EN： Noun Clauses with 'that': A noun clause functions as a noun in a sentence. In this sentence, 'that patience brings great rewards' acts as the direct object of the reporting verb 'said'. The conjunction 'that' is used to introduce the clause and can often be omitted in informal speech.
中文： 名詞子句（由 that 引導）：名詞子句在句中扮演名詞的角色。在本句中，「that patience brings great rewards」作為報導動詞「said」的直接受詞。連接詞「that」用於引導該子句，在非正式口語中通常可以省略。
He believes that honesty is the best policy.
他相信誠實是最好的策略。
EN： Indirect Speech (Reported Speech): When reporting what someone said in the past, we use a reporting verb like 'said'. If the statement is a general truth or ongoing fact (like a proverb), the verb in the reported clause can remain in the simple present tense ('brings') instead of shifting to the past tense.
中文： 間接引語（轉述語氣）：當轉述某人過去所說的話時，我們會使用像「said」這樣的報導動詞。如果所轉述的內容是真理或不變的事實（例如諺語），轉述子句中的動詞可以保持現在簡單式（「brings」），而不需要改為過去式。
My mother told me that water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.
我媽媽告訴我水在攝氏100度沸騰。
EN： The idea that 'patience brings rewards' is a universal virtue found in many cultures, often reflected in English idioms like 'Patience is a virtue' or 'Good things come to those who wait.'
中文： 「耐心會帶來回報」是許多文化中共同推崇的普世美德，這在英語諺語中也常有體現，例如「Patience is a virtue」（耐心是美德）或「Good things come to those who wait」（好事多磨 / 靜待好結果）。
EN： The verb 'tell' is commonly used in the pattern 'tell + object + to-infinitive' (tell someone to do something) to report an order, instruction, or strong advice. In indirect speech, the tense of the reporting verb 'told' is in the past, but the infinitive 'to treat' remains unchanged.
中文： 動詞「tell」（告訴）常用於「tell + 受詞 + 不定詞」（tell someone to do something）的結構中，用來轉述命令、指示或強烈的建議。在間接敘述中，雖然主要動詞「told」使用過去式，但後接的不定詞「to treat」保持不變。
The doctor told me to drink more water.
醫生告訴我要多喝水。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'with kindness' functions as an adverbial modifier of manner, describing 'how' one should treat others. 'With + abstract noun' is a common way to form adverbial phrases in English (e.g., 'with patience' means 'patiently').
中文： 介系詞片語「with kindness」（以善意）在此作為地方/方式修飾語，描述應該「如何」對待他人。「With + 抽象名詞」是英文中形成副詞片語的常用方式（例如：「with patience」意為「有耐心地」）。
She welcomed the guests with warmth.
她熱情地歡迎了客人。
EN： In English-speaking cultures, treating others with kindness and respect is a core social value often taught from a young age. The phrase 'treat others with kindness' is closely related to the 'Golden Rule' (Do unto others as you would have them do unto you), which is a foundational moral principle in many societies.
中文： 在英語系國家中，以善意和尊重對待他人是從小就灌輸的核心社會價值觀。這句話與「黃金法則」（己所欲，施於人）密切相關，是許多社會中奠定道德基礎的重要原則。
EN： Indirect questions with 'if' or 'whether': When reporting a yes/no question, we use 'if' or 'whether' to introduce the noun clause. The word order in the noun clause is statement word order (subject + verb), not question word order.
中文： 使用 'if' 或 'whether' 的間接問句：當轉述一個「是/否」問句時，我們使用 'if' 或 'whether'（是否）來引導名詞子句。名詞子句中的語序為陳述句語序（主詞 + 動詞），而非疑問句語序。
She asked if I wanted to join the team.
她問我是否想加入這個團隊。
EN： Backshift in reported speech: When the reporting verb is in the past tense (e.g., 'asked'), the verb in the reported clause usually shifts back one tense. Here, the present simple 'do you know' shifts to the past simple 'knew'.
中文： 間接引語中的時態後退：當轉述動詞為過去式（例如 'asked'）時，被轉述子句中的動詞通常會向過去退一格時態。在此處，現在簡單式的 'do you know' 退回過去簡單式的 'knew'。
They asked if we had any questions.
他們問我們是否有任何問題。
EN： Proverbs hold a significant place in English-speaking cultures, often used by elders or teachers to pass down moral lessons and practical wisdom. Asking about 'old proverbs' reflects an interest in cultural heritage and shared human experiences.
中文： 諺語在英語系國家文化中佔有重要地位，長輩或教師常用其來傳授道德教訓與實用智慧。詢問「古老的諺語」反映出對文化遺產及人類共同經驗的興趣。
EN： Noun clauses introduced by 'that' function as the direct object of a reporting verb (like 'said'). The conjunction 'that' is often used to introduce indirect speech, representing what someone said without using their exact words.
中文： 由「that」引導的名詞子句在此作為轉述動詞（如「said」）的直接受詞。連接詞「that」常用於引導間接引語，在不使用原話的情況下轉述某人所說的內容。
He believed that honesty is always the best policy.
他相信誠實總是最好的策略。
EN： The simple past tense ('said') is used for the reporting verb, but the tense in the noun clause ('teaches') is in the simple present tense because it expresses a general truth or timeless proverb.
中文： 轉述動詞使用簡單過去式（「said」），但名詞子句中的時態則使用簡單現在式（「teaches」），因為它表達的是一個普遍真理或不受時間限制的諺語。
The teacher explained that water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.
老師解釋說水在攝氏100度時沸騰。
EN： The personification of 'time' as a teacher is a common motif in both Western and Eastern literature. It reflects the philosophical view that wisdom cannot be rushed and that experience, gained over time, is the ultimate instructor.
中文： 將「時間」擬人化為教師，是東西方文學中常見的創作主題。這反映了一種哲學觀點：智慧無法一蹴而就，而隨著時間累積的經驗，才是最終的導師。
EN： The verb 'tell' is commonly used in the pattern 'tell + object + to-infinitive' to report an order, instruction, or advice given to someone.
中文： 動詞「tell」（告訴/吩咐）常用於「tell + 受詞 + 不定詞（to + 動詞原型）」的結構中，用來轉述對某人做出的命令、指示或建議。
The teacher told us to open our books.
老師叫我們把書打開。
EN： The word 'before' can function as a conjunction introducing a subordinate adverbial clause of time. In this clause, the simple present tense ('I speak') is used to refer to future or general actions.
中文： 「before」（在……之前）可作為連接詞，引導時間副詞子句。在此子句中，使用現在簡單式（如「I speak」）來表示未來或一般性的動作。
Wash your hands before you eat.
吃東西前要洗手。
EN： In many cultures, including Native American and various Eastern philosophies, listening is considered a sign of respect and wisdom, valued far more than speaking quickly. This proverb-like instruction reflects the universal value of active listening.
中文： 在許多文化中（包括美洲原住民和各種東方哲學），傾聽被視為尊重與智慧的象徵，其價值遠高於急於發言。這句帶有諺語色彩的指示，反映了「積極傾聽」的普世價值。
EN： This sentence uses an indirect question (noun clause) as the direct object of the verb 'asked'. In indirect questions, the word order is subject + verb ('what the saying really meant'), not the auxiliary verb + subject order used in direct questions ('What did the saying really mean?').
中文： 本句使用間接問句（名詞子句）作為動詞「asked」的直接受詞。在間接問句中，語序應為「主詞 + 動詞」（what the saying really meant），而非直接問句所使用的「助動詞 + 主詞」語序（What did the saying really mean?）。
He asked where we were going.
他問我們要去哪裡。
EN： The past simple tense is used in both the main clause ('asked') and the subordinate clause ('meant') to maintain tense agreement (backshift) when reporting past speech or thoughts.
中文： 主句（asked）與從屬子句（meant）皆使用過去簡單式，以在轉述過去的言論或想法時保持時態一致（時態後退）。
She wanted to know who left the door open.
她想知道是誰把門打開的。
EN： Noun clauses introduced by 'that' function as the direct object of a reporting verb like 'said'. The conjunction 'that' is often optional in spoken English but is used here to clearly introduce the reported statement.
中文： 由「that」引導的名詞子句在句中作為轉述動詞（如「said」）的直接受詞。在口語英語中，「that」通常可以省略，但在此處使用它可以清楚地引出所轉述的陳述內容。
He believes that practice makes perfect.
他相信熟能生巧。
EN： The simple present tense is used inside the noun clause ('honesty is the best path') because it expresses a general truth or timeless proverb, even though the main reporting verb ('said') is in the past tense.
中文： 名詞子句中使用了現在簡單式（「honesty is the best path」），因為它表達的是一個普遍真理或不受時間限制的諺語，即使主句的轉述動詞（「said」）使用的是過去式。
EN： This sentence is a variation of the famous English proverb 'Honesty is the best policy', first recorded in this form by Sir Edwin Sandys in 1599. Referring to it as 'the best path' metaphorically frames honesty as a journey or a way of living one's life.
中文： 這句話是著名英文諺語「Honesty is the best policy」（誠實為上策）的變體，該諺語最早由埃德溫·桑迪斯爵士於 1599 年記錄。將其稱為「the best path」（最好的途徑），隱喻地將誠實框架化為一種人生旅程或生活方式。
EN： Indirect Speech (Reported Speech) with 'tell': When reporting what someone said using 'tell', we use the structure 'tell + indirect object (person) + that-clause'. The word 'that' is a conjunction introducing the noun clause and can often be omitted in casual speech.
中文： 間接引語（轉述語氣）與 'tell' 的用法：當使用 'tell' 轉述某人說過的話時，結構為「tell + 間接受詞（人）+ that 引導的子句」。這裡的 'that' 是引導名詞子句的連接詞，在口語中常可省略。
She told me that the meeting was canceled.
她告訴我會議取消了。
EN： The Simple Present Tense for General Truths: Even when the reporting verb ('told') is in the past tense, the reported statement can remain in the simple present tense ('fails') if it expresses a general truth, proverb, or permanent fact.
中文： 表示真理或常理的現在簡單式：即使主要子句的轉述動詞（如 'told'）是過去式，如果被轉述的內容表達的是真理、諺語或不變的事實，該子句仍可使用現在簡單式（如 'fails'）。
Our teacher told us that water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.
我們的老師告訴我們水在攝氏100度沸騰。
EN： The phrase 'hard work never fails' is a common motivational proverb in English-speaking cultures, reflecting the strong cultural value placed on individual effort, perseverance, and the belief in meritocracy (that success comes to those who work for it).
中文： 「努力絕不會白費（hard work never fails）」是英語系國家常見的勵志諺語，反映了西方文化中對於個人努力、堅持不懈的重視，以及對「一分耕耘，一分收穫」這種功績主義信念的認同。
EN： The verb 'say' is commonly used in the past tense ('said') to report what is written in a book, article, or sign, acting as a reporting verb.
中文： 動詞「say」常用於過去式（said），用來轉述書本、文章或告示牌上所寫的內容，作為轉述動詞（reporting verb）使用。
The sign said that the museum was closed.
告示牌上寫著博物館已經關閉。
EN： A noun clause starting with 'that' functions as the direct object of the reporting verb 'said'. The conjunction 'that' can optionally be omitted in informal contexts.
中文： 由「that」引導的名詞子句，在此作為轉述動詞「said」的直接受詞。在非正式語境中，「that」通常可以省略。
He said that he would arrive on time.
他說他會準時到達。
EN： This sentence reflects a common English proverb/idiom concept similar to 'A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step' (originally from Lao Tzu). It emphasizes the value of persistence, patience, and incremental progress, which is highly valued in both Western and Eastern philosophical traditions.
中文： 這句話反映了類似於「千里之行，始於足下」的經典格言概念。它強調了堅持、耐心和累積進步的價值，這在東西方哲學傳統中都受到高度重視。
EN： The conjunction 'whether' is used to introduce noun clauses that express doubt or choice between alternatives (similar to 'if'). In indirect speech, it is commonly used after reporting verbs like 'ask', 'wonder', or 'doubt'.
中文： 連接詞「whether」用於引導表示疑問或在兩者之間做選擇的名詞子句（類似於「if」）。在間接敘述中，它常用於「ask」（詢問）、「wonder」（納悶）或「doubt」（懷疑）等轉述動詞之後。
He asked whether we wanted to join the meeting.
他問我們是否想參加會議。
EN： In indirect speech (reported speech), when the reporting verb is in the past tense ('asked'), the tense of the verb in the reported clause shifts back. Here, the original direct question 'Is the story really true?' shifts from the present tense 'is' to the past tense 'was'.
中文： 在間接敘述（轉述語氣）中，當轉述動詞為過去式（如「asked」）時，被轉述子句中的動詞時態需要往回推一個時態。在此處，原本的直接問句「Is the story really true?」從現在式「is」轉變為過去式「was」。
EN： Reported speech with a 'that'-clause. The verb 'said' introduces a noun clause starting with 'that', which functions as the direct object of the verb. In this sentence, 'that' is a conjunction linking the main clause ('They said') to the reported statement ('wisdom grows with experience').
中文： 使用 'that' 引導的名詞子句之間接問句（間接引語）。動詞 'said' 後面接一個由 'that' 引導的名詞子句，作為該動詞的直接受詞。在此句子中，'that' 作為連接詞，將主句（他們說）與所轉述的陳述（智慧隨著經驗而增長）連接起來。
She believed that honesty is always rewarded.
她相信誠實總是會得到回報。
EN： The preposition 'with' indicating accompaniment or simultaneous development. Here, 'grows with experience' means that as experience increases, wisdom also increases.
中文： 介系詞 'with' 表示伴隨或同步發展。在這裡，'grows with experience' 意指隨著經驗的增加，智慧也隨之增長。
Confidence comes with practice.
自信隨著練習而來。
EN： This sentence reflects a common philosophical outlook in many cultures, emphasizing that true understanding and 'wisdom' (as opposed to mere knowledge) cannot be taught directly but must be acquired through living and experiencing life over time.
中文： 這句話反映了許多文化中共同的哲學觀點，強調真正的理解與「智慧」（相對於單純的知識）是無法被直接傳授的，而必須隨著時間透過生活與親身經歷來累積。
EN： The reporting verb 'tell' is followed by an indirect object (us) and an infinitive clause. To form a negative infinitive, 'not' is placed directly before 'to' (not to + verb).
中文： 間接引語動詞「tell」（告訴）後面接間接受詞（us），再接不定詞子句。若要形成否定不定詞，須將「not」直接放在「to」之前（not to + 動詞）。
She told me not to worry about the exam.
她告訴我不要擔心考試。
EN： The verb 'fear' can be used transitively, meaning to be afraid of something (in this case, 'our mistakes') as a direct object, without needing a preposition like 'of'.
中文： 動詞「fear」（害怕/畏懼）可作及物動詞使用，直接接上受詞（在此為「our mistakes」），表示害怕某事，不需要像「be afraid of」那樣加上介係詞「of」。
We should not fear change.
我們不應該畏懼改變。
EN： The structure 'keep + object + adjective' is used to describe causing someone or something to remain in a specified state. Here, 'alive' is the object complement describing the state of 'its wisdom'.
中文： 「keep + 受詞 + 形容詞」的結構用於描述使某人或某事保持在特定的狀態。在這裡，「alive」（活著的/鮮活的）是受詞補語，用來形容受詞「its wisdom」（它的智慧）的狀態。
We must keep the water clean.
我們必須保持水源乾淨。
EN： The preposition 'through' is used to indicate the medium, means, or method by which something is achieved or done.
中文： 介係詞「through」在此處用於表示達成某事或做某事所使用的媒介、手段或方法（意為「透過」、「經由」）。
They succeeded through hard work.
他們透過努力工作獲得了成功。
EN： Proverbs and wise sayings are highly valued in many cultures as they compress generations of experience and moral guidance into memorable, poetic phrases. Sharing these sayings is a universal human way of passing down cultural heritage.
中文： 諺語和智理名言在許多文化中都受到高度重視，因為它們將數代人的經驗和道德指引濃縮成易記且富有詩意的句子。分享這些名言是人類傳承文化遺產的普世方式。
EN： Indirect Speech with 'tell': The verb 'tell' is used with an indirect object (me) followed by a 'that'-clause to report what someone said. The 'that' can optionally be omitted, but it is kept here for formal structure.
中文： 使用 'tell' 的間接引語：動詞 'tell' 後面接間接受詞（me），再接一個由 'that' 引導的子句來轉述某人說過的話。這裡的 'that' 可以省略，但在此處保留以使結構更正式。
He told me that the meeting was canceled.
他告訴我會議取消了。
EN： Passive Voice in the Present Tense: 'is never wasted' uses the passive voice (be + past participle) to show that the action of wasting is done to the subject 'kindness'. The adverb 'never' is placed between the auxiliary verb 'is' and the main verb 'wasted'.
中文： 現在時態的被動語態：'is never wasted' 使用被動語態（be 動詞 + 過去分詞）來表示「善良」這個主詞接受了「浪費」這個動作。副詞 'never'（從不）置於助動詞 'is' 與主要動詞 'wasted' 之間。
Good food is never wasted in our house.
在我們家，好的食物絕不會被浪費。
EN： This sentence reflects a common theme in English-speaking cultures regarding moral values passed down through generations. The idea that 'kindness is never wasted' is a popular philosophical sentiment, often attributed to the ancient Greek fabulist Aesop ('No act of kindness, no matter how small, is ever wasted'), emphasizing that good deeds always have value, even if the reward is not immediately visible.
中文： 這句話反映了英語系國家中世代相傳的常見道德價值觀。「善良永遠不會被白白浪費」是一個廣為流傳的哲理，通常被認為源自古希臘寓言家伊索（「任何善行，不論多麼微小，都絕不會被白白浪費」），強調善行總是有其價值的，即使回報並非立竿見影。
EN： Indirect Speech (Noun Clauses with 'that'): When reporting what someone said, we often use a noun clause starting with 'that' as the direct object of the reporting verb (e.g., 'said'). In informal English, 'that' can be omitted, but keeping it adds clarity in formal or written contexts.
中文： 間接引語（that 引導的名詞子句）：當轉述他人所說的話時，我們常用 'that' 引導的名詞子句作為說話動詞（如 'said'）的直接受詞。在非正式英語中，'that' 可以省略，但在正式或書面語中保留 'that' 能使結構更清晰。
He said that the project was already finished.
他說那個專案已經完成了。
EN： Modal Verb 'Could' for Possibility: 'Could' is used here as the past form of 'can' to maintain backshift in indirect speech, expressing a general possibility or ability to cause a change.
中文： 情態動詞 'could' 表示可能性：此處的 'could' 作為 'can' 的過去式，用以配合間接引語中的時態一致（時態後退），表達一種潛在的可能性或改變的能力。
She believed that a simple smile could make a difference.
她相信一個簡單的微笑就能帶來改變。
EN： This sentence reflects a common theme in English-speaking cultures regarding the power of small, everyday acts of kindness. In literature and daily life, there is a strong emphasis on empathy and the idea that a simple positive interaction can completely turn around someone's mood or outlook for the day.
中文： 這句話反映了英語系國家文化中對於日常微小善行之力量的重視。在文學與日常生活中，人們非常強調同理心，並深信一次簡單的正面互動，就能完全扭轉一個人整天的心情或看法。
EN： Indirect questions (noun clauses) function as the object of a verb. Unlike direct questions, they follow statement word order (subject + verb) and do not use auxiliary verbs like 'do', 'does', or 'did'. In this sentence, 'what we thought...' acts as the direct object of 'asked'.
中文： 間接問句（名詞子句）作為動詞的受詞。與直接問句不同，間接問句使用陳述句語序（主詞 + 動詞），且不使用助動詞（如 do, does, did）。在本句中，「what we thought...」作為「asked」的直接受詞。
She asked me where I lived.
她問我住在哪裡。
EN： The past simple tense is used here for backshift in reported speech. Since the reporting verb 'asked' is in the past tense, the verbs inside the reported clause ('thought', 'meant') are also shifted to the past tense to maintain sequence of tenses.
中文： 此處使用過去簡單式以符合間接引語中的時態一致原則。由於引導動詞「asked」為過去式，因此間接引語子句中的動詞（「thought」、「meant」）也必須轉為過去式，以保持時態的一致性。
He told us what the sign meant.
他告訴我們那個標誌是什麼意思。
EN： Indirect speech (reported speech) with 'tell'. When reporting what someone said using 'tell', we use the pattern: subject + told + indirect object (person) + that-clause. The word 'that' can be omitted in informal contexts.
中文： 使用 'tell' 的間接引語（轉述語氣）。當使用 'tell' 轉述某人說過的話時，句型為：主詞 + told + 間接受詞（人）+ that 引導的子句。在非正式語境中，'that' 可以省略。
She told me that the meeting was canceled.
她告訴我會議取消了。
EN： Compound subject with 'and' taking a plural verb. When two singular nouns ('patience' and 'effort') are joined by 'and' to form a compound subject, they generally take a plural verb ('work' instead of 'works').
中文： 由 'and' 連接的複數複合主詞。當兩個單數名詞（'patience' 與 'effort'）由 'and' 連接形成複合主詞時，動詞通常要用複數形（使用 'work' 而非 'works'）。
Time and tide wait for no man.
歲月不待人。（時間與潮汐不等人。）
EN： The phrase 'work together' in this context is a common English idiom meaning to complement each other or cooperate effectively to achieve a goal, emphasizing that success requires both qualities, not just one.
中文： 在此語境中，'work together' 是一個常見的英文表達，意指「相輔相成」或「協同作用」，強調要取得成功，這兩種品質（耐心與努力）缺一不可。
EN： Noun clauses introduced by 'that' function as the direct object of a reporting verb (like 'said'). The conjunction 'that' is often used to introduce indirect speech or a statement of fact.
中文： 由「that」引導的名詞子句在此作為轉述動詞（如「said」）的直接受詞。連接詞「that」常用於引導間接引語或陳述一項事實。
The teacher said that honesty is always rewarded.
老師說誠實總是會得到回報。
EN： The superlative adjective ('the deepest') is used to compare three or more things, indicating the one that has the highest degree of a quality. It is formed by adding '-est' to short adjectives and is preceded by 'the'.
中文： 最高級形容詞（如「the deepest」）用於比較三個或以上的事物，表示在某項特質上達到最高程度。短形容詞字尾加上「-est」，且前面必須加上冠詞「the」。
This is the oldest tree in the entire forest.
這是整片森林中最古老的一棵樹。
EN： This sentence uses a classic natural metaphor (water carving stone) to convey the value of patience, persistence, and gentle strength. In Western literature and proverbs, the image of a river slowly shaping a canyon is often used to illustrate that quiet, consistent effort can achieve greater results than sudden, violent force.
中文： 這句話使用了經典的自然隱喻（滴水穿石、流水雕谷）來傳遞耐心、堅持與溫柔力量的價值。在西方文學與諺語中，河流緩慢塑造峽谷的意象常用來闡明：溫和且持續不斷的努力，往往能比突發的猛烈力量取得更偉大、更深遠的成就。
EN： The verb 'tell' is commonly used in the pattern 'tell someone to do something' to report an instruction, command, or piece of advice. In this structure, 'someone' acts as the indirect object, and the to-infinitive functions as the object complement.
中文： 動詞「tell」（告訴）常用於「tell someone to do something」（告訴某人去做某事）的句型中，用來轉述指令、命令或建議。在此結構中，「someone」作間接賓語，而不定詞（to-infinitive）則擔任賓語補語。
The doctor told me to drink more water.
醫生告訴我要多喝水。
EN： The phrase 'they visit' is a defining relative clause modifying the noun phrase 'every place'. In English, the relative pronoun 'that' or 'which' can be omitted when it functions as the object of the relative clause.
中文： 片語「they visit」是一個限定關係子句，用來修飾名詞片語「every place」。在英文中，當關係代名詞（如 that 或 which）在關係子句中擔任受格時，通常可以省略。
This is the book I bought yesterday.
這是我昨天買的那本書。
EN： This sentence reflects the modern global emphasis on responsible tourism and sustainable travel. Respecting local cultures, environments, and communities has become a core value promoted by travel guides and organizations worldwide.
中文： 這句話反映了現代全球對「負責任旅遊」與「永續旅行」的重視。尊重當地的文化、環境和社區，已成為全球導遊和旅遊組織所推廣的核心價值觀。
EN： Indirect questions with 'if' or 'whether' are used to report yes/no questions. In indirect speech, the word order is statement order (subject + verb) rather than question order, and tenses often shift back (backshift), such as 'can' becoming 'could'.
中文： 使用「if」或「whether」引導的間接問句，用於轉述「是/否」問句。在間接敘述中，語序須調整為陳述句語序（主詞 + 動詞），而非疑問句語序，且時態通常需要往過去推移（如本句中將 can 改為 could）。
She asked if we could finish the project by tomorrow.
她問我們明天以前是否能完成這個專案。
EN： The modal verb 'could' is used here in indirect speech as the past form of 'can', expressing ability or possibility in a past context.
中文： 情態助動詞「could」在此處作為間接敘述中「can」的過去式，用以表達在過去時間點點下的能力或可能性。
He said he could speak three languages fluently.
他說他能流利地說三種語言。
EN： Proverbs are highly valued in many cultures as capsules of historical wisdom. The speaker's question reflects a modern curiosity about whether traditional, localized wisdom ('far lands') remains relevant in our interconnected, globalized world.
中文： 諺語在許多文化中被視為歷史智慧的結晶。說話者的疑問反映了現代人的一種好奇：在當今高度互聯且全球化的世界中，來自其他地區（「遠方」）的傳統在地智慧是否依然具有參考價值。
EN： Indirect speech (reported speech) with 'that'. The verb 'said' introduces a noun clause starting with 'that' which functions as the direct object of the main verb. In this case, because it expresses a universal truth, the verb in the 'that'-clause ('are') remains in the present tense even though the reporting verb ('said') is in the past tense.
中文： 使用 'that' 的間接引語（轉述語氣）。動詞 'said' 引導一個由 'that' 開頭的名詞子句，該子句作為主句動詞的直接受詞。在此句中，由於轉述的是「普遍真理」，因此即使主要動詞（'said'）為過去式，'that' 子句中的動詞（'are'）仍保持現在式。
He said that water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.
他說過水在攝氏100度時沸騰。
EN： The use of 'the same... everywhere' to express universality. 'The same' is an adjective phrase requiring the definite article 'the', and 'everywhere' is an adverb of place modifying the state of being the same.
中文： 使用 'the same... everywhere' 來表達普遍性。'The same' 是形容詞片語，必須搭配定冠詞 'the'，而 'everywhere' 是地方副詞，用來修飾「相同」的狀態。
The rules of physics are the same everywhere in the universe.
物理定律在宇宙中的任何地方都是一樣的。
EN： This sentence reflects a philosophical perspective common in literature and cross-cultural communication, emphasizing shared human experiences and values that transcend geographical and cultural boundaries.
中文： 這句話反映了文學和跨文化交流中常見的哲學觀點，強調超越地理和文化界限的共同人類經驗與價值觀。
EN： The verb 'tell' is commonly used in the pattern 'tell someone to do something' (tell + object + to-infinitive) to express an order, instruction, or advice given to someone.
中文： 動詞「tell」（告訴）常用於「tell someone to do something」（告訴某人去做某事）的結構中（tell + 受詞 + 不定詞），用來表示對某人下達命令、指示或給予建議。
The teacher told the students to open their books.
老師告訴學生們打開書本。
EN： The use of 'the' before 'elders' and 'children' is the definite article, which refers to specific groups of people known to both the speaker and the listener in this context.
中文： 在「elders」和「children」前面使用定冠詞「the」，用來指代在該語境中，說話者和聽話者雙方都特定已知的一群人（長輩們與孩子們）。
The doctors advised the patients to rest.
醫生們建議那些病人要休息。
EN： In many traditional cultures, oral history and proverbs ('old words') are highly valued as a primary means of passing down wisdom and moral values from one generation to the next. The 'elders' hold a respected position as the keepers of this community knowledge.
中文： 在許多傳統文化中，口述歷史和諺語（即句中的「old words」）被視為世代相傳智慧與道德價值觀的主要媒介。而「長輩們」（elders）作為社區知識的守護者，享有崇高的受尊敬地位。
EN： Noun Clause as Direct Object: The conjunction 'that' introduces a noun clause ('that wisdom passed down is a kind of gift') which functions as the direct object of the reporting verb 'said'. In English, 'that' can often be omitted in informal speech, but it is kept here for clarity.
中文： 名詞子句作為直接受詞：連接詞「that」引導一個名詞子句（that wisdom passed down is a kind of gift），在句中作為報導動詞「said」的直接受詞。在英語口語中，「that」經常可以省略，但在此處保留以使結構更清晰。
She believes that honesty is the best policy.
她相信誠實是最好的策略。
EN： Past Participle as Post-modifier: The past participle phrase 'passed down' (which means handed down from generation to generation) is used as an adjective to modify the noun 'wisdom' from behind. It is a shortened form of the relative clause 'which is/was passed down'.
中文： 過去分詞作後置修飾語：過去分詞片語「passed down」（意為代代相傳）用作形容詞，從後面修飾名詞「wisdom」。這是關係子句「which is/was passed down」的簡化形式。
The traditions passed down from our ancestors are precious.
從我們祖先那裡傳承下來的傳統是珍貴的。
EN： In many cultures, especially traditional ones, wisdom is not viewed as individual property but as a collective treasure 'passed down' through generations via oral traditions, proverbs, and storytelling. Describing wisdom as a 'gift' highlights the gratitude and respect younger generations are expected to show toward their elders and ancestors.
中文： 在許多文化（尤其是傳統文化）中，智慧不被視為個人財產，而是透過口頭傳統、諺語和故事代代「傳承」下來的集體寶藏。將智慧描述為一種「恩賜」（gift），凸顯了年輕一代對長輩和祖先應有的感激與尊重。
EN： Nominal relative clauses (also called free relative clauses) are introduced by words like 'what' and 'who'. In this sentence, 'what we are told' acts as the subject of the main verb 'shapes', and 'who we become' acts as the direct object.
中文： 名詞性關係子句（也稱為自由關係子句）由「what」和「who」等引導詞引入。在本句中，「what we are told」（我們被告知的事物）作為主要動詞「shapes」的主詞，而「who we become」（我們成為怎樣的人）則作為其直接受詞。
What you decide today determines who you will be tomorrow.
你今天的決定決定了你明天會成為怎樣的人。
EN： The passive voice 'we are told' is used to focus on the recipient of the action (we) and the message itself, rather than specifying who is speaking (the agent is omitted).
中文： 被動語態「we are told」（我們被告知）用於將焦點放在動作的接受者（我們）和訊息本身，而不是具體說明是誰在說話（省略了施動者）。
We were told to wait in the lobby.
我們被告知在大廳等候。
EN： This sentence reflects a universal philosophical theme common in literature and storytelling: the profound impact of words, stories, and teachings on personal identity and character development.
中文： 這句話反映了文學和故事創作中常見的普世哲學主題：言語、故事和教誨對個人認同與性格發展的深遠影響。
EN： Wh-questions in the simple past tense use the auxiliary verb 'did' followed by the subject and the base form of the main verb (infinitive without 'to'). Here, 'did' indicates the past tense, so 'say' remains in its base form.
中文： 過去簡單式的 Wh- 疑問句會使用助動詞「did」，後接主詞與主要動詞的原形（不帶 to 的不定詞）。在此句中，「did」表示過去時態，因此動詞「say」必須保持原形。
What did you buy at the store?
你在商店買了什麼？
EN： Direct address (vocative case) is used when speaking directly to a person. In writing, the person's name (Emma) is separated from the rest of the sentence by a comma, regardless of whether it appears at the beginning, middle, or end of the sentence.
中文： 直接呼語（呼格）用於直接對某人說話時。在書寫時，無論人名（艾瑪）出現在句首、句中還是句尾，都必須用逗號與句子的其他部分隔開。
Where are you going, John?
約翰，你要去哪裡？
EN： In English-speaking cultures, using a person's first name (like 'Emma') directly in conversation is very common and friendly, even between teachers and students or peers. Adding the name at the end of a question makes the interaction feel more personal and direct.
中文： 在英語系國家中，在對話中直接稱呼對方的名字（如「艾瑪」）是非常普遍且友善的，即使在師生或同儕之間也是如此。在問句末尾加上名字，會使互動顯得更具親和力且直接。
EN： Reported speech (indirect speech) is used to report what someone said without using their exact words. When the reporting verb is in the past tense ('said'), the tense in the reported clause often shifts back (backshift). However, for general truths or timeless facts, the present tense ('is') can be retained.
中文： 間接引語（Reported speech）用於轉述他人說過的話，而不使用其原話。當引導動詞為過去式（如 'said'）時，被引導子句中的時態通常需要往過去推一個時態（時態後移）。然而，若轉述的是客觀真理或常理，則可以保留現在式（如 'is'）。
He said that the earth rotates around the sun.
他說地球繞著太陽旋轉。
EN： The passive voice with 'never' ('is never wasted') is used to emphasize that the action of wasting never happens to the subject ('kindness'). The structure is 'Subject + be verb + never + past participle'.
中文： 結合 'never' 的被動語態（'is never wasted'）用於強調主詞（'kindness'，善良）絕不會遭受「浪費」這個動作。其結構為「主詞 + be 動詞 + never + 過去分詞」。
True friendship is never forgotten.
真正的友誼永遠不會被遺忘。
EN： This sentence is a variation of the famous quote by the ancient Greek storyteller Aesop: 'No act of kindness, no matter how small, is ever wasted.' It reflects a universal cultural value in English-speaking societies that emphasizes the intrinsic worth of being kind, even if there is no immediate or obvious reward.
中文： 這句話源自古希臘寓言家伊索的名言：「任何善行，不論多麼微小，都絕不會被白白浪費。」（No act of kindness, no matter how small, is ever wasted.）這反映了英語系國家中普遍的文化價值觀，強調善良本身的內在價值，即使沒有立即或顯而易見的回報，善意依然具有深遠的意義。
EN： The verb 'tell' is commonly used in the pattern 'tell + object + to-infinitive' (tell someone to do something) to report an order, instruction, or strong advice in indirect speech.
中文： 動詞「tell」（告訴）常用於「tell + 受格 + 不定詞」（告訴某人去做某事）的句型，在間接敘述中用來轉述命令、指示或強烈的建議。
She told me to close the window.
她叫我把窗戶關上。
EN： The conjunction 'before' is used to connect two clauses, showing that the action in the main clause happens prior to the action in the adverbial clause. In this sentence, 'we speak' is the adverbial clause of time.
中文： 連接詞「before」（在……之前）用於連接兩個子句，表示主要子句的動作發生在副詞子句的動作之前。在本句中，「we speak」是時間副詞子句。
Wash your hands before you eat.
吃東西前要洗手。
EN： The advice 'to listen before we speak' is a universal value across many cultures, emphasizing the importance of active listening, empathy, and thoughtfulness over hasty speech. In English-speaking cultures, active listening is highly valued in both personal relationships and professional leadership.
中文： 「在說話前先傾聽」是許多文化中相通的普世價值，強調主動傾聽、同理心以及深思熟慮，而非急躁發言。在英語系國家中，無論是在個人關係還是職場領導力中，「主動傾聽」（active listening）都受到高度重視。
EN： Indirect questions (noun clauses) are used to report a question within a statement. Unlike direct questions, indirect questions use statement word order (subject + verb) and do not use auxiliary verbs like 'do', 'does', or 'did'.
中文： 間接問句（名詞子句）用於在陳述句中轉述一個問題。與直接問句不同，間接問句使用陳述句語序（主詞 + 動詞），且不使用助動詞（如 do, does, did）。
He asked what the sign meant.
他問了那個標誌是什麼意思。
EN： The adverb 'really' is used here to add emphasis, meaning 'actually' or 'in fact'. In a clause, it typically goes before the main verb it modifies.
中文： 副詞「really」在此處用於加強語氣，意思是「到底」或「實際上」。在子句中，它通常放在其修飾的主動詞之前。
I want to know what she really wants.
我想知道她到底想要什麼。
EN： Noun clauses introduced by 'that' function as the direct object of reporting verbs like 'say', 'think', or 'believe'. The conjunction 'that' is often optional in informal speech but is commonly retained in formal or written contexts.
中文： 由「that」引導的名詞子句，在「say」（說）、「think」（想）或「believe」（相信）等間接引語動詞後擔任直接受詞。在口語中「that」常可省略，但在正式或書面語中通常會保留。
She believed that honesty was the best policy.
她相信誠實是最好的策略。
EN： The simple past tense ('said') is used here to report a past statement, while the present tense ('teaches') inside the noun clause expresses a general truth or timeless proverb.
中文： 此處使用簡單過去式（「said」）來轉述過去說過的話，而名詞子句內則使用現在式（「teaches」）來表示普遍真理或不受時間限制的諺語。
Our teacher told us that water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.
我們的老師告訴我們，水在攝氏100度時沸騰。
EN： The proverb 'time teaches all' (or 'time teaches all things') is a classic philosophical sentiment dating back to ancient Greece (often attributed to playwrights like Aeschylus). It reflects the cultural belief that wisdom cannot be rushed and that experience over time is the ultimate instructor.
中文： 諺語「time teaches all」（時間會教會我們一切）是一個經典的哲學觀點，可追溯至古希臘時期（常被歸功於悲劇作家埃斯庫羅斯等）。它反映了一種文化信念：智慧無法一蹴而就，隨著時間累積的經驗才是終極的導師。
EN： Indirect questions with 'if' or 'whether': Used to report yes/no questions. 'If' introduces a noun clause acting as the direct object of the reporting verb (asked). Unlike direct questions, indirect questions use statement word order (subject + verb) and do not use auxiliary verbs like 'do', 'does', or 'did'.
中文： 使用 'if' 或 'whether' 的間接問句：用於轉述「是/否」問句。'If' 引導一個名詞子句，作為轉述動詞（如 asked）的直接受詞。與直接問句不同，間接問句使用陳述句語序（主詞 + 動詞），且不使用助動詞（如 do, does, did）。
She asked if I wanted to join the team.
她問我是否想加入這個團隊。
EN： Backshift in reported speech: When the reporting verb is in the past tense ('asked'), the verbs in the reported clause usually shift back in tense. Here, the simple present 'know' shifts to the simple past 'knew'.
中文： 間接引語中的時態後退：當轉述動詞為過去式（如 'asked'）時，被轉述子句中的動詞通常需要向過去退一格。在此處，現在簡單式的 'know' 轉變為過去簡單式的 'knew'。
He said that he loved classical music.
他說他熱愛古典音樂。
EN： In English-speaking cultures, 'sayings' or 'proverbs' are often referenced to pass down common sense or cultural wisdom. Asking if someone knows 'old sayings' is a common way to bridge generational gaps or introduce traditional advice in a conversation.
中文： 在英語系國家中，人們經常引用「諺語」（sayings/proverbs）來傳承常識或文化智慧。詢問某人是否知道「古老的諺語」是拉近世代距離或在對話中引入傳統建議的常見方式。
EN： Indirect speech (reported speech) with a 'that' clause. When reporting what someone said, 'that' introduces a noun clause acting as the direct object of the reporting verb 'said'. The word 'that' can optionally be omitted in informal contexts.
中文： 使用 'that' 引導的名詞子句進行間接引述（轉述語氣）。當轉述某人說過的話時，'that' 引導的名詞子句作為轉述動詞 'said' 的直接受詞。在非正式語境中，'that' 可以省略。
He told us that the meeting was canceled.
他告訴我們會議取消了。
EN： Present simple tense for general truths or timeless facts. Even though the reporting verb 'said' is in the past tense, the reported statement 'honesty wins trust' remains in the present simple tense because it expresses a universal truth or proverb.
中文： 使用現在簡單式表示普遍真理或常理。雖然轉述動詞 'said' 是過去式，但被轉述的內容 'honesty wins trust'（誠實贏得信任）仍使用現在簡單式，因為它表達的是一個不隨時間改變的真理或諺語。
Our teacher explained that water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.
我們的老師解釋說，水在攝氏 100 度時沸騰。
EN： The sentence reflects a universal moral value found in many cultures: the importance of honesty in building relationships. In English-speaking cultures, proverbs like 'Honesty is the best policy' are deeply ingrained and often passed down through generations, particularly by elder family members.
中文： 這句話反映了許多文化中共同的普世道德價值：誠實對於建立人際關係至關重要。在英語系國家中，諸如「誠實為上策」（Honesty is the best policy）等諺語深植人心，且經常由家族長輩代代相傳。
EN： The verb 'tell' is commonly used in the pattern 'tell someone to do something' (indirect speech / imperative in reported speech) to express an order, instruction, or advice given to someone.
中文： 動詞「tell」（告訴）常用於「tell someone to do something」（告訴某人去做某事）的結構中。這是一種間接敘述或轉述命令的句型，用來表達對某人的指示、命令或建議。
The doctor told me to drink more water.
醫生告訴我要多喝水。
EN： The infinitive 'to remember' acts as the object complement in this sentence, completing the meaning of what the children were told to do.
中文： 不定詞「to remember」（去記住）在此句中擔任受詞補語，用來補充說明告訴孩子們要執行的動作，使句意完整。
She asked him to lock the door.
她要求他鎖門。
EN： Indirect speech with reporting verb 'tell' followed by an object and an infinitive clause. The structure is 'tell + object + (not) to + verb'. When making a negative command or advice in indirect speech, 'not' is placed directly before the 'to-infinitive'.
中文： 使用動詞「tell」（告訴）的間接敘述結構，後接受格與不定詞子句。結構為「tell + 受格 + (not) to + 動詞」。在間接敘述中表示否定命令或建議時，將「not」直接放在「to-不定詞」之前。
She told me not to worry about the exam.
她告訴我不要擔心考試。
EN： The verb 'fear' can be used as a transitive verb meaning 'to be afraid of' something. It is followed directly by a noun or pronoun as its object (e.g., 'fear our mistakes').
中文： 動詞「fear」（害怕/恐懼）可用作及物動詞，意思是「害怕」某事。其後直接接名詞或代名詞作為受格（例如「fear our mistakes」）。
We should not fear change.
我們不應該害怕改變。
EN： In English-speaking educational and professional cultures, mistakes are increasingly viewed as essential learning opportunities rather than failures. The phrase 'not to fear our mistakes' reflects this growth mindset, which encourages risk-taking and resilience in the learning process.
中文： 在英語系的教育與職場文化中，人們越來越傾向將「錯誤」視為學習的重要契機，而非單純的失敗。這句「不要害怕我們的錯誤」反映了這種「成長型思維」（growth mindset），鼓勵在學習過程中勇於嘗試與展現韌性。
EN： Gerund as Subject: A gerund (verb + -ing) can function as a noun and serve as the subject of a sentence. It is treated as a singular noun, so it takes a singular verb (e.g., 'is').
中文： 動名詞當主詞：動名詞（動詞 + -ing）可以當作名詞使用，並在句子中擔任主詞。動名詞主詞視為單數，因此後方須接單數動詞（例如 'is'）。
Learning a new language opens up many opportunities.
學習一門新語言能開啟許多機會。
EN： Prepositional Phrase as Adjective Modifier: The prepositional phrase 'to the future' starts with the preposition 'to' and functions as an adjective modifying the noun 'gift', specifying who or what the gift is intended for.
中文： 介系詞片語作形容詞修飾語：介系詞片語 'to the future' 以介系詞 'to' 開頭，在此作形容詞使用，用來修飾名詞 'gift'（禮物），明確指出這份禮物是給予誰或什麼對象的。
This is a letter to my best friend.
這是一封寫給我最好朋友的信。
EN： This sentence reflects a universal cultural value: the importance of intergenerational transmission of knowledge and values. In many cultures, oral traditions, proverbs, and storytelling are highly regarded as essential tools for preparing the next generation for the challenges of life.
中文： 這句話反映了一個普世的文化價值觀：跨世代傳承知識與價值觀的重要性。在許多文化中，口頭傳統、諺語和故事敘述都被視為幫助下一代應對人生挑戰的重要工具。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 耐心，容忍與等待的能力
在本文中： 諺語，常言
在本文中： 長者，長輩
在本文中： 誠實，正直
在本文中： 智慧，才智
在本文中： 文化
在本文中： 雕刻，（透過侵蝕等自然力量）刻劃出
在本文中： 尊重，敬重
在本文中： 塑造，決定…的形成
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
To hand something down to a younger generation; to transmit knowledge or culture.
傳承，一代傳一代
Great effort or endeavor; working diligently.
努力，辛勤工作
To maintain or preserve something so that it does not fade or die out.
保持…的活力，使…延續下去