EN： The coordinating conjunction 'but' is used to connect two independent clauses to show a contrast or contradiction between the two ideas.
中文： 對等連接詞「but」用於連接兩個獨立子句，以顯示兩個想法之間的對比或矛盾。
The weather was cold, but the sun was shining brightly.
天氣很冷，但陽光燦爛。
EN： The verb 'wish' can be used as a ditransitive verb, meaning it takes two objects: an indirect object (the person) and a direct object (the thing desired).
中文： 動詞「wish」可作為授與動詞（雙賓動詞）使用，意即它接兩個受詞：間接受詞（人）和直接受詞（渴望的事物）。
I wish you a Merry Christmas.
我祝你聖誕快樂。
EN： In Western culture, commencement speeches are traditionally uplifting and optimistic. Jensen Huang's approach of wishing 'pain' and 'suffering' is a subversion of this trope, emphasizing resilience and the reality of the tech industry.
中文： 在西方文化中，畢業典禮演講傳統上是令人振奮且樂觀的。黃仁勳祝願「痛苦」和「磨難」的做法顛覆了這種陳規，強調了韌性以及科技產業的現實面。
EN： The verb 'hope' is followed by a noun clause (that-clause) acting as the direct object. In casual or direct speech, the conjunction 'that' is often omitted.
中文： 動詞「hope」（希望）後面接一個名詞子句（that 子句）作為受詞。在口語或直接表達中，連接詞「that」通常會被省略。
I hope you succeed.
我希望你成功。
EN： The Present Simple tense is used here to express a sincere wish or a general state of desire in the present moment.
中文： 這裡使用現在簡單式來表達說話者當下的真誠願望或一種普遍的渴望狀態。
I hope they arrive safely.
我希望他們平安抵達。
EN： In a typical graduation speech, speakers offer platitudes about happiness and success. Jensen Huang uses 'subversive wisdom' by wishing for suffering, redefining it as a necessary tool for building character and resilience in the business world.
中文： 在典型的畢業演講中，演講者通常會說些關於快樂與成功的陳腔濫調。黃仁勳在此運用了「顛覆性智慧」，透過祝福畢業生受苦，將痛苦重新定義為在商業世界中磨練性格與韌性的必要工具。
EN： The 'not A, but B' structure is used to contrast two ideas, emphasizing that the second part (B) is the correct or intended one instead of the first part (A).
中文： 「not A, but B」（不是 A，而是 B）結構用於對比兩個概念，強調第二部分 (B) 才是正確或預期的，而非第一部分 (A)。
Success is not a matter of luck, but a result of hard work.
成功並非運氣問題，而是努力的結果。
EN： A relative clause starting with 'that' is used here to define or provide essential information about the noun 'discomfort'.
中文： 此處使用由 'that' 引導的關係子句來定義或提供關於名詞 'discomfort'（不適/磨練）的必要資訊。
He made a decision that changed his entire life.
他做了一個改變他一生的決定。
EN： In Western commencement speeches, it is common to wish graduates 'good luck' or 'happiness.' Jensen Huang's subversion of this trope by wishing them 'suffering' highlights a cultural value in the tech industry (especially Silicon Valley): that resilience and character are forged through failure and hardship.
中文： 在西方的畢業典禮演講中，通常會祝畢業生「好運」或「快樂」。黃仁勳反其道而行，祝他們「受苦」，這突顯了科技產業（特別是矽谷）的一種文化價值觀：韌性與人格特質是透過失敗與艱辛磨練出來的。
EN： The verb 'involve' is often followed by a gerund (V-ing) or a noun phrase to indicate what a situation or activity includes as a necessary part.
中文： 動詞 'involve'（包含/涉及）後面通常接動名詞 (V-ing) 或名詞短語，用來表示某個情況或活動所包含的必要組成部分。
The project involves working closely with international teams.
這個專案涉及與國際團隊緊密合作。
EN： Parallel structure with gerunds: 'choosing' and 'failing' are both gerunds acting as objects of the preposition 'of', ensuring grammatical balance.
中文： 動名詞的平行結構：'choosing' 和 'failing' 都是動名詞，作為介係詞 'of' 的受詞，確保句法平衡。
She enjoys swimming in the ocean and running on the beach.
她喜歡在海裡游泳和在沙灘上跑步。
EN： In Western commencement speeches, it is traditional to offer optimistic advice. Jensen Huang's approach is a subversion of this trope, emphasizing 'resilience' through suffering, which aligns with the high-pressure, high-reward culture of Silicon Valley tech giants like NVIDIA.
中文： 在西方的畢業典禮演講中，傳統上多提供樂觀的建議。黃仁勳的演講顛覆了這種陳腔濫調，強調透過磨難培養「韌性」，這與輝達等矽谷科技巨頭高壓力、高回報的文化相契合。
EN： The use of 'that' as a conjunction to introduce a noun clause. Here, it functions as the direct object of the verb 'explained', providing the content of the explanation.
中文： 使用 'that' 作為連接詞來引導名詞子句。在此句中，它作為動詞 'explained' 的直接受詞，用來交代解釋的具體內容。
She realized that hard work was the key to success.
她意識到努力工作是成功的關鍵。
EN： Passive Voice (is formed by): Used to emphasize the result or the process rather than the doer. The structure is 'be + past participle'.
中文： 被動語態 (is formed by)：用於強調結果或過程而非執行者。結構為「be 動詞 + 過去分詞」。
The diamond is formed by intense pressure over millions of years.
鑽石是由數百萬年的高壓所形成的。
EN： This sentence reflects a core philosophy of Jensen Huang, the CEO of NVIDIA. In American business culture, especially in Silicon Valley, there is a strong emphasis on 'resilience' and 'grit'—the idea that failure and struggle are not just obstacles, but essential components of building a strong character and a successful company.
中文： 這句話反映了輝達 (NVIDIA) 執行長黃仁勳的核心哲學。在美國商業文化，特別是矽谷，非常強調「韌性」與「毅力」。這種觀念認為失敗與奮鬥不僅僅是障礙，更是塑造強大品格與成功企業不可或缺的要素。
EN： The Passive Voice (be + past participle) is used to emphasize the person or thing affected by an action. In 'is formed out of', it highlights the process of character development rather than the creator.
中文： 被動語態（be 動詞 + 過去分詞）用於強調受動作影響的人或事物。在 'is formed out of' 中，它強調了人格特質發展的過程，而非創造者本身。
A strong team is formed out of mutual trust and hard work.
一支強大的團隊是由相互信任與努力所組成的。
EN： The phrase 'come from' is used to indicate the origin or source of a quality or state. It suggests that greatness is a result or byproduct of one's character.
中文： 片語 'come from' 用於表示某種特質或狀態的起源或來源。這暗示了偉大是一個人人格特質的結果或副產品。
True confidence comes from experience and preparation.
真正的自信來自於經驗與準備。
EN： This quote is from Jensen Huang's 2024 commencement speech at Stanford University. It reflects a core philosophy in Silicon Valley leadership: 'resilience' is often valued more than raw talent. Huang, the founder of NVIDIA, emphasizes that enduring hardship is essential for building the character needed to lead a successful company.
中文： 這段話出自黃仁勳（Jensen Huang）2024年在史丹佛大學的畢業演講。它反映了矽谷領導力的一個核心哲學：『韌性』往往比純粹的天賦更受重視。作為輝達（NVIDIA）的創辦人，黃仁勳強調，忍受艱辛對於建立領導成功企業所需的人格特質至關重要。
EN： The use of 'when' as a relative adverb to introduce a relative clause that describes a specific time or situation (in this case, 'a story about when...').
中文： 使用 'when' 作為關係副詞，引導一個關係子句來描述特定的時間或情況（在此句中為「一個關於...的時候的故事」）。
I remember the day when we first met.
我記得我們第一次見面的那天。
EN： The phrasal verb 'bet everything on' means to risk all available resources on a single venture or outcome.
中文： 片語動詞 'bet everything on' 意為「孤注一擲」或「將全部籌碼押在...上」，指在單一冒險或結果上投入所有資源。
The young entrepreneur decided to bet everything on his new invention.
這位年輕的企業家決定將一切押在他的新發明上。
EN： This sentence refers to a pivotal moment in the history of NVIDIA. In the tech industry, 'betting the company' on a single product is a common narrative of high-risk, high-reward leadership, often associated with iconic founders like Jensen Huang.
中文： 這句話提到了輝達歷史上的一個關鍵時刻。在科技產業中，「將公司命運押在單一產品上」是高風險、高回報領導風格的常見敘事，這通常與黃仁勳等指標性創辦人聯繫在一起。
EN： The relative adverb 'when' is used to introduce a relative clause that provides more information about a noun expressing time (in this case, 'many days').
中文： 關係副詞 'when' 用於引導關係子句，用來修飾表示時間的名詞（在此句中為 'many days'）。
I remember the year when we first started the business.
我記得我們剛開始創業的那一年。
EN： The conjunction 'whether' is used to introduce a noun clause expressing doubt or a choice between two possibilities, often functioning as the object of a preposition or verb.
中文： 連字號 'whether' 用於引導名詞子句，表達懷疑或在兩種可能性中做選擇，通常作為介系詞或動詞的受詞。
She was unsure whether the plan would work.
她不確定這個計畫是否會奏效。
EN： This sentence reflects the high-stakes environment of Silicon Valley startups, where even successful companies like NVIDIA faced existential threats. Jensen Huang often speaks about these 'near-death' experiences to emphasize resilience.
中文： 這句話反映了矽谷創業公司高風險的環境，即使是像輝達（NVIDIA）這樣成功的公司也曾面臨生存威脅。黃仁勳經常談論這些「瀕死體驗」來強調韌性的重要性。
EN： Relative Clauses with 'that': A relative clause provides more information about a noun. In this sentence, 'that has nearly died' describes the 'company'.
中文： 關係子句 (Relative Clauses)：使用 'that' 引導的關係子句用來修飾前面的名詞。在此句中，'that has nearly died' 用來補充說明 'company'（公司）的狀態。
A person who never makes mistakes never tries anything new.
一個從不犯錯的人，從不嘗試任何新事物。
EN： Present Perfect Tense (has died): Used here within the relative clause to describe a state or action that occurred in the past but has strong relevance to the present identity of the subject.
中文： 現在完成式 (Present Perfect Tense)：在此關係子句中使用 'has + 過去分詞'，描述過去發生但與現在狀態密切相關的經歷（瀕臨倒閉的經驗）。
The team has finished the project ahead of schedule.
團隊已經提前完成了這項專案。
EN： This sentence reflects the Silicon Valley ethos of 'failing forward.' In the context of Jensen Huang and NVIDIA, it emphasizes that near-failure is not a setback but a foundational experience that builds resilience and strategic caution.
中文： 這句話反映了矽谷「從失敗中前進」的文化特質。在黃仁勳與輝達的背景下，它強調「瀕臨失敗」並非挫折，而是一個能建立韌性與策略性謹慎的基礎經驗。
EN： Relative Clause (Adjective Clause): The phrase 'who has nearly lost everything' acts as an adjective to describe the noun 'A founder'. It uses the relative pronoun 'who' to provide essential information about the subject.
中文： 關係子句（形容詞子句）：短語「who has nearly lost everything」充當形容詞來修飾名詞「A founder」（一位創辦人）。它使用關係代名詞「who」來提供關於主詞的必要資訊。
A student who studies hard will pass the exam.
一位努力學習的學生將會通過考試。
EN： Noun Clause as Object: 'what matters most for long-term success' functions as a noun clause, serving as the direct object of the verb 'learns'. It starts with the wh-word 'what'.
中文： 名詞子句作為受詞：「what matters most for long-term success」作為一個名詞子句，擔任動詞「learns」的直接受詞。它以疑問詞「what」開頭。
She knows what is important for her health.
她知道什麼對她的健康是重要的。
EN： This sentence reflects a common theme in Silicon Valley entrepreneurship: the value of failure. In many business cultures, failure is seen as a source of shame, but in the context of leaders like Jensen Huang, it is viewed as a 'foundation' for future resilience and wisdom.
中文： 這句話反映了矽谷創業文化中的一個共同主題：失敗的價值。在許多商業文化中，失敗被視為恥辱，但在像黃仁勳這樣的領導者語境下，失敗被視為未來韌性和智慧的「基石」。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 畢業典禮
在本文中： 充足的、大量的
在本文中： 悲劇、不幸的事
在本文中： 不適、不安
在本文中： 挫折、沮喪
在本文中： 人格、品質、性格
在本文中： 破產的
在本文中： 生存、挺過（難關）
在本文中： 基礎、地基
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
To risk all of one's resources or efforts on a single venture or outcome.
孤注一擲、把一切賭在...上
To be created or developed from specific materials, experiences, or groups of people.
由...形塑而成
Achievement or prosperity that continues over a long period of time.
長期成功