EN： Indirect Speech (Reported Speech) with Tense Shift: When reporting what someone said in the past, the verb in the noun clause shifts backward in tense (backshift). Here, the original present continuous 'is rising' shifts to the past continuous 'was rising' because the reporting verb 'said' is in the past tense.
中文： 間接引語（轉述語氣）與時態一致：當轉述過去某人所說的話時，名詞子句中的動詞時態通常需要往過去推一格（時態回推）。在此句中，因為主要動詞「said」是過去式，所以原話中的現在進行式「is rising」要轉化為過去進行式「was rising」。
He said that the temperature was dropping.
他說氣溫正在下降。
EN： Noun Clause as Direct Object: The conjunction 'that' introduces a noun clause ('that the sea level was rising') which functions as the direct object of the transitive verb 'said'. 'That' is often omitted in informal speech but kept in formal contexts.
中文： 名詞子句作直接受詞：連接詞「that」引導一個名詞子句（that the sea level was rising），在句中作為及物動詞「said」的直接受詞。在口語中「that」常被省略，但在正式語境中通常會保留。
She explained that the project was finished.
她解釋說該專案已經完成了。
EN： Indirect Speech (Reported Speech) with Backshift: When reporting what someone said in the past, the tense of the original speech shifts backward. Here, the modal verb 'can' shifts to 'could' to match the past tense reporting verb 'explained'.
中文： 間接引語（轉述語氣）與時態後退：當轉述他人過去所說的話時，原話的時態通常需要向過去推移。在此句中，情態助動詞「can」後退為「could」，以配合過去式的轉述動詞「explained」。
He explained that he could not attend the meeting.
他解釋說他無法出席會議。
EN： Noun Clause as Object: The conjunction 'that' introduces a noun clause ('that we could all help') which functions as the direct object of the transitive verb 'explained'. In informal English, 'that' can often be omitted.
中文： 名詞子句作賓語（受詞）：連接詞「that」引導一個名詞子句（that we could all help），在句中作為及物動詞「explained」的直接賓語。在非正式英語中，「that」通常可以省略。
She mentioned that the project was finished.
她提到專案已經完成了。
EN： Indirect Questions: When reporting a question (especially a 'wh-' question), we use statement word order (subject + verb) instead of question word order (verb + subject). No auxiliary verbs like 'do', 'does', or 'did' are used.
中文： 間接問句：當轉述一個問題（特別是 wh- 開頭的問句）時，我們使用陳述句的語序（主詞 + 動詞），而非疑問句的語序（動詞 + 主詞）。此時不需要使用助動詞如 do、does 或 did。
She asked me where I lived.
她問我住在哪裡。
EN： Tense Backshift in Reported Speech: When the reporting verb is in the past tense ('asked'), the verbs in the reported clause usually shift back into a past tense. Here, 'how do you save' becomes 'how we saved'.
中文： 間接引語中的時態回退：當引導動詞為過去式（如 'asked'）時，被轉述子句中的動詞通常也需要往過去推一個時態。在此處，'how do you save' 變成了 'how we saved'。
He asked what we wanted.
他問我們想要什麼。
EN： Indirect Speech (Reported Speech) with Tense Shift: When reporting what was said in the past, the verb in the noun clause shifts backward in time. Here, the original statement 'The air has improved' (Present Perfect) shifts to 'the air had improved' (Past Perfect) because the reporting verb 'said' is in the simple past tense.
中文： 間接引語（轉述語氣）與時態回推：當轉述過去所說的話時，名詞子句中的動詞時態通常需要向過去回推。在此處，原本的發言「The air has improved」（現在完成式）因為主要子句的轉述動詞「said」為過去式，而回推為「the air had improved」（過去完成式）。
He said that he had already finished his homework.
他說他已經寫完功課了。
EN： Noun Clauses introduced by 'that': The conjunction 'that' introduces a noun clause functioning as the direct object of the reporting verb 'said'. In informal English, 'that' is often omitted, but it is retained here for formal clarity.
中文： 由「that」引導的名詞子句：連接詞「that」引導一個名詞子句，作為轉述動詞「said」的直接受詞。在口語英語中，「that」經常被省略，但在此處保留以維持正式與清晰度。
She believes that technology can solve many problems.
她相信科技可以解決許多問題。
EN： The verb 'tell' is commonly used in reported speech to convey commands or requests. The structure is 'tell + object + to-infinitive' (tell someone to do something). In negative commands, 'not' is placed before the to-infinitive (tell someone not to do something).
中文： 動詞「tell」（告訴/吩咐）常用於間接引語中以傳達命令或請求。其結構為「tell + 受詞 + 不定詞」（吩咐某人去做某事）。若是否定命令，則將「not」放在不定詞之前（吩咐某人不要做某事）。
The doctor told me to drink more water.
醫生叫我多喝水。
EN： The noun 'use' in this context is an uncountable noun meaning the act of using something or the state of being used. It is often preceded by a possessive adjective (our, their) or a noun adjunct (plastic use, energy use).
中文： 在此語境中，名詞「use」是不可數名詞，意為「使用」或「利用」。它前面通常會加上所有格代名詞（如 our、their）或修飾名詞（如 plastic use 塑膠使用、energy use 能源使用）。
We need to limit our water use during the dry season.
在枯水期我們需要限制我們的用水量。
EN： Reported Speech (Indirect Speech) with Tense Backshift: When reporting what someone said in the past, the verb tense in the noun clause (that-clause) often shifts back. Here, the original statement 'Bees are important' (present simple) shifts to 'bees were important' (past simple) because the reporting verb 'said' is in the past tense.
中文： 間接引語（轉述語氣）與時態回退：當轉述過去某人所說的話時，名詞子句（that 子句）中的動詞時態通常需要向過去回退。在此句中，原本的陳述「Bees are important」（現在簡單式）因為主要子句的轉述動詞「said」為過去式，而回退為「bees were important」（過去簡單式）。
He said that he loved classical music.
他說他熱愛古典音樂。
EN： Noun Clause as Direct Object: The clause 'that bees were important' functions as the direct object of the transitive verb 'said'. The conjunction 'that' is used to introduce this noun clause and can often be omitted in informal contexts.
中文： 名詞子句作為直接受詞：子句「that bees were important」作為及物動詞「said」的直接受詞。連接詞「that」用於引導此名詞子句，在非正式語境中通常可以省略。
She believes that we can change the world.
她相信我們可以改變世界。
EN： In recent years, global awareness about the decline of bee populations has grown significantly. Bees are crucial pollinators for many crops that feed the world. This sentence reflects the widespread scientific and ecological concern regarding biodiversity and environmental protection.
中文： 近年來，全球對於蜜蜂數量減少的關注顯著提高。蜜蜂是地球上許多糧食作物極為關鍵的授粉媒介。這句話反映了當前科學界與生態學界對生物多樣性及環境保護的普遍重視。
EN： Indirect questions with 'whether' or 'if' are used to report yes/no questions. In indirect speech, the word order is statement order (subject + verb) rather than question order, and the tense often shifts back (backshift) to match the reporting verb in the past tense.
中文： 使用 'whether' 或 'if' 引導的間接問句，用於轉述「是/否」問句（即 Yes/No 問句）。在間接敘述中，語序須調整為陳述句語序（主詞 + 動詞），而非疑問句語序，且動詞時態通常需要往過去推移（時態回推），以配合過去式的轉述動詞（如 asked）。
She asked whether I liked classical music.
她問我是否喜歡古典音樂。
EN： The past simple tense ('recycled') is used here in the noun clause to represent a past habit or a backshifted present simple tense from the original direct question ('Do you recycle at school?').
中文： 名詞子句中的過去簡單式（'recycled'）在此處用來表示過去的習慣，或是從原本的直接問句（'Do you recycle at school?'）因應間接敘述而進行的時態回推（由現在式改為過去式）。
EN： In many English-speaking countries, environmental education and recycling initiatives are deeply integrated into the school curriculum from a young age. Schools often have designated recycling bins and student-led green committees, making 'recycling at school' a very common and relatable topic for students.
中文： 在許多英語系國家，環境教育與資源回收計畫從小就深植於學校課程中。學校通常設有專門的回收桶和學生主導的環保委員會，因此「在學校做回收」對學生來說是一個非常普遍且貼近生活的話題。
EN： Indirect Speech (Reported Speech) with Tense Backshift: When reporting what was written or said in the past (using reporting verbs like 'said'), the tenses in the noun clause (that-clause) usually shift backward. Here, the present continuous 'are shrinking' shifts to the past continuous 'were shrinking' to match the past tense reporting verb 'said'.
中文： 間接引語（轉述語氣）與時態回退：當轉述過去所說或所寫的內容時（使用如 'said' 等轉述動詞），名詞子句（that 子句）中的時態通常需要向過去回退。在此處，現在進行式 'are shrinking' 轉變為過去進行式 'were shrinking'，以配合過去式的轉述動詞 'said'。
The report said that temperatures were rising.
報告指出氣溫正在上升。
EN： Noun Clause as Direct Object: The conjunction 'that' introduces a noun clause ('that forests were shrinking') which functions as the direct object of the transitive verb 'said'. In informal English, 'that' is often omitted, but it is commonly retained in written or formal contexts.
中文： 名詞子句作直接受詞：連接詞 'that' 引導一個名詞子句（'that forests were shrinking'），在句中作為及物動詞 'said' 的直接受詞。在非正式英語中，'that' 經常被省略，但在書面或正式語境中通常會保留。
She explained that the project was complete.
她解釋說該專案已經完成。
EN： The verb 'tell' is followed by an object and an infinitive (to + verb) to report an order, request, or advice. To make this structure negative, 'not' is placed directly before 'to-infinitive' (tell + object + not + to-infinitive).
中文： 動詞「tell」（告訴）後面接賓語（受詞）和不定詞（to + 動詞），用於轉述命令、要求或建議。若要將此結構改為否定，需將「not」直接放在「to-不定詞」之前，形成「tell + 賓語 + not + to-不定詞」的結構。
The teacher told us not to run in the hallway.
老師告訴我們不要在走廊上奔跑。
EN： The word 'clean' acts as an adjective modifying the noun 'water'. In English, attributive adjectives are placed directly before the nouns they describe to specify their qualities.
中文： 單字「clean」（乾淨的）作為形容詞，修飾名詞「water」（水）。在英文中，前置形容詞會直接放在其所修飾的名詞前面，用以說明該名詞的特質或狀態。
We need clean air to stay healthy.
我們需要乾淨的空氣來保持健康。
EN： In many English-speaking countries, environmental education and water conservation are heavily emphasized from a young age. Phrases like 'waste clean water' are commonly used in schools and public campaigns to foster ecological responsibility.
中文： 在許多英語系國家，環境保護教育與節約用水觀念從小就受到高度重視。像「waste clean water」（浪費乾淨的水）這類的表達方式，經常出現在學校教育和公共宣導活動中，用以培養公民的生態責任感。
EN： Indirect questions (noun clauses) are used to report questions or explain processes. When a question starting with a question word (like 'how') is embedded within a sentence, it follows statement word order (subject + verb) rather than question word order (verb + subject).
中文： 間接問句（名詞子句）用於轉述問題或解釋過程。當一個以疑問詞（如 'how'）開頭的問句嵌入在句子中時，它必須使用陳述句語序（主詞 + 動詞），而非疑問句語序（動詞 + 主詞）。
She explained how the machine operates.
她解釋了這台機器是如何運作的。
EN： The past simple tense is used here for both the reporting verb ('explained') and the verb in the noun clause ('worked') to maintain backshift/tense agreement, referring to a past explanation of a general process.
中文： 此處的轉述動詞（'explained'）與名詞子句中的動詞（'worked'）皆使用過去簡單式，以保持時態一致（時態後退），用來描述過去對於某個一般運作過程的解釋。
EN： Indirect Speech (Reported Speech) with Tense Shift: When reporting what someone said in the past, the verb in the noun clause often shifts back in tense (backshift). Here, the original statement 'Small actions make a difference' (present simple) shifts to 'made a difference' (past simple) because the reporting verb 'said' is in the past tense.
中文： 間接引語（轉述語氣）與時態一致：當轉述過去某人所說的話時，名詞子句中的動詞時態通常需要往過去推一個時態（時態後退）。在此處，原本的陳述「Small actions make a difference」（現在簡單式）因為主要子句的轉述動詞「said」為過去式，而轉變為「made a difference」（過去簡單式）。
She said that she wanted to help the environment.
她說她想要幫助環境。
EN： The Collocation 'make a difference': This common idiom means to have a significant effect on a person or situation, often in a positive way. It can be modified by adjectives like 'big', 'small', or 'no'.
中文： 片語「make a difference」的用法：這個常見的慣用語意思是對人或處境產生重大影響（通常是積極正面的影響）。中間可以加上「big」（巨大的）、「small」（微小的）或「no」（毫無）等形容詞來修飾。
Every recycled bottle can make a big difference.
每一個回收的瓶子都能產生巨大的影響。
EN： Reported speech with a 'that' clause is used to report what was said or written. When the reporting verb (reported) is in the past tense, the verb inside the noun clause (was) usually shifts to a past tense as well to maintain backshift/tense agreement.
中文： 使用 'that' 引導的名詞子句作為間接引語，用來轉述他人說過或寫過的內容。當主要子句的轉述動詞（如 reported）為過去式時，that 子句中的動詞（如 was）通常也需要配合時態一致，使用過去式。
The article stated that the air quality was improving.
文章指出空氣品質正在改善。
EN： The comparative adjective 'cleaner' is formed by adding '-er' to the one-syllable adjective 'clean'. It is used to compare the state of the river in the past to a newer, improved state.
中文： 比較級形容詞 'cleaner' 是在單音節形容詞 'clean' 後面加上 '-er' 形成。在此處用於將河流現在（或轉述當時）的狀態與過去的狀態進行比較，表示「更乾淨的」。
EN： The Simple Past Tense is used to describe actions that were completed at a specific time in the past. In this sentence, 'visited' is the past tense form of the regular verb 'visit', indicating an event that occurred 'last week'.
中文： 簡單過去式（Simple Past Tense）用於描述在過去特定時間已經完成的動作。在本句中，「visited」是規則動詞「visit」的過去式，表示發生在「last week」（上週）的事件。
Yesterday, a famous writer visited our local library.
昨天，一位著名的作家拜訪了我們當地的圖書館。
EN： The 'to-infinitive' (to + base verb) is used here as an infinitive of purpose, explaining 'why' the scientist visited the school (to give a talk).
中文： 不定詞（to + 原形動詞）在此處用作表示目的的不定詞（Infinitive of Purpose），用來解釋科學家拜訪學校的「目的」（為了進行演講）。
He went to the store to buy some fresh vegetables.
他去商店是為了買一些新鮮蔬菜。
EN： In English-speaking schools, it is very common for guest speakers, such as scientists, authors, or local professionals, to visit schools and give educational talks (often called 'assemblies' or 'guest lectures') to raise awareness about topics like climate change.
中文： 在英語系國家的學校中，邀請客座演講者（如科學家、作家或當地專業人士）到校進行教育性演講（通常稱為「assemblies」或「guest lectures」）是非常普遍的，這能有效提升學生對氣候變遷等議題的認識。
EN： Reported speech with backshift: When reporting what someone said in the past, the tense of the original spoken words shifts backward. Here, 'is' shifts to 'was' because the reporting verb 'said' is in the past tense.
中文： 間接引語與時態後退：當轉述他人過去所說的話時，原話的時態通常需要向過去推移。在此句中，因為引述動詞「said」是過去式，所以從句中的「is」後退為過去式「was」。
He said that he was tired.
他說他累了（當時的狀態）。
EN： The structure 'one of + plural noun' is used to talk about one specific thing within a larger group. The noun that follows must always be plural (challenges), even though the overall subject 'one' is singular.
中文： 「one of + 複數名詞」的結構用於表示某個群體中的其中一個。儘管整體主詞「one」是單數，但後面接的名詞必須是複數形式（challenges）。
This is one of our best projects.
這是我們最好的專案之一。
EN： Indirect Speech with Tense Shift (Backshift): When reporting what someone said in the past using a reporting verb like 'explained', the tense in the noun clause shifts back. Here, the present perfect 'have warmed' shifts to the past perfect 'had warmed' because the action of warming happened prior to the moment of explanation.
中文： 間接引語與時態回溯：當使用過去時態的轉述動詞（如 'explained'）來轉述某人過去所說的話時，名詞子句中的時態需要向過去推移。在此處，現在完成式 'have warmed' 轉變為過去完成式 'had warmed'，因為「變暖」的動作發生在「解釋」之前。
He explained that they had already finished the project.
他解釋說他們已經完成了該專案。
EN： Noun Clauses as Direct Objects: The conjunction 'that' introduces a noun clause ('that human actions had warmed the planet') which functions as the direct object of the transitive verb 'explained'. 'That' is often optional in informal speech but preferred in formal writing.
中文： 名詞子句作直接受詞：連接詞 'that' 引導一個名詞子句（'that human actions had warmed the planet'），在句中作為及物動詞 'explained' 的直接受詞。在非正式口語中 'that' 常可省略，但在正式寫作中建議保留。
She mentioned that the meeting was postponed.
她提到會議延期了。
EN： In environmental science and global discourse, 'the planet' is commonly used as a synonym for 'Earth' to emphasize its unity and vulnerability. The phrase 'human actions' (anthropogenic activities) is a key term in discussions about climate change, highlighting collective responsibility.
中文： 在環境科學與全球論述中，「the planet」（這顆行星）常用作「地球」（Earth）的同義詞，以強調其整體性與脆弱性。而「human actions」（人類行為，或稱人為活動）是氣候變遷討論中的關鍵詞，用以強調人類的共同責任。
EN： An adverbial clause of time introduced by 'when' is used to indicate the time at which the action in the main clause occurs. In this sentence, the action of 'asking' sets the temporal context for the main action 'smiled'.
中文： 由 'when'（當……時）引導的時間副詞子句，用來表示主要子句動作發生的時間點。在本句中，「詢問」的動作為主要動作「微笑」設定了時間背景。
When the bell rang, the students left the classroom.
當鐘聲響起時，學生們離開了教室。
EN： An indirect question (noun clause) introduced by a question word (how) functions as the object of the verb 'asked'. Unlike direct questions, indirect questions follow statement word order (subject + verb): 'how we could help' instead of 'how could we help'.
中文： 由疑問詞（how）引導的間接問句（名詞子句），在此作為動詞 'asked' 的賓語（受詞）。與直接問句不同，間接問句須使用陳述句語序（主詞 + 動詞），即 'how we could help'，而非 'how could we help'。
She asked where we wanted to go.
她問我們想去哪裡。
EN： The verb 'tell' is commonly used in the pattern 'tell someone to do something' (indirect speech for an imperative/command). In this structure, 'someone' is the indirect object, followed by an infinitive (to + verb) acting as the object complement.
中文： 動詞「tell」（告訴）常用於「tell someone to do something」（告訴某人去做某事）的句型中，這常用於轉述命令或要求。在此結構中，「someone」是間接受詞，後面接不定詞（to + 動詞）作為受詞補語。
The teacher told us to open our books.
老師告訴我們把書打開。
EN： Parallel structure (or parallelism) involves using the same grammatical form to express coordinate ideas. In this sentence, the coordinating conjunction 'and' connects two infinitive phrases: 'to save energy' and 'to reduce waste'. Repeating the 'to' is optional but adds clarity and emphasis.
中文： 平行結構（對等結構）是指使用相同的語法形式來表達並列的觀點。在本句中，對等連接詞「and」連接了兩個不定詞片語：「to save energy」與「to reduce waste」。重複使用「to」是可選的，但能增加句子的清晰度與語氣強度。
He likes to swim and to run in the morning.
他喜歡在早上游泳和跑步。
EN： In modern environmental discourse, 'saving energy' and 'reducing waste' are core tenets of sustainable living. The phrasing reflects a global educational shift toward personal responsibility in combating climate change, often taught to students from a young age.
中文： 在現代環保論述中，「節約能源」與「減少垃圾」是永續生活方式的核心原則。這種措辭反映了全球教育在應對氣候變遷時，越來越強調個人責任的趨勢，通常從小就灌輸給學生。
EN： Indirect Speech (Reported Speech) with Tense Shift: When reporting what someone said in the past, the verb in the noun clause often shifts back in tense. Here, 'really mattered' is in the simple past tense because the reporting verb 'said' is in the past tense, even though the statement represents a general truth or ongoing belief.
中文： 間接引語（轉述語氣）與時態一致：當轉述過去某人所說的話時，名詞子句中的動詞通常需要向過去推移一個時態。在此處，因為引導動詞「said」為過去式，所以子句中的動詞使用過去式「really mattered」，即使該內容代表的是普遍真理或持續的信念。
He said that he wanted to become a doctor.
他說他想成為一名醫生。
EN： Noun Clause as Direct Object: The conjunction 'that' introduces a noun clause ('that small daily choices really mattered') which functions as the direct object of the transitive verb 'said'. In informal English, 'that' can be omitted, but keeping it adds clarity.
中文： 名詞子句作直接受詞：連接詞「that」引導一個名詞子句（that small daily choices really mattered），在句中作為及物動詞「said」的直接受詞。在非正式英語中，「that」可以省略，但保留它能使結構更清晰。
She believes that everyone can make a difference.
她相信每個人都能有所作為。
EN： The phrase 'small daily choices really mattered' reflects a prominent theme in modern environmental movements: individual agency. It emphasizes that global challenges like climate change are addressed not just by large-scale policies, but also by the cumulative effect of everyday personal habits (e.g., reducing plastic, saving energy).
中文： 「每天小小的選擇真的很重要」這句話反映了現代環保運動中一個非常重要的觀念：個人能動性。它強調像氣候變遷這樣的全球性挑戰，不僅需要依靠宏觀的政策，也取決於每個人日常習慣（如減塑、節能）累積起來的巨大力量。
EN： Indirect questions (noun clauses) introduced by question words like 'how' function as the object of a verb. In indirect questions, the word order is subject + verb (statement order), not verb + subject (question order).
中文： 由疑問詞（如 'how'）引導的間接問句（名詞子句）可作為動詞的受詞。在間接問句中，語序為「主詞 + 動詞」（陳述句語序），而非「動詞 + 主詞」（疑問句語序）。
She explained how solar panels generate electricity.
她解釋了太陽能板是如何發電的。
EN： An adjective clause (relative clause) can modify a noun. When the relative pronoun (such as 'that' or 'which') acts as the object of the relative clause, it is commonly omitted, as seen in 'the air [that] we breathe'.
中文： 形容詞子句（關係子句）可用於修飾名詞。當關係代名詞（如 'that' 或 'which'）在關係子句中擔任受詞時，通常可以省略，如此處的 'the air [that] we breathe'（我們所呼吸的空氣）。
This is the book we read in class.
這就是我們在課堂上讀過的那本書。
EN： Indirect questions with 'whether' are used to report yes/no questions. In reported speech, the question word order (verb + subject) changes to statement word order (subject + verb), and the tense often shifts back (backshift).
中文： 使用「whether」（是否）引導的間接問句，用於轉述「是/否」問句。在間接敘述中，疑問句的語序（動詞 + 主詞）要改為陳述句語序（主詞 + 動詞），且時態通常需要往過去推移（時態回推）。
He asked whether I wanted to join the team.
他問我是否想加入這個團隊。
EN： Noun clauses introduced by question words (like 'where') function as objects. Similar to indirect yes/no questions, they must follow statement word order (subject + verb) rather than question word order.
中文： 由疑問詞（如「where」）引導的名詞子句在句中擔任受詞。與間接的「是/否」問句類似，它們必須遵守陳述句語序（主詞 + 動詞），而非疑問句語序。
Do you know where they live?
你知道他們住哪裡嗎？
EN： The Past Perfect tense ('had' + past participle) is used to describe an action that occurred before another action in the past. In this sentence, 'had never thought' happened prior to the past action of admitting ('admitted').
中文： 過去完成式（had + 過去分詞）用於描述在過去某個動作或時間點之前就已經發生或完成的動作。在本句中，「從未思考過」（had never thought）發生在「承認」（admitted）這個過去動作之前。
She realized that she had lost her keys.
她意識到她把鑰匙弄丟了。
EN： A noun clause starting with the conjunction 'that' can function as the direct object of a verb (here, 'admitted'). The conjunction 'that' is often optional in informal contexts but is kept here for clarity.
中文： 由連接詞「that」引導的名詞子句可以作為動詞（此處為 admitted）的直接受詞。在非正式語境中，「that」通常可以省略，但在此處保留以使結構更清晰。
They admitted that they made a mistake.
他們承認他們犯了個錯誤。
EN： The reporting verb 'tell' is followed by an indirect object and an infinitive clause: 'tell + someone + to-infinitive'. To make this structure negative, 'not' is placed directly before the 'to-infinitive' ('not to do something').
中文： 動詞「tell（告訴）」後面接間接受詞和不定詞子句，結構為「tell + 某人 + 不定詞（to V）」。若要將此結構改為否定，需將「not」直接放在不定詞前面，形成「not to do something（告訴某人不要做某事）」。
The doctor told me not to eat late at night.
醫生告訴我晚上不要太晚吃東西。
EN： The linking verb 'feel' is followed by an adjective (such as 'helpless') to describe the subject's emotional state. The preposition 'about' is commonly used after 'helpless' to specify the cause or subject of the feeling.
中文： 連繫動詞「feel（感到）」後面接形容詞（如「helpless」）來描述主詞的情緒狀態。介系詞「about」常用在「helpless」之後，用來明確指出產生該感覺的原因或對象。
They felt excited about the upcoming trip.
他們對即將到來的旅行感到興奮。
EN： Reported Speech (Indirect Speech) with Tense Backshift: When reporting what someone said in the past, the verb in the noun clause usually shifts back into the past. Here, 'have' becomes 'had' because the reporting verb 'said' is in the past tense.
中文： 間接引語與時態回溯：當轉述某人過去所說的話時，名詞子句中的動詞通常需要向過去回溯一個時態。在此處，因為主要動詞（引介動詞）「said」是過去式，所以子句中的「have」要轉變為過去式「had」。
He said that he wanted to become a volunteer.
他說他想要成為一名志工。
EN： The noun phrase 'the power to do something': The infinitive 'to do' acts as an adjective modifying the noun 'power', expressing the ability or authority to perform a certain action.
中文： 名詞片語「the power to do something」（做某事的權力/能力）：不定詞「to do」在此作為形容詞修飾名詞「power」，用以表示進行某項動作的能力或權力。
We all have the power to save energy.
我們都有能力節約能源。
EN： In modern social movements, especially those related to climate change and environmental protection, there is a strong emphasis on empowering youth. Phrases like 'young people have the power to make change' reflect a global cultural shift where younger generations are viewed as active leaders of future progress rather than passive observers.
中文： 在現代社會運動中（特別是與氣候變遷和環保相關的運動），非常強調賦予年輕人力量。像「young people have the power to make change」這樣的句子，反映了全球文化的一種轉變：年輕一代被視為未來進步的積極領導者，而非被動的旁觀者。
EN： The verb 'leave' can be followed by an object ('the talk') and then a participle ('feeling...') acting as an object complement or a depictive secondary predicate, describing the state or feeling of the subject ('we') at the moment of leaving.
中文： 動詞「leave」（離開）後面可以接賓語（the talk）與分詞（feeling...）作為賓語補語或描繪性次要謂語，用來描述主詞（we）在離開那一刻的狀態或感受。
They left the meeting smiling and shaking hands.
他們離開會議時面帶微笑並互相握手。
EN： The noun clause 'that we could truly make a difference' acts as the complement of the participle 'feeling', expressing the content of the feeling.
中文： 名詞子句「that we could truly make a difference」作為分詞「feeling」的補語，用來表達該感受的具體內容。
She was feeling that everything would turn out fine.
她覺得一切都會好起來的。
EN： Direct Speech (Quotation Marks): Direct speech repeats the exact words spoken. In English, the spoken words are enclosed in quotation marks, and a comma is typically used to separate the spoken quote from the reporting verb (e.g., 'asks Sarah').
中文： 直接引語（引號的使用）：直接引語用於重複說話者原汁原味的話語。在英文中，所說的話會放在雙引號內，並且通常會使用逗號將引用的話與說話動詞（例如 'asks Sarah'）隔開。
"I love reading," said Tom.
「我喜歡閱讀，」湯姆說。
EN： Inversion in Reporting Clauses: When the reporting clause (e.g., 'asks Sarah') comes after the direct speech, the subject and verb can sometimes be inverted (verb before subject), especially with simple verbs like 'say' or 'ask', provided the subject is a noun and not a pronoun.
中文： 引述子句的倒裝：當引述子句（如 'asks Sarah'）放在直接引語之後時，主詞與動詞有時可以倒裝（動詞放在主詞前面），特別是像 'say' 或 'ask' 這樣的簡單動詞，前提是主詞必須是名詞而非代名詞。
"Where are you going?" asked the teacher.
「你要去哪裡？」老師問道。
EN： Reported Speech (Indirect Speech) with Tense Shift: When reporting what someone said in the past, the verb in the reported clause typically shifts back in tense (backshifting). Here, the original spoken words 'The oceans are getting warmer' (Present Continuous) shift to 'the oceans were getting warmer' (Past Continuous) because the reporting verb 'said' is in the past tense.
中文： 間接引語與時態回溯：當轉述某人過去所說的話時，被引導的子句中的動詞時態通常需要往過去推一格（時態回溯）。在此處，原本說話的內容「The oceans are getting warmer」（現在進行式）因為主要子句的轉述動詞「said」為過去式，而轉變為「the oceans were getting warmer」（過去進行式）。
He said that he was studying for the exam.
他說他那時正在準備考試。
EN： Noun Clause as Direct Object: The clause 'that the oceans were getting warmer' functions as the direct object of the transitive verb 'said'. The conjunction 'that' is used to introduce this noun clause and can often be omitted in informal speech.
中文： 名詞子句作直接受詞：子句「that the oceans were getting warmer」作為及物動詞「said」的直接受詞。連接詞「that」用於引導此名詞子句，在口語中經常可以省略。
She believes that we can save the planet.
她相信我們可以拯救這個星球。
EN： Indirect questions (noun clauses) introduced by question words like 'how' do not use auxiliary verbs (do/does/did) and follow the statement word order (subject + verb). In reported speech, the tense of the indirect question often shifts back (backshift) to match the past tense reporting verb 'asked'. Here, 'how often we used' is the indirect question.
中文： 由疑問詞（如 'how'）引導的間接問句（名詞子句）不使用助動詞（do/does/did），且須維持陳述句語序（主詞 + 動詞）。在間接引語中，間接問句的時態通常需要往回推一個時態（時態一致），以配合過去式主要動詞 'asked'。在此處，'how often we used' 即為間接問句。
She asked me where I lived.
她問我住在哪裡。
EN： The verb 'ask' can take a double object (ditransitive structure): 'ask + indirect object (person) + direct object (the question/noun clause)'. In this sentence, 'us' is the indirect object, and the noun clause 'how often we used plastic' is the direct object.
中文： 動詞 'ask' 可以接雙賓語（授與動詞結構）：'ask + 間接賓語（人）+ 直接賓語（問題/名詞子句）'。在本句中，'us' 是間接賓語，而名詞子句 'how often we used plastic' 則是直接賓語。
He asked them what they wanted.
他問他們想要什麼。
EN： Indirect Speech (Reported Speech) with Tense Shift: When reporting what was said in the past ('The report said'), the tense in the noun clause shifts back (backshift). Here, the present perfect 'has increased' shifts to the past perfect 'had increased' to show that the action happened before the reporting took place.
中文： 間接引語（轉述語氣）與時態回推：當轉述過去所說的話（如 'The report said'）時，名詞子句中的時態通常需要向過去推一格。在此處，現在完成式 'has increased' 轉為過去完成式 'had increased'，用以表示該動作發生在「報告指出」這個過去時間點之前。
He said that the train had already left.
他說火車已經開走了。
EN： Noun Clauses with 'that': The conjunction 'that' introduces a noun clause functioning as the direct object of the reporting verb 'said'. In informal English, 'that' is often omitted, but it is commonly retained in formal or written contexts.
中文： 由 'that' 引導的名詞子句：連接詞 'that' 引導一個名詞子句，作為轉述動詞 'said' 的直接受詞。在非正式英語中，'that' 經常被省略，但在正式或書面語境中通常會保留。
She explained that the project was complete.
她解釋說該專案已經完成了。
EN： The verb 'tell' is commonly used in reported speech to convey commands or requests. The structure is 'tell + object + to-infinitive' (tell someone to do something). In the past tense, 'told' is used.
中文： 動詞「tell」（告訴/吩咐）常用於間接引語中以轉述命令或要求。其結構為「tell + 受詞 + 不定詞」（告訴某人去做某事）。在此句中，使用的是過去式「told」。
He told me to close the window.
他叫我把窗戶關上。
EN： The word 'more' is the comparative form of 'many' or 'much'. When placed before a plural countable noun (like 'trees'), it means 'a greater number of'.
中文： 單字「more」是「many」或「much」的比較級。當它放在複數可數名詞（如「trees」）前面時，表示「更多數量的」。
We need to buy more apples.
我們需要買更多的蘋果。
EN： Noun clauses introduced by question words (wh- words) function as the object of a verb. In this sentence, 'how energy was wasted' is a noun clause acting as the direct object of the verb 'explained'. Unlike direct questions, noun clauses use statement word order (subject + verb).
中文： 由疑問詞（如 how, what, why 等）引導的名詞子句可以作為動詞的受詞。在本句中，「how energy was wasted」是一個名詞子句，作為動詞「explained」的直接受詞。與直接問句不同，名詞子句必須使用陳述句語序（主詞 + 動詞）。
She showed us how the machine worked.
她向我們展示了這台機器是如何運作的。
EN： The passive voice (be + past participle) is used when the focus is on the action or the receiver of the action, rather than the doer. Here, 'was wasted' (past simple passive) emphasizes that energy was being lost, without specifying who wasted it.
中文： 被動語態（be 動詞 + 過去分詞）用於當焦點在於動作本身或動作的接受者，而非執行者時。在這裡，「was wasted」（過去簡單式的被動語態）強調能源被浪費了，而沒有明確指出是誰浪費的。
A lot of water was wasted during the festival.
節日期間有許多水被浪費了。
EN： Indirect questions with 'whether': 'Whether' is used to introduce an indirect yes/no question (noun clause) acting as the object of a verb like 'ask'. It means 'if' or 'whether or not'.
中文： 使用「whether」引導的間接問句：「whether」用於引導間接的「是/否」問句（名詞子句），作為「ask」等動詞的受詞，表示「是否」或「是不是」。
She asked whether we had finished our homework.
她問我們是否已經完成了家庭作業。
EN： Backshift in reported speech: When the reporting verb (asked) is in the past tense, the tense in the reported clause shifts back. Here, the present tense 'Do you care...?' shifts to the simple past 'cared'.
中文： 間接引語中的時態後退：當主要動詞（asked）為過去式時，轉述子句中的時態需向後退一格。在此處，現在式的「Do you care...?」變成了簡單過去式的「cared」。
He asked if I knew the answer.
他問我是否知道答案。
EN： In environmental discussions, 'the planet' is a very common and slightly more emotional or urgent way of referring to Earth, emphasizing our shared responsibility to protect it.
中文： 在環境議題的討論中，「the planet」（這個星球/地球）是一個非常常見且帶有情感或緊迫感的詞彙，用來指代地球，強調我們共同保護它的責任。
EN： Reported commands and requests use the structure 'tell + object + (not) + to-infinitive'. When the original direct speech is negative ('Don't give up'), it becomes 'not to' followed by the base verb in reported speech.
中文： 間接命令與要求使用「tell + 受詞 + (not) + 不定詞」的結構。當原本的直接引語為否定句（例如「Don't give up」）時，在間接引語中會轉化為「not to」後接原形動詞。
He told me not to worry about the results.
他告訴我不要擔心結果。
EN： The phrasal verb 'give up' means to stop making an effort or to resign to defeat. When followed by a noun like 'hope', it means to stop believing that something good will happen.
中文： 片語動詞「give up」意為停止努力或認輸。當後面接名詞「hope（希望）」時，表示不再相信好事會發生，即「放棄希望」。
EN： Indirect speech (reported speech) is used to report what someone said. When the reporting verb (said) is in the past tense, the tense of the verb in the noun clause often shifts back (backshift). Here, 'starts' becomes 'started' to match the past tense of 'said'.
中文： 間接引語（轉述語氣）用於轉述他人說過的話。當主要動詞（如 said）為過去式時，名詞子句中的動詞時態通常需要往過去推一個時態（時態回推）。在此處，「starts」變成「started」以配合過去式的「said」。
She said that she wanted to help the environment.
她說她想要幫助環境。
EN： The conjunction 'that' introduces a noun clause functioning as the direct object of the verb 'said'. In informal English, 'that' is often omitted, but including it makes the sentence structure clearer.
中文： 連接詞「that」引導一個名詞子句，作為動詞「said」的直接受詞。在口語或非正式英語中，「that」經常被省略，但保留它可以使句子結構更清晰。
He explained that the project was complete.
他解釋說該專案已經完成了。
EN： This sentence reflects a common theme in environmental and social activism: individual responsibility and collective action. The phrase 'change starts with us' (or 'with you') is a popular motivational slogan used globally to inspire grassroots initiatives.
中文： 這句話反映了環保與社會運動中常見的主題：個人責任與集體行動。口號「改變從我們開始」（或從你開始）在全球被廣泛使用，用以激勵草根階層的主動性與參與感。
EN： The noun clause introduced by 'that' functions as the direct object of the verb 'learned'. In this structure, 'that' is a conjunction that connects the main clause with the subordinate clause, and it can often be omitted in informal speech.
中文： 由「that」引導的名詞子句在此作為動詞「learned」的直接受詞。在這種結構中，「that」是一個連接詞，用來連接主句與從屬子句，在非正式口語中通常可以省略。
She believes that honesty is the best policy.
她相信誠實是最好的策略。
EN： The verb 'count' is used here as an intransitive verb meaning 'to be important' or 'to have value/influence'. It is often used in the simple present tense to state a general truth or principle.
中文： 動詞「count」在此處用作不及物動詞，意思是「重要」或「有價值、有影響力」。它常用於現在簡單式，以陳述普遍的真理或原則。
In a democracy, every vote counts.
在民主國家中，每一票都很重要。
EN： The phrase 'every action counts' reflects a strong contemporary environmental and social ethos in English-speaking cultures, emphasizing individual responsibility and the collective power of small, daily efforts to combat global issues like climate change.
中文： 「every action counts」（每個行動都有其意義）反映了英語系國家當代強烈的環保與社會思潮，強調個人責任以及微小日常努力的累積力量，用以應對氣候變遷等全球性議題。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： （規模、數量或體積）縮減，變小
在本文中： 專家，行家
在本文中： 挑戰，艱巨任務
在本文中： 承認（某事屬實）
在本文中： 無助的，無能為力的
在本文中： 減少，降低（數量、尺寸或程度）
在本文中： 改善，好轉
在本文中： 重要，有重大關係
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
A long-term change in the earth's climate, especially a change due to an increase in the average atmospheric temperature.
氣候變遷
To have a significant effect on a person or situation; to cause a change.
產生影響，發揮作用，帶來改變
To stop believing that something good will happen or that you can succeed.
放棄希望
A panel designed to absorb the sun's rays as a source of energy for generating electricity or heating.
太陽能板