid was a system of institutionalized racial segregation that existed in South Africa from 1948 until the early 1990s. The term 'segregation' refers to the forced separation of different racial groups in daily life.
中文： 「種族隔離」(Apartheid) 是 1948 年至 1990 年代初期南非實行的制度化種族隔離政策。「Segregation」一詞指的是在日常生活中強制分離不同種族群體的行為。
EN： The 'to-infinitive' (to + base verb) is used here as an adverbial of purpose to explain 'why' the action in the main clause was performed.
中文： 不定詞（to + 原型動詞）在此處作為副詞用法，用來表示目的，解釋主句動作「為什麼」發生。
She studied hard to pass the entrance exam.
她努力學習是為了通過入學考試。
EN： Apposition: The phrase 'or ANC' is an appositive, providing an alternative name or clarification for the preceding noun phrase 'the African National Congress'.
中文： 同位語：短語「or ANC」是一個同位語，用來為前面的名詞短語「非洲民族議會」提供替代名稱或進一步說明。
My brother, a talented musician, lives in London.
我的哥哥是一位有才華的音樂家，他住在倫敦。
EN： The African National Congress (ANC) is South Africa's governing political party and was the primary organization that fought against apartheid. Mandela's involvement in the ANC was a pivotal turning point in his life and the nation's history.
中文： 非洲民族議會（ANC）是南非目前的執政黨，也是當年反對種族隔離制度（apartheid）的主要組織。曼德拉加入 ANC 是他個人生命及南非歷史的一個關鍵轉折點。
EN： The sentence uses the Past Simple tense ('organized') to describe completed actions in the past. It also features a compound object ('protests and demonstrations') connected by the coordinating conjunction 'and'.
中文： 句子使用了過去簡單式（organized）來描述過去已完成的動作。此外，它包含了一個由對等連接詞「and」連接的複合受詞（protests and demonstrations）。
She coordinated meetings and workshops for the new project.
她為新專案協調了會議和工作坊。
EN： The preposition 'against' is used here to indicate opposition or resistance to a specific system or set of rules (apartheid laws).
中文： 介系詞「against」在此處用於表示對特定制度或規則（種族隔離法）的反對或抵抗。
The citizens voted against the new tax law.
公民們投票反對這項新稅法。
EN： 'Apartheid' is an Afrikaans word meaning 'separateness'. It refers to the institutionalized system of racial segregation and discrimination in South Africa from 1948 until the early 1990s. Mandela's peaceful protests were a key part of the anti-apartheid movement.
中文： 「Apartheid」是一個南非荷蘭語詞彙，意為「分隔」。它指的是 1948 年至 1990 年代初期南非實行的制度化種族隔離和歧視政策。曼德拉的和平抗議是反種族隔離運動的關鍵組成部分。
EN： Adverbial Clause of Time: The sentence begins with a dependent clause introduced by 'When', which sets the temporal context for the main action. In B2 level English, this is often used to show a cause-and-effect relationship or a sequence of events.
中文： 時間副詞子句：句子以 'When' 引導的從屬子句開頭，為主要動作設定了時間背景。在 B2 程度的英文中，這常用來展示因果關係或事件的先後順序。
When the negotiations broke down, the workers decided to strike.
當談判破裂時，工人們決定進行罷工。
EN： Phrasal Verb 'Turn to': This means to start doing or using something, especially something bad or difficult, because you are in a bad situation. It is followed by a noun or a gerund.
中文： 片語動詞 'Turn to'：意指開始從事或使用某事物（通常是不利或困難的事物），特別是因為處於困境之中。其後接名詞或動名詞。
He turned to crime after losing his job.
他在失業後轉向了犯罪道路。
EN： In the context of the South African anti-apartheid struggle, 'sabotage' refers to a specific strategic shift by the ANC. After decades of non-violent protest were met with state violence (like the Sharpeville Massacre), Mandela and others felt that symbolic attacks on infrastructure (not people) were the only way to force the government to negotiate.
中文： 在南非反種族隔離鬥爭的背景下，「sabotage」（破壞行動）指的是非國大（ANC）的一個特定戰略轉變。在數十年的非暴力抗議遭到政府暴力鎮壓（如沙佩維爾大屠殺）後，曼德拉等人認為，對基礎設施（而非針對人）進行象徵性的攻擊，是迫使政府談判的唯一手段。
EN： The verb 'avoid' is followed by a gerund (verb-ing) to indicate the action that is being prevented or escaped. It cannot be followed by an infinitive (to + verb).
中文： 動詞 'avoid' (避免) 後面必須接動名詞 (V-ing)，用來表示想要避開或防止發生的動作。注意不可接不定詞 (to + V)。
You should avoid driving during the rush hour to save time.
你應該避免在尖峰時段開車以節省時間。
EN： The coordinating conjunction 'but' is used to connect two independent clauses that show a contrast or an unexpected result.
中文： 對等連接詞 'but' (但是) 用於連接兩個獨立子句，表示對比或轉折的關係。
The weather was cold, but we decided to go for a walk anyway.
天氣很冷，但我們還是決定去散步。
EN： The ANC (African National Congress) was the primary organization fighting against apartheid. This sentence reflects the strategic shift from non-violence to 'armed struggle' (sabotage), while emphasizing their initial intent to minimize human casualties, distinguishing their actions from terrorism.
中文： ANC（非洲民族議會）是反對種族隔離制度的主要組織。這句話反映了該組織從非暴力轉向「武裝鬥爭」（破壞活動）的策略轉變，同時強調了他們最初盡可能減少人員傷亡的意圖，這在歷史上被用來區分其行動與恐怖主義。
EN： Passive Voice (be + past participle): Used when the focus is on the recipient of the action rather than the doer. Here, 'was sentenced' emphasizes the legal judgment imposed on Mandela.
中文： 被動語態 (be 動詞 + 過去分詞)：用於強調動作的接受者而非執行者。這裡使用 'was sentenced' 旨在強調曼德拉所受到的法律判決。
The suspect was arrested by the police last night.
嫌疑犯昨晚被警方逮捕了。
EN： Prepositional Phrase of Reason (for + noun phrase): The preposition 'for' is used to indicate the reason or cause for a punishment or reward.
中文： 表示原因的介係詞短語 (for + 名詞短語)：介係詞 'for' 在此用於說明受罰或獲獎的原因或理由。
He was famous for his bravery during the war.
他因在戰爭期間的英勇表現而聞名。
EN： The 'resistance' refers to the anti-apartheid movement in South Africa. Mandela's sentencing in 1964 occurred during the Rivonia Trial, a pivotal moment in history that eventually led to the end of racial segregation in the country.
中文： 這裡的 'resistance'（反抗運動）指的是南非的反種族隔離運動。曼德拉在 1964 年的判刑發生在著名的「里沃尼亞審判」(Rivonia Trial) 期間，這是歷史上的關鍵時刻，最終促成了該國種族隔離制度的結束。
EN： The preposition 'for' is used to indicate a duration of time, showing how long an action or state lasts. It is often followed by a specific time period.
中文： 介係詞「for」用於表示一段持續的時間，說明某個動作或狀態持續了多久。其後通常接具體的時間長度。
She lived in London for five years before moving to Paris.
在搬到巴黎之前，她在倫敦住了五年。
EN： The past simple tense of the verb 'to be' (was/were) is used here to describe a state or identity that existed in the past and is now finished.
中文： 動詞「to be」的過去式（was/were）在此用於描述過去存在但現在已結束的狀態或身份。
He was a famous musician in the 1980s.
他在1980年代是一位著名的音樂家。
EN： Robben Island is a historic site in South Africa where political prisoners, including Nelson Mandela, were held during the apartheid era. The number 46664 became a global symbol for Mandela; it signifies he was the 466th prisoner arrived in 1964.
中文： 羅本島是南非的歷史遺址，在種族隔離時期關押了包括曼德拉在內的政治犯。編號「46664」後來成為曼德拉的全球象徵；這組數字代表他是1964年抵達該島的第466位囚犯。
EN： The structure 'spend + time + V-ing' is used to indicate how someone uses their time. The gerund (V-ing) functions as a complement to describe the activity performed during that period.
中文： 句型「spend + 時間 + V-ing」用於表示某人如何度過時間。動名詞（V-ing）在此作為補語，描述在該段時間內所從事的活動。
She spent the entire afternoon reading a novel by the window.
她整個下午都在窗邊讀小說。
EN： Prepositional phrases (e.g., 'in a harsh quarry', 'under the South African sun') act as adverbials of place and condition, providing specific details about where and how the action occurred.
中文： 介係詞片語（如 'in a harsh quarry'、'under the South African sun'）充當地方與情況狀語，提供關於動作發生地點與環境的具體細節。
They worked hard under the heavy rain to finish the project.
他們在大雨中努力工作以完成這項企劃。
EN： The 'harsh quarry' refers to the lime quarry on Robben Island where Mandela and other political prisoners were forced to perform hard labor. The reflection of the sun on the white lime caused permanent damage to Mandela's eyesight, a symbol of the physical toll of his long imprisonment.
中文： 「惡劣的採石場」是指羅本島上的石灰石採石場，曼德拉和其他政治犯曾在那裡被迫從事重體力勞動。陽光在白色石灰石上的反射對曼德拉的視力造成了永久性損傷，這象徵著長期監禁對他身體造成的摧殘。
EN： The 'so + adjective + that' structure is used to express cause and effect. It indicates that a quality (small) is so extreme that it results in a specific consequence.
中文： 「so + 形容詞 + that」結構用於表達因果關係。它表示某種特質（狹小）達到了極端的程度，從而導致了特定的結果。
The music was so loud that I couldn't hear what she was saying.
音樂聲太大，以至於我聽不見她在說什麼。
EN： The phrase 'by + gerund (-ing)' is used to describe the method or means by which an action is performed.
中文： 「by + 動名詞 (-ing)」短語用於描述執行某個動作的方法或手段。
You can improve your English by practicing every day.
你可以透過每天練習來提高你的英語水平。
EN： This sentence describes the harsh conditions Nelson Mandela faced during his 18-year imprisonment on Robben Island. The small size of the cell (about 2.4m x 2.1m) became a symbol of the physical constraints of apartheid, contrasted with Mandela's mental resilience.
中文： 這句話描述了納爾遜·曼德拉在羅本島服刑 18 年期間所面臨的嚴酷條件。牢房狹小的空間（約 2.4公尺 x 2.1公尺）成為了種族隔離制度下身體束縛的象徵，與曼德拉強大的精神韌性形成鮮明對比。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 殖民地的；與殖民制度有關的
在本文中： 不公正；非正義的行為
在本文中： 使蒙羞；羞辱
在本文中： 奉獻；致力於
在本文中： （種族、宗教、性別等的）隔離
在本文中： 平等
在本文中： 示威活動；遊行
在本文中： 不情願地；勉強地
在本文中： 蓄意破壞（尤指為政治或軍事目的）
在本文中： 判刑；判決
在本文中： 抵抗；反抗運動
在本文中： 採石場
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
To oppose or use effort to stop something bad from happening.
對抗；反對
To start to do or use something, especially because other things have failed.
轉向；求助於
To be given a punishment of staying in prison for the rest of one's life.
被判處無期徒刑
To extend one's body or limbs to their full length.
伸展；展開
A business entity formed by one or more lawyers to engage in the practice of law.
律師事務所
Public meetings or marches at which people show that they are protesting against or supporting something.
示威活動
A legal sentence that requires a person to remain in prison for the rest of their natural life.
終身監禁
An organized underground movement fighting against an occupying power or an oppressive government.
反抗運動 / 抵抗組織
A small room in a prison where a prisoner is locked up.
牢房