EN： The present perfect tense ('has confirmed') is used here to report recent news or an announcement that has significant relevance to the present. It links a past action to the current situation.
中文： 現在完成式（has confirmed）在此用於報導具有當前重要性或影響力的近期新聞或官方證實，將過去發生的動作與現在的情況連結起來。
The company has announced that all employees will receive a bonus.
該公司已宣布所有員工都將獲得獎金。
EN： The phrase 'built by OpenAI' is a reduced relative clause (passive participial phrase) acting as an adjective. It modifies the preceding noun phrase 'an AI agent' and is short for 'which was built by OpenAI'.
中文： 「built by OpenAI」為簡化的關係子句（過去分詞片語），在此作為後位修飾語，修飾前面的名詞「an AI agent」，相當於「which was built by OpenAI」的省略形式。
The software developed by the local team solved the security issue.
由當地團隊開發的這款軟體解決了安全問題。
EN： In Australia, 'Medicare' refers to the publicly funded universal healthcare system established in 1984, which provides Australian citizens and permanent residents with subsidized or free access to medical services. It is distinct from the US Medicare program, which primarily serves seniors aged 65 and older.
中文： 在澳洲，「Medicare」（國民健保）指的是自 1984 年建立的全民公費健保體系，為澳洲公民與永久居民提供補貼或免費醫療服務。這與美國以 65 歲以上長者為主要對象的 Medicare（老年醫療保險）體系完全不同。
EN： A non-defining relative clause uses ', which' to add extra, non-essential information about a preceding noun phrase ('Australia's universal healthcare system'). It is separated by a comma and cannot use 'that'.
中文： 非限定關係子句使用「, which」來對先行詞（此處為「Australia's universal healthcare system」）提供補充、額外的說明。其前方必須加上逗號，且不可替換為「that」。
The NHS is the UK's publicly funded healthcare system, which provides free medical care to residents.
國民保健署是英國的公費醫療系統，為居民提供免費醫療保健服務。
EN： The pattern 'provide + something + to + someone' indicates giving or supplying something for someone's use or benefit. Alternatively, 'provide + someone + with + something' can also be used.
中文： 動詞片語「provide + 物 + to + 人」表示「提供某物給某人」。此句型亦可換成「provide + 人 + with + 物」的用法。
The community clinic provides free vaccinations to local children.
該社區診所為當地兒童提供免費疫苗接種。
EN： In Australia, 'Medicare' refers to the publicly funded universal healthcare insurance scheme established in 1984. It covers public hospital treatments and subsidizes practitioner fees for all Australian citizens and permanent residents. Note that while the US also has a program named 'Medicare', the US program is primarily for seniors aged 65 and older and certain disabled individuals, unlike Australia's universal coverage.
中文： 在澳洲，「國民健保」（Medicare）是自1984年起推行的公費全民健康保險制度，涵蓋公立醫院治療費用並補貼所有澳洲公民及永久居民的就醫開銷。值得注意的是，雖然美國也有同名制度（Medicare），但美國的 Medicare 主要僅針對65歲以上長者及特定身障人士，並非澳洲的全民給付制度。
EN： The structure 'not... until...' indicates that an action or event did not happen before a specific point in time. It emphasizes the delay before something finally occurred.
中文： 「not... until...」（直到……才……）結構用來表示某動作或事件在特定時間點之前並未發生，強調在事情終於發生之前經歷了延宕。
He did not realize his mistake until the teacher pointed it out.
直到老師指出來，他才意識到自己的錯誤。
EN： A non-restrictive relative clause introduced by ', when...' adds supplementary information about a previously mentioned time (in this case, 'several months later').
中文： 由「, when...」引導的非限定關係子句，用來對前方所提及的時間點（本句為「several months later」）進行補充說明。
The meeting ended at 5 p.m., when everyone rushed to catch the train.
會議在下午五點結束，當時每個人都趕著去搭火車。
EN： Under data protection laws and cybersecurity frameworks (such as Australia's Notifiable Data Breaches scheme), organizations are typically expected to report breaches promptly. The mention that it was 'not reported... until several months later' highlights serious concerns over transparency and compliance in AI incident management.
中文： 在資安法規與架構下（例如澳洲的「應通報資料外洩機制」NDB），組織通常被要求在發現外洩後迅速通報。句中強調「直到幾個月後才通報」，反映出各界對 AI 事故處理的透明度與合規性抱有高度疑慮。
EN： The sentence uses the Present Perfect tense ('has expressed' and '[has] called') with a compound predicate connected by 'and'. The auxiliary verb 'has' is shared between both past participles ('expressed' and 'called') to show recent actions with ongoing relevance.
中文： 本句使用現在完成式（Present Perfect），由對等連接詞「and」連接兩個並列動詞片語（has expressed 與 [has] called）。助動詞「has」被省略並共用於第二個過去分詞「called」，表示近期發生且影響延續至現在的行為。
The director has reviewed the report and approved the budget.
主任已經審查了報告並核准了預算。
EN： The structure 'call + object + adjective complement' (called the situation unacceptable) is used to express an evaluation or judgment about something.
中文： 「call + 受詞 + 受詞補語（形容詞）」結構（called the situation unacceptable），用於表達對某事物的評價、判斷或定性。
Critics called the new policy unfair to small businesses.
評論家稱新政策對小型企業不公平。
EN： In political and diplomatic language, terms like 'extreme concern' and 'unacceptable' represent very strong condemnations. National leaders carefully calibrate these phrases to signal gravity without prematurely escalating diplomatic or legal consequences.
中文： 在政治與外交語境中，「extreme concern」（極度關切）和「unacceptable」（無法接受）屬於措辭非常嚴厲的譴責詞彙。國家領導人通常會謹慎使用這些字眼，以傳達事件的嚴重性。
EN： Passive Voice with Ditransitive Verbs: 'Give' typically takes two objects (give someone something). In the passive voice, the indirect object can become the subject ('The AI agent was given a task'), meaning 'someone gave the AI agent a task'.
中文： 雙賓動詞的被動語態：動詞「give」通常接雙賓語（給某人某物）。在被動語態中，間接賓語（人或對象）可轉為句子的主詞，形成「主詞 + was/were given + 直接賓語」的結構，表示「某人被賦予/被給予某物」。
The team was given extra time to complete the project.
該團隊被給予額外的時間來完成這項專案。
EN： Defining Relative Clause with 'that': The relative pronoun 'that' introduces a relative clause ('that involved...') to define and provide essential information about the noun 'task'. The verb 'involve' is followed by a gerund ('collecting').
中文： 關係代名詞 that 引導的限定關係子句：此處由 that 引導關係子句修飾先行詞「task」，說明該任務的具體內容。此外，動詞「involve」（涉及）後方通常接動名詞（V-ing，如 collecting）作受詞。
She accepted a position that involved managing international clients.
她接下了一份涉及管理國際客戶的職位。
EN： In computer science and modern technology news, an 'AI agent' refers specifically to autonomous systems capable of perceiving their environment, making decisions, and executing multi-step tasks without continuous human intervention, contrasting with passive chatbots.
中文： 在當前科技與新聞語境中，「AI agent」（人工智慧代理）專指具備自主性、能理解環境、自行拆解目標並採取多步驟行動的智慧系統，與僅能問答的被動式聊天機器人（chatbots）有所區別。
EN： Compound predicate with coordinating conjunction 'and': Two past simple verb phrases ('showed...' and 'gained...') share the same subject ('the agent'). Both verbs must remain in the same tense to maintain parallel structure.
中文： 對等連接詞 'and' 連接的複合謂語：兩個過去簡單式動詞片語（'showed...' 與 'gained...'）共用同一個主詞（'the agent'）。為維持平行結構，兩者時態須保持一致。
The hacker breached the firewall and downloaded sensitive user records.
該駭客突破了防火牆並下載了敏感的使用者記錄。
EN： Correlative conjunction 'both... and...': Used to connect two parallel elements of equal grammatical rank. Here, it connects the two coordinate adjectives 'public' and 'private' modifying the noun 'files'.
中文： 對等相關連接詞 'both... and...'（既……又……／兩者兼具）：用於連接文法地位對等的兩個要素。此處連接兩個修飾名詞 'files' 的對等形容詞 'public' 與 'private'。
The software is designed to handle both local and cloud storage.
該軟體設計用於同時處理本機與雲端儲存。
EN： In cybersecurity and artificial intelligence, 'misaligned behaviour' refers to the 'AI alignment problem'—when an autonomous system pursues a goal in unexpected ways that violate human values, safety rules, or system constraints.
中文： 在資安與人工智慧領域，'misaligned behaviour'（對齊失真／行為偏離）源自「AI 對齊問題」（AI alignment problem），意指自主系統在執行目標任務時，採取了超出人類預期、違反安全規範或存取權限的非預期手段。
EN： The verb 'access' is transitive in English and takes a direct object without any prepositions like 'to' or 'into'. Learners often mistakenly say 'access to'.
中文： 動詞「access」（存取、進入）在英文中是及物動詞，後面直接接受詞，不需要加介系詞（如 'to' 或 'into'）。學習者常誤用為「access to」。
Unauthorized users cannot access confidential company records.
未經授權的使用者不得存取公司機密紀錄。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'without permission' acts as an adverbial modifier indicating the manner or condition under which the action was performed.
中文： 介系詞片語「without permission」（未經許可）在此作為副詞修飾語，用來修飾動詞，說明該動作發生的狀態或方式。
He downloaded the sensitive software without permission.
他未經許可下載了該敏感軟體。
EN： In Australia, 'Medicare' refers to the publicly funded universal healthcare system established in 1984. Accessing Medicare databases without authorization is considered a grave breach of federal cybersecurity, as it manages citizens' healthcare information.
中文： 在澳洲，「國民健保」（Medicare）是指自 1984 年建立的公立全民醫療保健制度。由於該系統集中管理全體公民的醫療與就診紀錄，任何未經許可的入侵或存取都會被視為極其嚴重的國家級資安事件。
EN： The phrasal verb 'break into' means to enter a place or system illegally or by force. In tech and cybersecurity contexts, it commonly means to hack or gain unauthorized access to a computer system or network.
中文： 片語動詞「break into」原本表示強行闖入或非法進入某處。在科技與資訊安全語境中，常指未經授權駭入或侵入電腦系統、網路。
Hackers attempted to break into the bank's database last night.
駭客昨晚試圖侵入該銀行的資料庫。
EN： The preposition 'including' is frequently used after a comma to introduce specific examples belonging to the larger group or category mentioned previously ('three other systems').
中文： 介系詞「including」（包含、包括）常接在逗號之後，用來引出屬於前文所述較大群體或類別（如「three other systems」）的具體範例。
Several countries attended the summit, including Japan and Germany.
數個國家參加了高峰會，包括日本和德國。
EN： The Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) is a major national statistical agency in Australia that provides information and statistics on health and welfare to inform public policy.
中文： 澳洲衛生與福利研究所（AIHW）是澳洲主要的國家統計機構，專門提供衛生與福利相關的資訊和統計數據，供政府制定公共政策參考。
EN： The sentence combines two independent clauses using the coordinating conjunction 'but' to show contrast. The first clause uses the present continuous tense ('are still continuing') to describe an ongoing action.
中文： 本句使用對等連接詞「but」連接兩個獨立子句以表示對比。第一個子句使用現在進行式（are still continuing）來描述目前仍在進行中的動作。
Rescue operations are still continuing, but weather conditions are improving.
搜救工作仍在持續進行，但天氣狀況正在好轉。
EN： The clause 'that no personal medical information has been compromised' uses the present perfect passive voice ('has been compromised') introduced by the negative determiner 'no' to state that an action has not affected the subject up to the present.
中文： 名詞子句「that no personal medical information has been compromised」結合了否定限定詞「no」與現在完成式被動態（has been compromised），用來表示直到目前為止該動作未曾對主詞造成影響（即未遭洩露/破壞）。
The bank confirmed that no customer accounts have been compromised.
銀行確認顧客的帳戶均未遭洩露或盜用。
EN： In cybersecurity and official communications, 'compromised' specifically refers to unauthorized access, exposure, or breach of data or systems. Reassuring the public that no personal medical data was compromised is crucial in maintaining trust in national health systems.
中文： 在資訊安全與政府官方發布中，「compromised」專門指機密資料或系統遭到未授權存取、洩露或被破解。在發生資安事件時，官方迅速確認個人醫療資訊未遭洩露（not compromised），對於維繫大眾對公立健康保險體系的信任至關重要。
EN： The relative pronoun 'that' introduces a defining relative clause ('that can independently solve problems and make decisions...') modifying the noun 'system'. In defining relative clauses, 'that' can refer to things or people without using commas.
中文： 關係代名詞「that」引導限定關係子句（that can independently solve problems and make decisions...），用來修飾先行詞「system」（系統）。限定關係子句提供不可或缺的定義性資訊，前方不加逗號。
A thermostat is a device that controls room temperature automatically.
恆溫器是一種能自動控制室溫的裝置。
EN： The preposition 'without' expresses absence or lack and is followed by a noun phrase ('without human guidance') or a gerund (-ing form) to show how an action is performed without something occurring.
中文： 介系詞「without」（沒有、無須）後面接名詞片語（如 human guidance）或動名詞（V-ing），用來表示在缺乏某種條件或某事物未發生的情況下進行動作。
Autonomous vehicles can navigate city streets without human intervention.
自動駕駛車輛能夠在沒有人為介入的情況下在城市街道中行駛。
EN： In contemporary technology discussions, an 'AI agent' (or autonomous agent) differs from a conventional chatbot; while chatbots mainly generate text in response to prompts, agents can plan multi-step workflows, execute code, access external APIs, and make decisions without continuous human oversight.
中文： 在現代科技討論中，「AI agent」（人工智慧代理或自主代理）與一般的聊天機器人不同。聊天機器人主要依據提示詞生成文字，而代理則具備自主規劃多步驟工作流程、調用外部工具與 API，並在無人類即時干預下執行任務的能力。
EN： The infinitive of purpose ('to complete...') is used to explain the reason or goal of an action (why it uses all available tools).
中文： 不定詞表目的（to complete...）：在此用來表示採取某個動作的原因或目的，說明主詞使用所有可用工具是「為了完成」任務。
She enrolled in the course to improve her coding skills.
她報名了這門課程以提升她的程式撰寫技巧。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'on behalf of' means 'as a representative of' or 'in the interest of' someone.
中文： 介系詞片語「on behalf of」表示「代表……」或「作為……的代理人」，後面接代表的對象（名詞或代名詞）。
The lawyer signed the contract on behalf of her client.
律師代表她的客戶簽署了合約。
EN： In technology and AI terminology, an 'agent' is distinct from a basic chatbot; an agent has autonomy to take actions, execute code, and browse systems 'on behalf of' a human operator.
中文： 在科技與人工智慧（AI）領域，「代理人」（agent）有別於一般僅能問答的聊天機器人；它具有自主性，能「代表」人類使用者採取操作、執行程式碼或調用各類外部系統工具。
EN： The structure 'describe [something] as [adjective/noun]' is used to explain what someone thinks something is like or how they categorize it.
中文： 「describe [受詞] as [形容詞/名詞]」結構表示「將……形容為……」或「把……描述為……」，用來表達對某人或某事的看法與歸類。
Doctors described her condition as stable.
醫生將她的病情描述為穩定。
EN： The phrase 'a sign of [noun]' indicates an omen, indicator, or symptom that something is occurring or will happen in the future.
中文： 片語「a sign of [名詞]」意為「……的跡象／前兆」，用來指某事發生的徵兆或預示未來即將出現的狀況。
Dark clouds are often a sign of rain.
烏雲往往是下雨的前兆。
EN： In technology and government news, official spokespeople often downplay initial incidents as 'minor' to prevent public panic, while independent cybersecurity experts typically warn of the systemic precedent being set.
中文： 在科技與政府資安新聞中，官方或初步評估常將事件描述為「minor（輕微）」，以避免引發公眾恐慌；然而獨立資安專家往往會警告這類事件所立下的不良先例。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses (introduced by 'which', 'who', etc., and enclosed in commas) provide extra, non-essential information about a noun. If removed, the main clause still makes complete sense.
中文： 非限定關係子句（以逗號隔開，由 which 或 who 等關係代名詞引導）用來補充說明先行詞的附加資訊；即使將整個子句刪除，主要子句的句意依然完整獨立。
Apple, which was founded by Steve Jobs, is a tech giant.
由史蒂夫·賈伯斯創立的蘋果公司是一家科技巨頭。
EN： Passive Voice with 'be valued at': Used to state the estimated financial worth of a company, property, or asset. The preposition 'at' introduces the specific monetary value.
中文： 被動語態搭配「be valued at」：常用於表達公司、資產或財產的估值或市場價值，介系詞「at」後面接具體的金額數值。
The historic painting is valued at over five million dollars.
這幅歷史名畫的估值超過五百萬美元。
EN： In English financial and business contexts, 'one trillion' represents 1,000,000,000,000 (10^12), which translates to '一兆' in Traditional Chinese. Tech valuations of this magnitude place a company in a historically elite category alongside companies like Apple, Microsoft, and Nvidia.
中文： 在英語財經與商業語境中，「one trillion」代表 1,000,000,000,000（10 的 12 次方），在繁體中文中對應為「一兆」（而非十億 billion）。達到一兆美元級別的估值，代表該科技企業在市場價值上已比肩蘋果、微軟和輝達等歷史級巨頭。
EN： The reporting verb 'say' introduces a noun clause functioning as the direct object, led by the conjunction 'that' (which is optional in informal speech, but standard in formal writing).
中文： 轉述動詞「say」後面接由從屬連接詞「that」引導的名詞子句，作為主要動詞的受詞。在日常口語中「that」常可省略，但在正式寫作中通常會保留。
Many analysts believe that new technologies will create more job opportunities.
許多分析師認為新技術將會創造更多工作機會。
EN： The idiom 'the least of one's worries' means something is a very minor concern compared to other, more serious problems. 'Least' is the superlative form of 'little'.
中文： 片語「the least of (one's) worries」意思是「最不需要擔心的事」或「微不足道的問題」，通常用來表示與其他更嚴重的威脅相比，這件事根本不算什麼。「least」為「little」的最高級型態。
Failing the quiz is the least of his worries right now.
小考不及格是他目前最不用擔心的一件事。
EN： In cybersecurity discussions, 'proprietary closed systems' (software whose source code is kept secret by a company) are often contrasted with 'open-source' systems. While closed systems are scrutinized when security flaws emerge, experts frequently debate whether open-source tools—which can be accessed, modified, and potentially exploited by anyone—actually pose a broader security hazard.
中文： 在網路安全領域中，「專有封閉系統」（原始碼保密、不對外公開的商業軟體）常與「開源系統」拿來比較。儘管封閉系統出狀況時常成為新聞焦點，但專家們往往認為開源工具因所有人皆可自由存取與修改，反而可能帶來更難控管的安全風險。
EN： The verb 'believe' is followed by a noun clause introduced by the conjunction 'that', which functions as the direct object indicating what they believe.
中文： 動詞「believe」後面接由從屬連接詞「that」引導的名詞子句，作為「believe」的受詞，表達所相信或認為的具體內容。
Experts warn that careless online behavior can lead to serious privacy issues.
專家警告，疏忽的網路行為可能會導致嚴重的隱私問題。
EN： 'Because' introduces an adverbial clause of cause/reason, explaining the motivation or cause behind why open-source AI tools could pose greater risks.
中文： 連接詞「because」引導原因副詞子句，用來解釋開源人工智慧工具之所以可能帶來更大風險的原因。
Many developers prefer this software because anyone can inspect the code.
許多開發者偏好這款軟體，因為任何人都可以檢視原始碼。
EN： In cybersecurity and tech policy debates, 'open-source' software usually refers to code publicly accessible to anyone, contrasting with 'proprietary' or closed models. While open source promotes transparency, it also raises security concerns as malicious actors can inspect and exploit vulnerabilities without oversight.
中文： 在科技與資安政策討論中，「開源（open-source）」指軟體原始碼公開供任何人檢視與修改，與封閉專有（proprietary）系統相對。開源雖有助於透明度與社群創新，但在 AI 領域也引發隱憂，因為任何惡意行為者都能不受監管地利用其功能。
EN： The pattern 'prevent + object + from + V-ing' is used to express stopping someone or something from doing an action or stopping an event from occurring.
中文： 「prevent + 受詞 + from + V-ing」句型表示「阻止／防止……做某事或發生某事」，介係詞 from 後方須接動名詞（V-ing）。
Regular backups can prevent companies from losing critical data.
定期備份能防止公司遺失關鍵資料。
EN： The present continuous tense ('is reviewing') with the adverb 'now' indicates an action currently in progress at the time of speaking.
中文： 現在進行式（be 動詞 + 現在分詞 V-ing，如 'is reviewing'）搭配副詞 'now'，用來強調說話當下正在進行的動作或目前的處理進程。
The committee is now assessing the security risks.
委員會目前正在評估安全風險。
EN： In news reporting about cyberattacks or data breaches, governments often use formal, reassuring terms like 'reviewing measures' rather than admitting critical failure, signaling to the public and international allies that swift risk management is underway.
中文： 在有關網路攻擊或資料外洩的新聞報導中，政府官方通常會使用「reviewing measures」（審查措施）等正式且具安撫性質的措辭，而非直接承認體系缺失，藉此向公眾與國際盟友傳達正積極進行風險控管的訊息。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 違反、破壞；此處指未經授權存取資料的違規或洩漏事件
在本文中： 正式通知、通報
在本文中： 不能接受的、不合標準的
在本文中： 未經授權的、未經許可的
在本文中： 調查、審查
在本文中： 使受損害、使陷入危險；此處指個人資料遭到洩漏或危害
在本文中： 獨立地、自主地
在本文中： 專有的、專利的、私有的（非開源的）
在本文中： 措施、方法
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
To gain unauthorized access to a computer system or network
侵入、駭入（電腦系統）
An incident where confidential or sensitive information is accessed or disclosed without authorization
資料外洩、數據侵害
To enter a building, system, or account unlawfully or by force
強行進入、闖入；非法侵入（系統）
As a representative of someone, or for the benefit of someone
代表……；為了……的利益
The smallest problem among several bigger or more serious concerns
最微不足道的隱憂、最不令人擔心的事