EN： Present Perfect Tense with Reporting Verb: The structure 'has found that...' uses the present perfect to connect a recently completed scientific study or finding with the present moment, reporting relevant new knowledge.
中文： 帶有報導動詞的現在完成式：'has found that...' 結構利用現在完成式（has + 過去分詞），將近期完成的研究或調查結果與當下情況連結，用於報導具有現時意義的最新發現。
A recent survey has shown that teenagers spend more time online than ever before.
最近的一項調查顯示，青少年上網的時間比以往任何時候都要多。
EN： Noun Clause as Object: The conjunction 'that' introduces a subordinate noun clause ('commercial kitchen staff can breathe...') acting as the direct object of the verb 'found'.
中文： that 引導的名詞子句作受詞：連接詞 'that' 引導一個名詞子句（'commercial kitchen staff can breathe...'），在句中擔任主要動詞 'found' 的直接受詞，陳述所發現的具體內容。
Scientists discovered that some plants communicate through fungal networks.
科學家發現某些植物能透過真菌網絡進行交流。
EN： In the US, commercial kitchens (like restaurants, university dining halls, and hospital cafeterias) frequently rely on gas stoves, raising growing public health concerns regarding indoor air quality and worker safety.
中文： 在美國，商業廚房（包括餐廳、大學食堂和醫院廚房等）普遍大量使用燃氣灶具，近年來這類室內空氣品質與勞工職業健康問題日益受到公共衛生界與政府法規的廣泛關注。
EN： The preposition/participle 'including' is frequently used to introduce specific examples or subsets belonging to a broader category mentioned previously (here, '27 kitchens').
中文： 現在分詞轉化而來的介系詞「including」（包括……在內），常用於在提及一個大範疇（本句為 27 間廚房）後，列舉出屬於該範疇的具體實例。
The package includes several items, including a guide book and a map.
該套裝包含多種物品，包括一本指南和一張地圖。
EN： Parallel structure in a list: When listing multiple items connected by 'and', keep them grammatically consistent (here, plural noun phrases: 'restaurants', 'school cafeterias', 'universities', and 'homes for older people').
中文： 並列結構：使用「and」連接多個項目時，詞性與結構應保持對稱一致。此處均採用複數名詞片語（restaurants, school cafeterias, universities, homes...）。
We visited museums, art galleries, and historic parks.
我們參觀了博物館、美術館和歷史公園。
EN： 'Homes for older people' is a polite, descriptive phrasing for senior living communities, retirement homes, or nursing homes, avoiding terms that might sound dated or clinical.
中文： 「Homes for older people」是長者照護機構、安養院或養老社區較為溫和、客氣的委婉說法，比傳統或較具醫療感的「nursing homes」更具日常人文色彩。
EN： The coordinating conjunction 'but' connects two independent clauses that contrast with each other. A comma is typically placed before 'but' when linking two complete thoughts.
中文： 對等連接詞「but」用來連接兩個具有對比意涵的獨立子句。當連接兩個完整的獨立子句時，通常會在「but」前面加上逗號。
The hotel was very expensive, but the service was terrible.
這間飯店非常昂貴，但服務卻很糟糕。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'above World Health Organization standards' functions as an adjective modifying 'nitrogen dioxide levels' (postpositive modifier). 'Above' is used to indicate a quantity, level, or standard higher than a reference point.
中文： 介系詞片語「above World Health Organization standards」作為後位修飾語，修飾前面的名詞詞組「nitrogen dioxide levels」。「above」在此用來表示數量、水平或標準高於某個參考基準。
The water temperature was above the recommended limit.
水溫高於建議的上限。
EN： This sentence highlights a regulatory gap: a facility can fully comply with national legal workplace requirements while still exceeding stricter international health guidelines set by the World Health Organization (WHO).
中文： 這句話反映了法規標準上的落差：某個場所可能完全合乎美國國內的工作場所法規，但其空氣污染程度卻仍超出世界衛生組織（WHO）所訂立的更嚴格健康指引。
EN： The phrase 'every one of + plural noun' emphasizes each individual member of a group. It takes a singular verb in formal contexts, though past tense verbs (like 'cooked') do not change form.
中文： 「every one of + 複數名詞」用來強調群體中的「每一個個體」。在文法上它被視為單數主詞，在現在式中需搭配單數動詞（本句為過去式 cooked，形式無變化）。
Every one of these students passed the exam.
這些學生中的每一個人均通過了考試。
EN： Compound sentence with the coordinating conjunction 'and'. It links two independent clauses: 'Every one... cooked with gas or propane' and 'this pollution can also affect diners.'
中文： 對等連接詞「and」構成的複合句。它連接了兩個各自完整的獨立子句，表達先後或並列的關聯。
The restaurant changed its equipment, and air quality improved immediately.
這家餐廳更換了設備，空氣品質隨即改善。
EN： In North America, commercial kitchens have traditionally favored natural gas and propane stoves due to fast temperature control and lower operating costs, though recent environmental health studies are driving a shift toward electric and induction cooking.
中文： 在北美地區，商業廚房傳統上偏好使用天然氣和丙烷爐灶，主要是因其控溫迅速且運營成本較低；然而近期的環境健康研究正推動廚房朝向全電化與電磁爐具轉型。
EN： The conjunction 'because' introduces an adverbial clause of reason ('Because nitrogen dioxide is also found in diesel exhaust'). When the dependent clause comes before the independent main clause, a comma is required between them.
中文： 連詞「because」引導原因狀語從句（副詞子句）。當從屬子句置於主要子句之前時，兩者之間通常需用逗號隔開。
Because it was raining heavily, the match was postponed.
因為雨下得很大，比賽延期了。
EN： The passive voice structure 'is found' (be + past participle) is used when the focus is on the existence or presence of something rather than who finds it. The present perfect 'have created' emphasizes a completed action in the past that has current relevance or result.
中文： 「is found」（be 動詞 + 過去分詞）為被動語態，強調「存在」而非由誰發現；後句的「have created」則是現在完成式，表示過去已完成但對現在仍有影響或成果的動作。
This rare bird is found only in tropical rainforests.
這種罕見的鳥類僅見於熱帶雨林中。
EN： Low-Emission Zones (LEZs) are areas in European cities (such as London's ULEZ or Paris's Crit'Air system) where the most polluting vehicles are regulated, charged, or banned altogether to improve urban air quality.
中文： 低排放區（Low-Emission Zones，簡稱 LEZ）在歐洲城市（如倫敦的超低排放區 ULEZ 或巴黎的環境標籤制度）非常普遍，目的在於透過限制、收費或禁止高污染車輛進入，來改善市區空氣品質。
EN： Passive Voice in the Simple Past (was/were + past participle): Used when the focus is on the action or the receiver of the action rather than the agent performing it. Here, 'were tested' indicates that the kitchens underwent testing by the researchers.
中文： 一般過去時的被動語態（was/were + 過去分詞）：當焦點在於承受動作的對象而非動作的執行者時使用。在此句中，'were tested' 表示這些廚房接受了研究人員的測試。
Several new models were evaluated before the final decision.
在做出最終決定之前，有幾款新機型接受了評估。
EN： Superlative Adjective with 'the' (the + -est / most): Used to compare three or more items to show which has the highest degree of a quality. 'The lowest' compares the pollution level of these kitchens to all others in the study.
中文： 最高級形容詞與定冠詞 'the'（the + -est / most）：用於三者或三者以上的比較，表示某種特質達到最高或最低程度。此處 'the lowest' 將這些廚房的污染程度與研究中的所有其他廚房進行比較。
This department recorded the lowest turnover rate this year.
該部門記錄了今年最低的員工離職率。
EN： The transition to 'all-electric' kitchens (using induction stoves instead of gas) is part of a growing trend in public health and environmental policy to reduce indoor air pollution, notably nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and cut carbon emissions.
中文： 轉向「全電氣化」（all-electric）廚房（如使用電磁爐而非瓦斯爐）是當前公共衛生與環保政策中的熱門趨勢，旨在減少室內空氣污染（特別是二氧化氮 NO2）並降低碳排放。
EN： The idiom 'for a living' functions as an adverbial phrase meaning as one's profession or job. The phrase 'for hours on end' is another idiom meaning continuously for many hours without interruption.
中文： 「for a living」為固定副詞片語，意思是「以此謀生、作為職業」；而「for hours on end」表示「連續數小時不斷」，用來強調時間之長與不間斷。
She plays the piano for a living and practices for hours on end every day.
她以彈鋼琴為生，每天連續練習好幾個小時。
EN： A non-defining relative clause introduced by 'who' ('who led the study') provides extra, non-essential information about a specific proper noun ('Doctor Drew Michanowicz'). It is separated by a comma.
中文： 非限定關係子句由「who」引導（who led the study），用逗號隔開，針對已明確的專有名詞（德魯·米夏諾維奇博士）提供額外的補充說明，刪除後不影響主要句意。
My brother, who works at a hospital, loves to cook on weekends.
我的哥哥在醫院工作，他週末很喜歡下廚。
EN： In journalistic English, reporting verbs like 'said' frequently precede the subject ('said Doctor Drew Michanowicz') when followed by a heavy descriptive phrase or relative clause, maintaining sentence flow and placing the description close to the person.
中文： 在英文新聞報導體裁中，當說話者帶有較長的身分說明或關係子句時，常將引述動詞「said」倒裝至主詞之前（said Doctor Drew Michanowicz, who...），這樣能讓句型更平穩，並使補充說明緊貼著人名。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 商業的；營利的（指營業用的廚房）
在本文中： 測量；檢測
在本文中： （學校或機構的）自助餐廳、食堂
在本文中： 標準；準則
在本文中： 用餐者；食客
在本文中： （引擎排出的）廢氣
在本文中： （氣體等的）排放；排放物
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
A professional kitchen set up for food preparation in restaurants, hotels, or institutions.
營業用廚房；商用廚房
A reddish-brown poisonous gas, a major air pollutant produced by combustion engines and burning fuels.
二氧化氮
A defined area where access by certain polluting vehicles is restricted or deterred to improve air quality.
低排放區；低污染排放管制區
As one's profession or means of earning money.
謀生；作為職業
For many hours continuously without stopping.
連續好幾個小時；一連數小時