EN： The verb 'tell' often takes the pattern 'tell someone to do something', which functions as an order, instruction, or request. Here, 'Half of Their Staff' is the object, and 'to Work from Home' is the object complement (infinitive clause).
中文： 動詞「tell」常搭配「tell + 受詞 + to 不定詞」的句型，表示「吩咐／要求某人去做某事」。在此句中，「Half of Their Staff」是受詞，「to Work from Home」則是不定詞片語作受詞補語。
The manager told us to submit the report before Friday.
經理吩咐我們在週五前提交報告。
EN： The conjunction 'as' here indicates a simultaneous change or progression, meaning 'while' or 'at the same time that'. It introduces an adverbial clause of time/manner ('as Smog Gets Worse'). In news headlines, the simple present tense ('Gets') is conventionally used instead of continuous tenses to describe ongoing events.
中文： 從屬連接詞「as」在此表示「隨著……」或「正當……之際」，引導時間／狀態變化的副詞子句（as Smog Gets Worse）。在英文新聞標題中，習慣使用現在簡單式（如 Gets）來表達正在發展中的情況，以增加即時性與簡潔感。
As temperatures rise, more people stay indoors.
隨著氣溫上升，越來越多人待在室內。
EN： Every winter, the National Capital Region of Delhi faces hazardous air pollution (smog) caused by vehicle emissions, industrial pollution, cool weather that traps smoke, and crop stubble burning in surrounding states. The government frequently enforces emergency protocols like odd-even vehicle schemes, school closures, and 'work from home' directives for government offices to lower vehicle counts.
中文： 每年冬季，德里國家首都轄區都會面臨嚴重的空氣污染（霧霾），主因包括汽機車廢氣、工業排放、冬季逆溫滯留煙塵以及鄰近邦的焚燒農作秸稈。政府常採取緊急應對措施，例如車輛單雙號限行、學校停課以及政府機關「居家辦公（work from home）」，以減少路面車流量和排放量。
EN： The structure 'order + object + to-infinitive' is used to express commanding or instructing someone to perform an action.
中文： 「order + 受詞 + 不定詞 (to + 原形動詞)」結構，表示「命令／要求某人去做某事」。
The manager ordered the team to submit the reports before noon.
經理命令團隊在中午之前提交報告。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'because of + noun/noun phrase' is used to show reason or cause. Unlike 'because', which introduces a full clause (subject + verb), 'because of' must be followed by a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase.
中文： 介系詞片語「because of + 名詞／名詞片語」用來表示原因。與引導完整子句（主詞 + 動詞）的「because」不同，「because of」後面必須接名詞、代名詞或名詞片語。
The flight was canceled because of bad weather.
航班因惡劣天氣而取消。
EN： Delhi frequently experiences hazardous smog and high Air Quality Index (AQI) levels during early winter. To curb vehicular emissions, government authorities often introduce emergency policies such as remote work mandates, odd-even driving schemes, and construction bans.
中文： 德里在初冬季節經常面臨嚴重的霧霾與極高的空氣品質指標（AQI）。為減少車輛廢氣排放，政府部門常啟動緊急應對措施，例如公務人員居家辦公、車牌單雙號限行以及禁止建築施工等。
EN： The present perfect tense ('has covered') is formed with 'have/has' + past participle. It indicates an action that happened in the past and has direct relevance or visible results in the present.
中文： 現在完成式（has covered）由「have/has + 過去分詞」構成，表示過去發生且對現在仍有直接影響或呈現當前結果的動作。
Heavy snow has blocked the main road.
大雪封閉了主要道路。
EN： The conjunction 'that' introduces a noun clause functioning as the direct object of the verb 'hope', expressing what the officials are hoping for.
中文： 由連接詞「that」引導的名詞子句作為動詞「hope」的受詞，用來說明官員所期望的具體內容。
Doctors hope that the patient will recover quickly.
醫生們希望該名病患能迅速康復。
EN： In many large global capitals like Delhi, severe winter smog often prompts emergency responses such as odd-even vehicle rotation, encouraging telecommuting (work-from-home), or closing schools to reduce vehicular emissions and public exposure.
中文： 在許多全球大型首都（如德里），冬季嚴重的煙霧（smog）常引發緊急應對措施，例如車牌單雙號限行、鼓勵居家辦公（WFH）或停課，以減少車輛廢氣排放並保護民眾健康。
EN： A non-defining relative clause introduced by ', which' is used here to add extra information about the entire preceding clause or the number mentioned. The pronoun 'which' acts as the subject of the clause, referring back to the fact that the index reached 403.
中文： 此處使用逗號加上「which」引導的非限定關係子句（Non-defining Relative Clause），用來補充說明前面整件事（空氣品質指標達到 403）。在子句中，「which」作主詞，指代前面的整句事實。
The factory reduced its emissions by 30%, which helped clear the city's air.
該工廠減少了 30% 的排放量，這有助於淨化城市的空氣。
EN： The structure 'place + object + in + category' means to classify or categorize someone or something into a specific group or level.
中文： 動詞片語「place + 受詞 + in + 類別/等級」，表示「將……歸入／列入……等級或類別」。
His test scores placed him in the top percentile of applicants.
他的測驗成績使他名列前茅，進入頂尖申請者的行列。
EN： The Air Quality Index (AQI) in India is categorized into six bands: Good (0–50), Satisfactory (51–100), Moderate (101–200), Poor (201–300), Very Poor (301–400), and Severe (401–500). Readings above 400 are considered hazardous, affecting healthy people and severely impacting those with existing respiratory conditions.
中文： 印度的空氣品質指標（AQI）分為六個等級：良好（0–50）、滿意（51–100）、中度（101–200）、差（201–300）、非常差（301–400）與嚴重（401–500）。AQI 超過 400 屬於「嚴重（Severe）」等級，不僅會加劇呼吸道疾病患者的病情，也會對健康人群的健康造成明顯威脅。
EN： The past perfect tense ('had + past participle') is used here with the preposition 'by' to show that an action was completed before a specific point in the past ('by four in the afternoon').
中文： 過去完成式（had + 過去分詞）常與介系詞「by + 過去時間點」搭配使用，表示在過去某個特定時間點之前已經完成或持續發展的動作或狀態。
By noon, the rain had stopped completely.
到了中午，雨已經完全停了。
EN： The coordinating conjunction 'but' links two independent clauses with contrasting ideas. Notice the comma preceding 'but' when connecting two complete clauses.
中文： 對等連接詞「but」用來連接兩個語意對比的獨立子句。在連接兩個完整子句時，通常在 but 前面加上逗號。
He studied hard for the test, but he was still nervous.
他為了考試努力讀書，但他仍然很緊張。
EN： In India's National Air Quality Index (AQI), ratings are classified into specific bands: 'Good' (0-50), 'Satisfactory' (51-100), 'Moderate' (101-200), 'Poor' (201-300), 'Very Poor' (301-400), and 'Severe' (401-500). Thus, quotation marks are used around 'very poor' because it represents an official AQI classification category.
中文： 在印度的國家空氣品質指標（AQI）中，空氣等級有官方明確分級：良好（0-50）、滿意（51-100）、中度（101-200）、差（201-300）、非常差（301-400）與嚴重（401-500）。因此句中的 'very poor' 帶有引號，代表它是官方規範的特定評級名稱。
EN： Passive Voice in Past Simple ('were + past participle'): The passive voice is used when the focus is on the action or the result (the directives being issued) rather than who performed it. The agent is introduced using the preposition 'by'.
中文： 過去簡單式的被動語態（were + 過去分詞）：當表達重點在於動作本身或其結果（指令被發布），而非執行者時，會使用被動語態。執行動作的人或主體則置於介系詞「by」之後。
The new guidelines were introduced by the school principal yesterday.
這些新指引是昨天由校長介紹的。
EN： Official Titles as Appositives/Pre-modifiers: Job titles such as 'Environment Minister' and 'Transport Minister' can be placed directly before personal names without a comma or article when used as official designations.
中文： 職稱作前置修飾語：像是「Environment Minister」（環境部長）與「Transport Minister」（交通部長）等正式職銜，可以直接放在人名前面作為修飾或稱謂，中間不需加逗號或冠詞。
Finance Minister Sarah Jenkins announced the tax cut this morning.
財政部長莎拉·詹金斯今早宣布了減稅措施。
EN： In Indian news media and political administration, cabinet ministers frequently issue joint directives when dealing with complex crises like Delhi's smog, which intertwines vehicular emissions (Transport) with broader ecological measures (Environment). The surname 'Singh' is extremely common among Sikhs and Northern Indians, often requiring full names and official portfolios to avoid confusion.
中文： 在印度的政治治理與新聞報導中，面對如德里霧霾這類跨部門危機時，相關部會常會聯合發布指令；此處結合了主管車輛管制的交通部與負責空污防制的環境部。此外，「辛格」（Singh）是北印度及錫克社群極為常見的姓氏，因此報導中必定會完整列出全名及所屬部長職銜以便區隔。
EN： The structure 'be meant to + base verb' is used to express the intended purpose, goal, or design of an action, rule, or measure.
中文： 「be meant to + 原形動詞」表示某事物「旨在……」或「目的是……」，常用於描述政策、措施或工具的設計初衷或預期目的。
These new traffic rules are meant to keep pedestrians safe.
這些新的交通規則旨在維護行人的安全。
EN： The reporting verb 'explain' is followed by a 'that'-noun clause acting as the direct object, reporting information or reasoning.
中文： 轉述動詞（Reporting Verb）如「explain」後方接由「that」引導的名詞子句，作為主要動詞的受詞，用來說明或轉述詳細的事實與理由。
The scientist explained that the temperature would rise sharply.
該科學家解釋說氣溫將會急劇上升。
EN： The verb 'apply' followed by the preposition 'to' means 'to concern or affect someone or something'. In this context, 'applies to workers' indicates that only this specific group of people is affected by the rule.
中文： 動詞「apply」搭配介系詞「to」（apply to...），表示「適用於……」或「與……相關」。在此處，「applies to workers」表示該項命令僅對特定群體（員工）產生效力。
This special discount only applies to students with valid ID cards.
此項特別折扣僅適用於持有有效學生證的學生。
EN： The conjunction 'that' introduces a noun clause functioning as the direct object of the reporting verb 'said'. It allows the speaker to report the content of what the official stated.
中文： 連接詞「that」引導名詞子句，作為轉述動詞「said」的受詞，用來說明該官員所陳述的具體內容。
The manager said that the meeting would start at ten o'clock.
經理表示會議將於十點整開始。
EN： The 'Delhi Secretariat' (德里秘書處) is the headquarters of the Government of the National Capital Territory of Delhi, housing the offices of the Chief Minister and cabinet ministers. In news reports about administrative measures in Delhi, distinguishing between secretariat staff and essential workers (like hospital or emergency personnel) is common practice during severe smog crises.
中文： 「德里秘書處」（Delhi Secretariat）是德里國家首都轄區政府的行政總部，設有首席部長及內閣部長的辦公室。在德里應對嚴重霧霾的行政命令報導中，政府常會區分行政機關員工與必要服務人員（如醫院醫護或緊急救護人員），前者可實施居家辦公，而後者則需照常到勤。
EN： Passive Voice (be + past participle): The sentence uses two passive constructions: 'are not included' and 'is considered'. Passive voice shifts the focus from who performs the action to the person or thing receiving the action.
中文： 被動語態（be 動詞 + 過去分詞）：本句包含兩個被動結構「are not included」（不包含在內）與「is considered」（被視為）。被動語態將焦點從「執行動作的人」轉移到「接受動作的對象或事物」上。
Public transport drivers are not affected by the new rule.
大眾運輸司機不受新規定影響。
EN： Adverbial Clause of Reason with 'because': 'Because' introduces a subordinate clause explaining the reason or cause for the action in the main clause.
中文： 由 because 引導的原因狀語從句（副詞子句）：「because」連接附屬子句，用來解釋主要子句中動作或狀態發生的原因與理由。
Schools remain open, because education is crucial for children.
學校維持開放，因為教育對孩子來說至關重要。
EN： In government emergencies such as severe pollution or pandemics, 'essential services' refers to critical functions—like healthcare, public transit, and emergency response—that cannot shut down or shift to remote work without risking public health and safety.
中文： 在面臨嚴重空污或疫情等政府緊急狀況時，「essential services（必要服務/民生關鍵服務）」指醫療、大眾運輸與緊急救援等不可中斷的核心職能，為確保公眾健康與安全，這些人員通常無法遠距辦公或停工。
EN： "According to" is a common prepositional phrase used to attribute information, opinions, or reports to a specific source (e.g., a person, document, or organization). It is typically followed by a noun phrase.
中文： 「According to」是一個常見的介系詞片語，意思是「根據；按照」，用來指出資訊、觀點或報導的來源（例如某人、文件或機構），後面通常接名詞片語。
According to the weather forecast, it will rain tomorrow.
根據天氣預報，明天會下雨。
EN： The modal verb "must" expresses obligation or necessity, followed by the base form of the verb ("continue"). "Continue" can be followed by an infinitive ("to come") or a gerund ("coming") with little change in meaning.
中文： 情態助動詞「must」表示義務或強烈必要性（「必須」），後接原形動詞「continue」。「continue」後面可接不定詞（to come）或動名詞（coming），兩者語義相近，皆表示「繼續做某事」。
Students must continue to study hard for their exams.
學生必須繼續為考試努力學習。
EN： In times of severe public crises or emergencies (such as extreme smog or natural disasters), governments often impose work-from-home orders on non-essential civil servants. However, healthcare workers are uniformly classified as "essential workers" and are expected to report in person regardless of environmental conditions.
中文： 在發生嚴重公共危機或災害（如極端霧霾、天災）期間，政府常對非必要公務人員實施居家辦公措施。然而，醫護人員一律被列為「核心必要工作人員（essential workers）」，無論環境條件如何惡劣，都必須維持現場值勤。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 煙霧、霧霾（由煙霧與廢氣混合而成的濃霧）
在本文中： 極為嚴重的；極度惡劣的
在本文中： 污染；污染物
在本文中： 類別；等級
在本文中： 指示；指令
在本文中： 措施；行動方案
在本文中： 車輛；交通工具
在本文中： 必要的；不可或缺的
在本文中： （機構或單位的）全體人員、職員
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
to do one's job from one's residence rather than going to an office
居家辦公、在家工作
a standardized indicator used by government agencies to measure and report daily air quality levels
空氣品質指標（AQI）
a service that is vital to the health, safety, or well-being of the public
基本公共服務、必要性服務
in the normal or customary way
照常；像平常一樣