EN： Non-defining relative clauses (also called non-restrictive relative clauses) add extra, non-essential information about a noun. They are separated from the rest of the sentence by commas, and the relative pronoun 'which' is used for things or places (never 'that').
中文： 非限定關係子句（又稱非限制性關係子句）用於對先行詞（名詞）進行補充說明，提供非必要的額外資訊。此類子句前後須使用逗號隔開，且關係代名詞指代事物或地方時必須使用 'which'，不可用 'that' 代替。
My car, which is ten years old, still runs perfectly.
我的車子（已經有十年車齡了）依然跑得非常順暢。
EN： The verb 'lie' (meaning to be situated in a specified place) is often used to describe geographical locations. When describing a permanent state, it is used in the simple present tense.
中文： 動詞 'lie' 在此處表示「位於」或「坐落於」某個特定地點。在描述地理位置等永久狀態時，通常使用現在簡單式。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses (also called non-restrictive relative clauses) are used to add extra, non-essential information about a noun. They are separated from the rest of the sentence by commas. The relative pronoun 'who' is used for people and cannot be replaced by 'that' in non-defining clauses.
中文： 非限定關係子句（又稱非限制性關係子句）用於對先行詞（名詞）進行補充說明，提供非必要的額外資訊。這類子句前後必須使用逗號與主句隔開。引導人的關係代名詞使用 'who'，且在非限定子句中不能用 'that' 替換。
My mother, who loves gardening, grows beautiful roses.
我母親熱愛園藝，她種出非常美麗的玫瑰花。
EN： The verb 'inspire' means to fill someone with the urge or ability to do or feel something, especially something creative. It is a transitive verb that takes a direct object (e.g., 'inspires me').
中文： 動詞 'inspire' 意為「啟發、鼓舞」，指激發某人的靈感或力量去做出某事（特別是具創造性的事）。它是一個及物動詞，後面直接接接受動作的受格（例如 'inspires me'）。
EN： In English-speaking academic culture, expressing how a specific teacher 'inspired' a student is a common and highly respectful way to show gratitude. It highlights the cultural value placed on mentorship and personal growth beyond just academic instruction.
中文： 在英語系國家的學術與校園文化中，表達某位特定老師「啟發（inspired）」了自己，是一種非常常見且極具敬意的感謝方式。這展現了西方文化對於「導師精神（mentorship）」以及除了學科知識外、個人心靈成長的重視。
EN： The structure 'preposition + relative pronoun' (in which) is used in formal English to introduce a relative clause. 'In which' functions as an adverbial of place, equivalent to 'where' in less formal contexts, referring back to the noun 'museum'.
中文： 「介係詞 + 關係代名詞」（in which）用於正式英文中以引導關係子句。「in which」在此處相當於關係副詞「where」，修飾先行詞「museum」（博物館），在子句中作地點狀語。
This is the house in which he was born.
這就是他出生的那棟房子。
EN： The demonstrative pronoun 'this' is used as the subject to identify a specific thing nearby or just mentioned, followed by the linking verb 'is' and a subject complement ('the museum').
中文： 指示代名詞「this」用作主詞，用來指代附近或剛提及的特定事物，後接連繫動詞「is」與主詞補語（「the museum」）。
EN： Using 'preposition + which' (like 'in which', 'with whom') is highly characteristic of formal written English or educated speech. In casual daily conversation, native speakers are much more likely to say: 'This is the museum we met in.' or 'This is the museum where we met.'
中文： 使用「介係詞 + 關係代名詞」（如 in which, with whom）是正式書面英文或教養言談的典型特徵。在日常口語中，母語人士更傾向使用較不正式的說法，例如：「This is the museum we met in.」或「This is the museum where we met。」
EN： The relative pronoun 'whose' is used to show possession. It replaces possessive adjectives (like 'his', 'her', 'their') and introduces a relative clause that describes the noun before it (the antecedent). In this sentence, 'whose art' means 'his art' (the brother's art).
中文： 關係代名詞「whose」用於表示所有格（...的）。它取代了所有格形容詞（如 his、her、their），並引導一個關係子句來修飾先行詞（前面的名詞）。在本句中，「whose art」意為「他的藝術作品」（哥哥的藝術作品）。
He is a writer whose books are read worldwide.
他是一位作品暢銷全球的作家。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses (also called non-restrictive relative clauses) are used to add extra, non-essential information about a noun. They are separated from the rest of the sentence by commas. The relative pronoun 'which' is used for things, and it cannot be replaced by 'that' in non-defining clauses.
中文： 非限定關係子句（又稱非限制性關係子句）用於對先行詞（名詞）補充額外、非必要的資訊。此類子句前後須使用逗號與主句隔開。關係代名詞 'which' 用於指代事物，且在非限定子句中不能用 'that' 代替。
The movie, which we watched last night, was hilarious.
那部電影（我們昨天晚上看的）非常搞笑。
EN： The adjective 'deep' literally refers to physical distance from the top to the bottom. However, when describing books, movies, or thoughts, it is used metaphorically to mean profound, intellectually challenging, or emotionally significant.
中文： 形容詞 'deep' 字面意思是「深的」（物理上的深度）。然而，當用來形容書本、電影或思想時，它被用作比喻，表示「有深度的」、「深奧的」或「具深遠意義的」。
His speech was short but deep.
他的演講雖然簡短，卻很有深度。
EN： The preposition + relative pronoun structure ('with whom') is used in formal English. 'Whom' is the objective case of 'who' and is used after prepositions. The preposition 'with' is placed before 'whom' to introduce the relative clause modifying 'the friend'.
中文： 「介係詞 + 關係代名詞」（如 with whom）常用於正式英文中。'whom' 是 'who' 的受格，接在介係詞後面。介係詞 'with' 置於 'whom' 之前，用來引導修飾 'the friend'（朋友）的關係子句。
He is the colleague with whom I shared the office.
他就是與我共用辦公室的那位同事。
EN： The adverb of frequency 'often' is used to describe how regularly an action happens. In this relative clause, it is placed at the end of the clause ('travel often') for emphasis, though it can also appear before the main verb ('often travel').
中文： 頻率副詞 'often'（經常）用於描述動作發生的頻率。在此關係子句中，它被置於子句末尾（travel often）以示強調，不過它也可以放在主要動詞之前（often travel）。
EN： In modern spoken English, native speakers often prefer to end sentences with prepositions and use 'who' or 'that' instead of 'whom' (e.g., 'That is the friend I travel with often'). However, using 'with whom' remains highly valued in formal writing, academic contexts, and professional communication.
中文： 在現代英語口語中，母語人士通常更傾向於將介係詞放在句尾，並用 'who' 或省略關係代名詞（例如：'That is the friend I travel with often'）。然而，在正式寫作、學術領域及商務溝通中，使用 'with whom' 依然被視為高雅且正確的標準文法。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses (also called non-restrictive relative clauses) are used to add extra, non-essential information about a noun. They are separated from the rest of the sentence by commas. The relative adverb 'where' is used here to refer to a place ('Tainan').
中文： 非限定關係子句（又稱非限制性關係子句）用於對先行詞（名詞）補充說明非必要的額外資訊。這類子句前後必須使用逗號與主句隔開。在此處，關係副詞「where」用來指代地點（「台南」）。
Paris, where we met last year, is beautiful.
巴黎，也就是我們去年相遇的地方，非常美麗。
EN： The verb 'has' is the third-person singular form of 'have', agreeing with the singular proper noun subject 'Tainan'. The non-defining relative clause 'where I grew up' does not affect the subject-verb agreement of the main clause.
中文： 動詞「has」是「have」的單數第三人稱形式，與單數專有名詞主詞「台南」達成主動詞一致性。中間插入的非限定關係子句「where I grew up」並不影響主句的主動詞單複數一致關係。
My school, which has many students, is very old.
我的學校，也就是那所有著許多學生的學校，非常古老。
EN： Tainan is the oldest city in Taiwan and was the capital for over 200 years during the Qing Dynasty. It is famous for its rich history, historic temples, traditional street food, and cultural heritage, making the phrase 'rich culture' highly appropriate.
中文： 台南是台灣歷史最悠久的城市，在清治時期曾擔任首府長達兩百多年。它以豐富的歷史、古老的廟宇、傳統街頭小吃和文化遺產而聞名，因此使用「rich culture（豐富的文化）」來形容台南非常貼切。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses (using commas) provide extra, non-essential information about a noun. If removed, the sentence still makes complete sense. The relative pronoun 'whose' is used to show possession.
中文： 非限定關係子句（前後使用逗號隔開）用於對先行詞進行補充說明，若將其省略，主句的意思依然完整。關係代名詞 'whose' 用於表示「所有格」關係（……的）。
My uncle, whose car was stolen, bought a new one.
我叔叔（他的車被偷了）買了一輛新車。
EN： The relative pronoun 'whose' replaces a possessive adjective (like 'his', 'her', 'their') and must be followed immediately by a noun ('works' in this sentence) without any article.
中文： 關係代名詞 'whose' 代替所有格代名詞（如 'his', 'her', 'their'），其後必須緊接一個名詞（本句中為 'works'），且該名詞前不加任何冠詞。
The girl, whose dog is barking, looks worried.
那個女孩（她的狗正在叫）看起來很擔心。
EN： The structure 'preposition + relative pronoun' (in this case, 'with which') is used in formal English to introduce a relative clause. The preposition 'with' is placed before 'which' instead of at the end of the clause ('which we fixed it with'). 'Which' refers back to the antecedent 'the tool'.
中文： 「介係詞 + 關係代名詞」（在此為 'with which'）常用於正式英文中以引導關係子句。介係詞 'with' 被置於 'which' 之前，而不是放在子句的末尾（即 'which we fixed it with'）。這裡的 'which' 指代先行詞 'the tool'（工具）。
This is the pen with which he wrote the letter.
這就是他用來寫那封信的鋼筆。
EN： The verb 'fix' means to repair something. It is a transitive verb that requires a direct object, which in this sentence is the pronoun 'it' referring to a previously mentioned object.
中文： 動詞 'fix' 意為修理、修復。它是一個及物動詞，後面需要接直接受詞，在本句中為代名詞 'it'，用以指代前文提及的某個事物。
I need to fix the broken chair.
我需要修理這張壞掉的椅子。
EN： Using 'preposition + which' (like 'with which', 'in which') is highly formal and more common in written English or professional contexts. In casual spoken English, native speakers are much more likely to say: 'This is the tool we fixed it with' or 'This is the tool that we used to fix it'.
中文： 使用「介係詞 + which」（例如 'with which'、'in which'）屬於非常正式的用法，較常出現於書面英文或專業場合。在日常口語中，母語人士更傾向於說：'This is the tool we fixed it with' 或 'This is the tool that we used to fix it'。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses (also called non-restrictive relative clauses) are used to add extra, non-essential information about a noun. They are separated from the rest of the sentence by commas. The relative pronoun 'who' is used for people and cannot be replaced by 'that' in non-defining clauses.
中文： 非限定關係子句（又稱非限制性關係子句）用於對先行詞（名詞）進行補充說明，提供非必要的額外資訊。這類子句前後必須使用逗號與主句隔開。引導人的關係代名詞使用 'who'，且在非限定子句中不能用 'that' 替換。
My brother, who lives in New York, is a chef.
我哥哥住在紐約，他是一位廚師。
EN： The adverb 'still' is used to describe an action or situation that continues to happen or exist, especially when this is surprising or unexpected. It usually goes before the main verb, but after the auxiliary verb or the verb 'be'.
中文： 副詞 'still'（仍然、依然）用於描述某個動作或狀態持續存在，特別是在令人驚訝或出乎意料的情況下。它通常置於一般動詞之前，但位於助動詞或 be 動詞之後。
Although it was raining, they still played soccer.
雖然下著雨，他們依然踢了足球。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses (also called non-restrictive relative clauses) are used to add extra, non-essential information about a noun. They are separated from the rest of the sentence by commas. The relative pronoun 'which' is used for things or animals, and it cannot be replaced by 'that' in non-defining clauses.
中文： 非限定關係子句（又稱非限制性關係子句）用於對先行詞（名詞）補充額外、非必要的說明。這類子句前後必須使用逗號與主句隔開。關係代名詞 'which' 用於指代事物或動物，在非限定關係子句中不能用 'that' 代替。
The book, which I bought yesterday, is very interesting.
那本書（我昨天買的）非常有趣。
EN： The adverb 'nearby' can function as an adverb meaning 'not far away' or 'close by'. It often modifies verbs of motion or position, describing where an action occurs.
中文： 副詞 'nearby' 意為「在附近」或「不遠處」。它常用於修飾表示動作或位置的動詞，用來描述動作發生的地點。
My grandparents live nearby.
我的祖父母住在附近。
EN： The prepositional relative clause structure 'preposition + whom' is used in formal English. The preposition (on) is placed before the relative pronoun (whom) which refers to a person (someone). In this structure, 'whom' cannot be replaced by 'who' or 'that', and cannot be omitted.
中文： 「介系詞 + whom」的關係子句結構用於正式英語中。介系詞（on）置於引導人（someone）的關係代名詞（whom）之前。在此結構中，'whom' 不能用 'who' 或 'that' 代替，且不能省略。
She is the colleague with whom I worked on the project.
她就是與我一同合作該專案的那位同事。
EN： The phrasal verb 'rely on' means to trust or depend on someone. When used in a relative clause with the preposition brought forward, 'on' moves to the position before 'whom', leaving 'rely' at the end of the clause.
中文： 片語動詞「rely on」意為信賴或依賴某人。當用於介系詞前置的關係子句時，「on」會移至「whom」之前，使「rely」留在子句的末尾。
They need a leader on whom they can rely during difficult times.
他們需要一位在困難時期可以信賴的領導者。
EN： The relative pronoun 'whom' is used as the object of a verb or preposition in a relative clause. In formal English, 'whom' is used instead of 'who' when referring to the object of the action (here, 'I deeply admire [him]'). The comma before 'whom' indicates a non-defining (non-restrictive) relative clause, which adds extra, non-essential information about the grandfather.
中文： 關係代名詞「whom」在關係子句中用作動詞或介係詞的受格。在正式英文中，當指代動作的受格時（此處指「我非常敬佩［他］」），會使用「whom」而非「who」。在「whom」之前的逗號表示非限定性（非限制性）關係子句，用於補充說明關於祖父的額外資訊，若省略也不影響主句的完整性。
She married a doctor, whom she met at a conference.
她嫁給了一位醫生，他們是在一次會議上認識的。
EN： The verb 'want' is followed by an infinitive ('to' + base verb) to express a desire or intention. In this sentence, 'want to tell' indicates the speaker's immediate intention to share information.
中文： 動詞「want」（想要）後面接不定詞（「to」+ 原形動詞）來表示願望或意圖。在本句中，「want to tell」表示說話者當下想要分享資訊的意圖。
They want to travel around the world next year.
他們明年想要環遊世界。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses (using 'which') add extra, non-essential information about a noun. They are separated from the main clause by a comma, and 'that' cannot be used as a replacement.
中文： 非限定子句（使用 'which'）用於對先行詞（名詞）進行補充說明，提供非必要的額外資訊。這類子句前通常會加上逗號，且不能用 'that' 來代替。
The hotel, which was built in 1920, has a beautiful garden.
這家建於 1920 年的飯店，擁有一個美麗的花園。
EN： The phrasal verb 'grow up' means to gradually become an adult. In this sentence, it is used in the simple past tense ('grew up') to describe a completed action in the past.
中文： 片語動詞 'grow up' 意為「長大、成長」。在本句中，使用過去式 'grew up' 來描述過去已經完成的動作或狀態。
She grew up in Tokyo but now lives in London.
她在東京長大，但現在住在倫敦。
EN： In English literature and storytelling, describing a town as 'sitting among green hills' evokes a classic, picturesque image of rural life, often associated with peace, simplicity, and a close connection to nature.
中文： 在英文文學與敘事中，將城鎮描述為「坐落在綠色山丘之間（sitting among green hills）」，能喚起經典且如畫般的鄉村生活意象，通常與寧靜、質樸以及與大自然的親密連結聯繫在一起。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses with 'whose' are used to add extra, non-essential information about a noun's possession. They are separated from the main clause by commas. 'Whose' functions as a possessive relative pronoun.
中文： 非限定關係子句使用「whose」來對名詞的擁有物添加額外、非必要的補充說明。這類子句前後需使用逗號與主句隔開。「whose」在此作為所有格關係代名詞。
My neighbor, whose dog barks all night, is actually very friendly.
我的鄰居（他的狗整晚都在叫）其實人非常友善。
EN： The verb 'teach' is followed by an object and an infinitive (teach someone to do something) to express instructing or training someone to perform an action.
中文： 動詞「teach」（教導）後面接賓語（受詞）與不定詞（teach someone to do something），用來表示指導或訓練某人去做某件事。
She taught her children to respect others.
她教導她的孩子們要尊重他人。
EN： The structure 'preposition + relative pronoun' (in which) is used in formal English to introduce a relative clause. 'In which' functions as an adverbial of place, equivalent to 'where', modifying the noun 'school'.
中文： 「介系詞 + 關係代名詞」（in which）用於正式英語中引導關係子句。在此處，「in which」相當於關係副詞「where」，用來修飾先行詞「school」（學校），在子句中作地點狀語。
The house in which I lived was built in 1920.
我曾住過的那棟房子建於1920年。
EN： The past simple tense ('studied', 'had') is used to describe completed actions and states in the past, establishing a historical context for the narrative.
中文： 簡單過去式（如 'studied'、'had'）用於描述過去已經完成的動作或狀態，在此處用於建立敘事的時間背景。
EN： The transition phrase 'Despite this' is used to show contrast, meaning 'in spite of what has just been mentioned'. It is followed by a comma and a main clause.
中文： 過渡片語「Despite this」（儘管如此）用於表示對比，意思是「儘管剛才提到了那樣的情況」。其後通常接逗號，再接獨立主句。
Despite this, she decided to continue her research.
儘管如此，她還是決定繼續她的研究。
EN： The non-defining relative clause introduced by ', which' is used here to refer back to the entire preceding clause ('he became a teacher') rather than just the noun 'teacher'.
中文： 由「, which」引導的非限定關係子句，在此處用於修飾前面整個子句（「他成了一名教師」），而非單指「教師」這個名詞。
He passed the exam, which made his parents very proud.
他通過了考試，這讓他的父母感到非常自豪。
EN： The structure 'preposition + whom' is used in formal English to introduce a relative clause. The preposition (here, 'with') is placed before the relative pronoun 'whom' (which acts as the object of the preposition) rather than being left at the end of the clause.
中文： 「介系詞 + whom」的結構用於正式英文中，用來引導關係子句。介系詞（此處為 with）會置於關係代名詞 whom（作為該介系詞的受格）之前，而不是留在子句的末尾。
The colleague with whom I shared the office has moved to another branch.
與我共用辦公室的那位同事已經調到另一個分部了。
EN： The subject of the main clause is 'The students' (plural), which is modified by the relative clause 'with whom he worked'. Therefore, the main verb 'remember' must agree with the plural subject and remain in its base form.
中文： 主句的主詞是「The students」（複數），由關係子句「with whom he worked」修飾。因此，主要動詞「remember」必須與複數主詞一致，使用原形動詞。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses with 'where' are used to add extra, non-essential information about a place. Unlike defining relative clauses, they are separated by a comma and 'where' cannot be replaced by 'that'.
中文： 非限定關係子句（使用 'where'）用於對地點添加額外的、非必要的補充說明。與限定關係子句不同，它們前面會加上逗號，且其中的 'where' 不能用 'that' 替換。
We visited the old library, where we found some rare books.
我們參觀了那座舊圖書館，在那裡我們發現了一些珍貴的藏書。
EN： The past simple tense is used here to describe completed actions in the past ('kept', 'grew'). It establishes a narrative about the subject's past habits or lifestyle.
中文： 此處使用過去簡單式（'kept'、'grew'）來描述過去已完成的動作。這建立了一個關於主角過去習慣或生活方式的敘述。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses (using 'which') add extra, non-essential information about a noun. They are separated by commas, and 'that' cannot be used as a replacement.
中文： 非限定關係子句（使用 'which'）用於對先行詞（名詞）進行補充說明，該資訊並非辨識該名詞所必需。此類子句前後須加上逗號，且不能用 'that' 代替。
My car, which I bought last year, is already breaking down.
我的車子（去年買的）已經開始壞了。
EN： The phrase 'be full of' is used to describe a container or space that holds a large amount of something, or a situation filled with a particular quality.
中文： 片語 'be full of'（充滿、裝滿）用於描述容器或空間裝有大量的某物，或某個情況充滿了特定的特質。
The room was full of laughter.
房間裡充滿了歡笑聲。
EN： This sentence uses a non-defining relative clause with a preposition ('to') preceding the relative pronoun ('whom'). In formal English, when a pronoun is the object of a preposition in a relative clause, the preposition is placed before 'whom'. The non-defining clause (separated by commas) adds extra information about 'Many people' without restricting their identity.
中文： 本句使用了非限定關係子句，其中介系詞（to）置於關係代名詞（whom）之前。在正式英文中，當代名詞在關係子句中作為介系詞的受格時，介系詞會放在 whom 之前。非限定子句（由逗號隔開）用來補充說明「許多人」的額外資訊，並不限制其身分。
The clients, with whom we negotiated yesterday, were very satisfied.
那些客戶非常滿意，我們昨天與他們進行了談判。
EN： The adverb 'never' is placed before the main verb 'forgot' in the past simple tense to emphasize a permanent state of remembering. 'Forgot' is the past tense of 'forget', and 'him' is the direct object.
中文： 副詞「never」（從未）置於一般過去式主要動詞「forgot」（忘記）之前，用以強調「永遠記得」的持續狀態。「forgot」是「forget」的過去式，而「him」則是直接受格。
She never forgot the advice her teacher gave her.
她從未忘記老師給她的建議。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses (using 'which') are used to add extra, non-essential information about a noun. They are separated from the rest of the sentence by commas. In this sentence, ', which no one can steal,' provides additional information about 'knowledge'.
中文： 非限定子句（使用 'which'）用於對名詞添加額外且非必要的補充說明。這類子句前後通常會加上逗號與主句隔開。在本句中，', which no one can steal,'（任何人也無法奪走的）為 'knowledge'（知識）提供了補充說明。
My car, which I bought last year, has already broken down.
我的汽車（我去年買的）已經壞了。
EN： Noun clauses introduced by 'that' function as the object of a verb (here, 'believed'). The word 'that' is a conjunction that connects the main verb to the statement being believed.
中文： 由 'that' 引導的名詞子句在句中作為動詞（此處為 'believed'）的受詞。連接詞 'that' 用於將主句動詞與所相信的內容（完整子句）連接起來。
She believes that honesty is the best policy.
她相信誠實是最好的策略。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses with 'whose': Used to provide extra, non-essential information about a person's possessions or qualities. It is separated by commas, and 'whose' acts as a possessive relative pronoun.
中文： 非限定關係子句（使用 'whose'）：用於提供關於某人所有物或特質的額外、非必要的補充說明。前後需使用逗號隔開，'whose' 在此作為所有格關係代名詞。
My teacher, whose advice I always value, has written a new book.
我的老師（我一直很看重他的建議）寫了一本新書。
EN： Noun clause with 'who I am': A nominal clause acting as the direct object of the verb 'shaped'. It uses statement word order (subject + verb) rather than question word order.
中文： 名詞子句（以 'who I am' 為例）：作為動詞 'shaped' 的直接受詞。此子句需使用陳述句語序（主詞 + 動詞），而非疑問句語序。
Her experiences made her who she is today.
她的經歷造就了今天的她。
EN： The adjective phrase 'be proud to + verb' is used to express a feeling of deep pleasure or satisfaction as a result of one's own achievements, qualities, or associations.
中文： 形容詞片語「be proud to + 動詞」用於表達因自己的成就、特質或與某事物的關聯而感到深切的自豪或滿足。
She is proud to represent her country in the Olympics.
她為能代表自己的國家參加奧運會而感到自豪。
EN： The relative clause 'that values learning' uses the relative pronoun 'that' as the subject of the clause to describe the noun 'family'. In this context, 'value' is a verb meaning to consider something to be important.
中文： 關係子句「that values learning」使用關係代名詞「that」作為該子句的主詞，用來修飾名詞「family」（家庭）。在此語境中，「value」為動詞，表示認為某事很重要（重視）。
We want to build a society that values equality.
我們想要建立一個重視平等的社會。
EN： In many cultures, expressing pride in one's family background and upbringing is a common way to share personal values. Highlighting 'learning' or education as a core family value reflects a widespread respect for personal growth and academic achievement.
中文： 在許多文化中，表達對自己家庭背景和教養的自豪是分享個人價值觀的常見方式。強調「學習」或教育作為家庭的核心價值，反映了社會對個人成長和學術成就的廣泛重視。
EN： The sentence contains a relative clause 'you admire most' (with the relative pronoun 'whom' or 'that' omitted) modifying the noun 'person'. In English, when the relative pronoun acts as the object of the relative clause, it can be omitted.
中文： 本句包含一個關係子句「you admire most」（省略了關係代名詞 whom 或 that），用來修飾先行詞「person」（人）。在英文中，當關係代名詞在關係子句中擔任受格時，通常可以省略。
This is the book I love most.
這是我最喜歡的一本書。
EN： The word 'most' is used here as an adverb meaning 'to the greatest extent' or 'extremely', modifying the verb 'admire'.
中文： 「most」在此處用作副詞，表示「最、最大程度地」，用來修飾動詞「admire」（崇拜、欣賞）。
What do you like most about this city?
你最喜歡這座城市的什麼地方？
EN： In English-speaking cultures, asking about role models or people one admires is a common icebreaker or deep conversation starter. Addressing the listener by their first name ('Emma') at the end of the question adds a personal, friendly, and engaging touch to the dialogue.
中文： 在英語系國家中，詢問對方的榜樣或崇拜的人是常見的社交破冰話題，能引導出較深度的對話。在問句句尾加上對方的名字（如「Emma」），能增添親切感，使對話顯得更真誠且具互動性。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses (using 'who') provide extra, non-essential information about a person. They are separated from the main clause by commas, and the relative pronoun 'who' cannot be replaced by 'that'.
中文： 非限定關係子句（使用 'who'）用來提供關於某人額外的、非必要的補充資訊。這種子句前後需使用逗號與主句隔開，且關係代名詞 'who' 在此不能用 'that' 替換。
My brother, who lives in New York, is a doctor.
我的哥哥（他住在紐約）是一位醫生。
EN： The verb 'run' can mean to manage, operate, or conduct a business or organization (such as a clinic, shop, or company).
中文： 動詞 'run' 除了「跑步」之外，還可以表示經營、管理或運作一個機構或事業（例如診所、商店或公司）。
She runs a small bakery in the city center.
她在市中心經營一家小麵包店。
EN： The relative adverb 'where' is used to introduce an adjective clause (relative clause) that modifies a noun of place (in this case, 'the town'). It functions as an adverbial of place within the clause, meaning 'in/at which'.
中文： 關係副詞「where」用於引導形容詞子句（關係子句），用來修飾表示地點的名詞（在此句中為「the town」）。它在子句中充當地方副詞，相當於「in/at which」。
The library where we study closes at nine.
我們學習的那間圖書館九點關門。
EN： The passive voice 'was born' is used to express the event of someone's birth. In English, 'born' is a past participle, and it always requires a form of the verb 'be' (usually in the past tense 'was/were' for past events).
中文： 被動語態「was born」用於表達某人的出生。在英文中，「born」是過去分詞，通常需要與 be 動詞連用（在過去事件中通常使用過去式「was/were」）。
He was born in a small village.
他出生在一個小村莊。
EN： The relative pronoun 'whose' is used to show possession. It replaces possessive adjectives (like 'his', 'her', 'their') and connects a relative clause to a noun (the antecedent). In this sentence, 'whose' refers to 'the writer' and indicates that the stories belong to that writer.
中文： 關係代名詞「whose」用於表示所有格（所有關係）。它取代了所有格形容詞（如 his、her、their），並將關係子句連接到先行詞。在本句中，「whose」指代「the writer」（作家），表示這些故事是屬於該作家的。
She is the artist whose paintings are displayed in the gallery.
她就是那位畫作在畫廊展出的藝術家。
EN： The verb 'move' in this context means to evoke a strong emotional reaction, such as sadness, sympathy, or gratitude. It is a transitive verb that directly takes an object (in this case, 'me').
中文： 動詞「move」在此語境中表示「使感動」或「觸動」，激起強烈的的情感反應（如悲傷、同情或感激）。它是一個及物動詞，後面直接接賓語（在此處為「me」）。
The beautiful music moved the audience to tears.
這首優美的音樂讓觀眾感動落淚。
EN： The structure 'preposition + relative pronoun' (in this case, 'with which') is used in formal English to introduce a relative clause. The preposition 'with' is placed before 'which' instead of at the end of the sentence ('which I took the photo with'). 'Which' refers back to the inanimate noun 'the camera'.
中文： 「介係詞 + 關係代名詞」（在此為 'with which'）用於正式英文中以引導關係子句。介係詞 'with' 被置於 'which' 之前，而不是放在句尾（即 'which I took the photo with'）。這裡的 'which' 指代前面非生物的先行詞 'the camera'（相機）。
This is the pen with which he wrote the letter.
這就是他用來寫那封信的筆。
EN： The verb phrase 'take a photo' (or 'take the photo') is the standard collocation in English meaning to capture an image using a camera. The preposition 'with' is used to indicate the instrument or tool (the camera) used to perform this action.
中文： 動詞片語 'take a photo'（或 'take the photo'）是英文中表示用相機拍攝照片的標準搭配詞。介係詞 'with' 用於指示執行此動作所使用的工具或儀器（相機）。
She took a beautiful photo of the sunset.
她拍了一張美麗的日落照片。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses (also called non-restrictive relative clauses) are used to add extra, non-essential information about a noun. They are separated from the rest of the sentence by commas. The relative pronoun 'who' is used for people and cannot be replaced by 'that' in non-defining clauses.
中文： 非限定關係子句（又稱非限制性關係子句）用於對先行詞（名詞）進行補充說明，提供非必要的額外資訊。這類子句前後必須使用逗號與主句隔開。引導人的關係代名詞使用 'who'，且在非限定子句中不能用 'that' 代替。
My uncle, who lives in New York, is a doctor.
我的叔叔（他住在紐約）是一位醫生。
EN： The adverb 'still' is used to describe an action or situation that continues to happen or exist, especially when this is surprising or unexpected. It is typically placed before the main verb, but after the auxiliary verb or verb 'to be'.
中文： 副詞 'still'（仍然）用於描述某個動作或狀態持續發生或存在，特別是用於表達某事出乎意料地仍在進行。它通常放在一般動詞之前，但放在助動詞或 be 動詞之後。
Although it was late, they still continued working.
雖然時間很晚了，他們仍然繼續工作。
EN： In English-speaking academic and professional cultures, keeping in touch with retired teachers or mentors via email is a common and respected way to maintain professional networks and show ongoing appreciation.
中文： 在英語系的學術與職場文化中，透過電子郵件與已退休的老師或導師保持聯繫，是一種非常常見且受人尊重的做法，用以維繫人際網路並表達持續的感激之情。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses (using 'which') add extra, non-essential information about a noun. They are separated from the main sentence by commas. If removed, the sentence still makes complete sense.
中文： 非限定關係子句（使用 'which'）用於對先行詞（名詞）進行補充說明，提供非必要的額外資訊。這類子句前後通常會加上逗號，若將其省略，主句的意思依然完整。
The book, which I bought yesterday, is very interesting.
那本書（我昨天買的）非常有趣。
EN： The past simple tense is used here ('opened') to describe a completed action that happened at a specific time in the past ('last year').
中文： 此處使用過去簡單式（'opened'）來描述在過去特定時間（'last year'，去年）已經完成的動作。
The museum opened last month.
這間博物館上個月開幕了。
EN： The structure 'preposition + whom' is used in formal English. The preposition (here, 'on') is placed before the relative pronoun 'whom' (which refers to a person, 'a friend') to introduce an adjective clause. In casual English, the preposition is usually placed at the end of the clause (e.g., 'who/whom I can rely on').
中文： 「介系詞 + whom」的結構用於正式英語中。介系詞（此處為 'on'）置於關係代名詞 'whom'（指代人，即 'a friend'）之前，用以引導形容詞子句。在口語或非正式英語中，介系詞通常會放在子句的末尾（例如：'who/whom I can rely on'）。
She is the colleague with whom I worked on the project.
她就是與我一同合作該專案的那位同事。
EN： The phrasal verb 'rely on' means to trust or depend on someone or something. When used in a relative clause with a preposition placed forward, 'on' moves to the front of the relative pronoun 'whom'.
中文： 片語動詞 'rely on' 意為信任或依賴某人或某事。當用於介系詞前置的關係子句中時，'on' 會移至關係代名詞 'whom' 的前面。
We need a leader on whom we can depend during hard times.
我們需要一位在艱難時期可以依賴的領導者。
EN： In modern spoken English, the pronoun 'whom' is increasingly rare, often replaced by 'who' or omitted entirely (e.g., 'He is a friend I can rely on'). However, using 'on whom' remains highly valued in formal writing, academic contexts, and professional speeches as a sign of precise grammar.
中文： 在現代英語口語中，代名詞 'whom' 越來越罕見，通常會被 'who' 取代或完全省略（例如：'He is a friend I can rely on'）。然而，在正式寫作、學術領域和專業演講中，使用 'on whom' 仍被視為語法精準的象徵，非常受到重視。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses with 'where' are used to add extra, non-essential information about a place. They are separated from the main clause by commas. Unlike defining relative clauses, the relative pronoun 'where' cannot be replaced by 'that' in this structure.
中文： 使用 'where' 的非限制性關係子句（補述用法）用於對地點添加額外的、非必要的補充說明。這類子句前後須使用逗號與主句隔開。與限制性關係子句不同，在此結構中，關係副詞 'where' 不能用 'that' 來替換。
The park, where we had our first picnic, is beautiful.
那座公園非常美麗，我們第一次野餐就是在那裡。
EN： The simple present tense is used here to express a regular schedule or timetable (closes at nine). When a singular noun (the library) is the subject, the verb takes the third-person singular ending '-s' or '-es'.
中文： 此處使用現在簡單式來表示規律的日程表或時間表（九點關門）。當單數名詞（the library）作為主詞時，動詞須使用第三人稱單數變化，即加上 '-s' 或 '-es'。
The train departs at eight.
火車在八點出發。
EN： The relative pronoun 'whose' is used to show possession. It replaces a possessive adjective (like 'their') and introduces a relative clause that describes the noun before it ('People'). In this sentence, 'whose hearts are kind' is a defining relative clause modifying 'People'.
中文： 關係代名詞「whose」用於表示所有格（...的）。它取代了所有格形容詞（如「their」），並引導一個關係子句來修飾前面的名詞（「People」）。在本句中，「whose hearts are kind」是一個限定關係子句，用來修飾「People」（人們）。
That is the writer whose stories moved me.
那就是那位故事感動了我的作家。
EN： Subject-Verb Agreement with Relative Clauses: When a relative clause modifies a plural subject ('People'), the main verb of the sentence ('change') must also agree with the plural subject, not the singular noun inside the relative clause.
中文： 關係子句的主詞與動詞一致性：當關係子句修飾一個複數主詞（「People」）時，句子的主要動詞（「change」）也必須與該複數主詞保持一致，而不是與關係子句內部的單數名詞一致。
Students whose homework is finished can leave early.
作業已經完成的學生可以提早離開。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 鼓舞、啟發，激發某人的創作靈感或積極性
在本文中： 文化，指特定社會或群體的歷史、藝術、信仰及生活方式
在本文中： 已退休的，指因達到一定年齡而停止全職工作
在本文中： 信賴、依靠，指對某人或某事有信心並寄予期望
在本文中： 欽佩、仰慕，對某人的品質或成就表示讚賞
在本文中： 終身的、一輩子的，持續一生的
在本文中： 仁慈、好意，善意的行為或品質
在本文中： 財富，這裡指精神上的財產或寶貴的知識
在本文中： 智慧，指基於經驗和知識做出正確判斷的能力
在本文中： 重視、珍視，認為某事非常重要
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
To gradually become an adult.
長大、成長
To put a lot of effort and energy into a task or goal.
努力工作、辛勤勞動
To influence and form someone's character, beliefs, or personality over time.
塑造了現在的我、決定了我的個性