EN： The present participle phrase (noting that...) is used here as a 'reduced relative clause' or a 'simultaneous action' modifier. It describes an action performed by the subject (Cook) at the same time as the main verb (stood).
中文： 現在分詞短語（noting that...）在此用作「簡化關係子句」或「同時發生的動作」修飾語。它描述了主詞（庫克）在執行主要動詞（stood）的同時所做的動作。
She walked out of the room, smiling at her friends.
她走出房間，同時對著她的朋友們微笑。
EN： The phrase 'the same... as' is a comparative structure used to indicate identity or similarity between two things.
中文： 短語「the same... as」是一種比較結構，用於表示兩者之間的一致性或相似性。
He drives the same car as his brother.
他開著和他兄弟一樣的車。
EN： The 'Apple campus' refers to Apple Park in Cupertino, California. Mentioning Steve Jobs' presence highlights the enduring legacy and spiritual influence the founder still has over the company's culture and leadership under Tim Cook.
中文： 「蘋果校園」指的是位於加州庫比蒂諾的 Apple Park。提到史蒂夫·賈伯斯的氣息，強調了這位創始人在提姆·庫克領導下，對公司文化和領導力依然存在的深遠遺產與精神影響。
EN： The Present Perfect Passive Voice (has/have been + past participle) is used to describe an action that started in the past and continues to have an effect on the present, emphasizing the receiver of the action.
中文： 現在完成式的被動語態（has/have been + 過去分詞）用於描述從過去開始並對現在產生影響的動作，強調動作的承受者。
The city has been transformed by new technology.
這座城市已被新技術所改變。
EN： The verb 'remind' follows the pattern 'remind someone that + clause', used to make someone think about something they may have forgotten or to point out a fact.
中文： 動詞 'remind' 遵循 'remind someone that + 子句' 的句型，用於使某人想起可能遺忘的事情或指出某個事實。
She reminded me that the meeting starts at nine.
她提醒我會議九點開始。
EN： The phrase 'standing on the shoulders of giants' is a famous metaphor meaning to use the knowledge gained by major thinkers who have gone before in order to make intellectual progress. Here, Cook uses it to honor Steve Jobs' legacy at Apple.
中文： 「站在巨人的肩膀上」是一個著名的隱喻，意指利用前人的知識與成就來取得進步。在這裡，庫克引用此典故來致敬史蒂夫·賈伯斯在蘋果公司留下的遺產。
EN： The infinitive phrase 'to move fast and drive progress' acts as a subject complement. In the structure 'Subject + be + to-infinitive', the infinitive defines or explains the content of the subject.
中文： 不定詞片語「to move fast and drive progress」作為主詞補語。在「主詞 + be 動詞 + 不定詞」的結構中，不定詞用來定義或解釋主詞的內容。
Our goal is to improve customer satisfaction.
我們的目標是提高客戶滿意度。
EN： The preposition 'through' is used here to indicate the means or method by which something is achieved.
中文： 介系詞「through」在此處用於表示達成某事的方式或手段（透過...）。
They achieved success through hard work.
他們透過努力工作獲得了成功。
EN： The phrase 'move fast' is a direct reference to Facebook's famous early motto, 'Move fast and break things,' which defined the high-growth, disruptive culture of Silicon Valley for over a decade.
中文： 「快速行動」(move fast) 直接引用了臉書早期著名的座右銘「快速行動，打破常規」(Move fast and break things)，這句話定義了矽谷十多年來追求高成長與顛覆性創新的文化。
EN： The use of 'at a speed' followed by a relative clause starting with 'that' is a common way to describe the rate or pace of an action. The relative clause 'that once seemed completely impossible' functions as an adjective to modify the noun 'speed'.
中文： 使用「at a speed」後接由「that」引導的關係子句，是描述動作速率或節奏的常用方式。關係子句「that once seemed completely impossible」充當形容詞，用來修飾名詞「speed」（速度）。
The car was traveling at a speed that exceeded the limit.
那輛汽車正以超過限速的速度行駛。
EN： The passive voice 'was connected' is used here to emphasize the state of the world being brought together by external technological forces, rather than focusing on who specifically performed the connection.
中文： 這裡使用被動語態「was connected」（被連結），是為了強調世界被外部科技力量聯繫在一起的狀態，而不是專注於具體是誰執行了連結動作。
The two islands were connected by a long bridge.
這兩座島嶼由一座長橋連接起來。
EN： The term 'high-energy culture' refers to the fast-paced, intense, and innovative work environment of Silicon Valley, which is known for its 'move fast and break things' mantra. This culture drove rapid global connectivity but also led to the social challenges Cook mentions.
中文： 「高能量文化」（high-energy culture）指的是矽谷快節奏、高強度且充滿創新的工作環境，矽谷以「快速行動，打破常規」（move fast and break things）的準則聞名。這種文化推動了全球的快速連結，但也導致了庫克所提到的社會挑戰。
EN： The conjunction 'as' is used here to indicate a simultaneous development or a cause-and-effect relationship over time, often translated as 'while' or 'along with'.
中文： 連接詞「as」在此處用於表示隨時間推移而發生的同步發展或因果關係，通常翻譯為「隨著」或「當……之時」。
As the sun set, the temperature began to drop.
隨著太陽下山，氣溫開始下降。
EN： The sentence uses a compound structure with multiple independent clauses joined by commas and the coordinating conjunction 'and', showing a sequence of related consequences.
中文： 本句使用了複合句結構，透過逗號與對等連接詞「and」將多個獨立子句連接起來，展示了一系列相關的後果。
The rain stopped, the clouds cleared, and the birds started singing.
雨停了，雲散了，鳥兒開始歌唱。
EN： The phrase 'as things broke' alludes to the famous Silicon Valley motto 'Move fast and break things,' originally popularized by Facebook. Cook uses this to critique the unintended negative consequences of that high-speed innovation culture.
中文： 「as things broke」（隨著事情崩壞）這句話暗指了矽谷著名的座右銘「快速行動，打破常規」（Move fast and break things），這最初是由 Facebook 推廣的。庫克以此來批評那種高速創新文化所帶來的意想不到的負面後果。
EN： The verb 'argue' is followed by a 'that' clause, which functions as the direct object of the sentence. This structure is commonly used to report someone's opinion or a formal statement.
中文： 動詞「argue」（主張/爭論）後面接一個由「that」引導的子句，該子句作為句子的直接受詞。這種結構常用於轉述某人的觀點或正式聲明。
The scientist argued that climate change requires immediate action.
科學家主張氣候變遷需要立即採取行動。
EN： The phrase 'can no longer' is used to indicate that a situation that existed in the past has stopped or must stop now. It is more formal than 'cannot... anymore'.
中文： 短語「can no longer」用於表示過去存在的情況現在已經停止或必須停止。這比「cannot... anymore」更正式。
We can no longer ignore the importance of data privacy.
我們不能再忽視數據隱私的重要性。
EN： This sentence reflects a shift in Silicon Valley's corporate responsibility. For years, tech giants viewed themselves as neutral platforms, but leaders like Cook are now acknowledging that companies must take responsibility for the societal impact of their technology.
中文： 這句話反映了矽谷企業責任感的轉變。多年來，科技巨頭一直將自己視為中立平台，但像庫克這樣的領導者現在承認，公司必須對其技術產生的社會影響負責。
EN： Zero/First Conditional Structure: Using 'If' to express a logical consequence or a general truth. In this context, it emphasizes the direct responsibility that follows an action.
中文： 條件句結構：使用 'If' 來表達邏輯結果或普遍真理。在此語境中，它強調了行動後隨之而來的直接責任。
If you create a social media app, you are responsible for user safety.
如果你開發了一個社群媒體應用程式，你就必須對用戶安全負責。
EN： Noun Clause as Object of Preposition: The phrase 'how people use it' acts as a noun (the object of the preposition 'of'), describing the specific nature of the consequences.
中文： 名詞子句作為介系詞受詞：短語 'how people use it' 作為名詞使用（介系詞 'of' 的受詞），描述了後果的具體性質。
The success of the project depends on how team members cooperate.
專案的成功取決於團隊成員如何合作。
EN： This sentence reflects a major shift in Silicon Valley's philosophy. For decades, tech companies operated under the 'platform immunity' mindset, arguing they weren't responsible for user-generated content. Cook's statement marks a call for 'corporate social responsibility' (CSR) in the digital age.
中文： 這句話反映了矽谷哲學的重大轉變。幾十年來，科技公司一直在「平台豁免權」的思維下運作，認為他們不對用戶生成的內容負責。庫克的這番話標誌著數位時代對「企業社會責任」（CSR）的呼籲。
EN： The Zero Conditional (If + present simple, present simple/modal) is used to express general truths, facts, or logical consequences. Here, 'can't' expresses a logical impossibility or a moral prohibition based on the condition.
中文： 零類條件句（If + 現在簡單式，現在簡單式/助動詞）用於表達普遍真理、事實或邏輯結果。在這裡，「can't」表達了基於該條件下的邏輯必然性或道德上的禁止。
If you break the law, you must face the consequences.
如果你觸犯法律，你就必須面對後果。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle) is used here to describe an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past but has a direct impact or result in the present.
中文： 現在完成式（have/has + 過去分詞）在此處用於描述過去某個不確定時間發生的動作，但該動作對現在有直接的影響或結果。
She has built a successful career in Silicon Valley.
她在矽谷建立了成功的事業。
EN： In this speech, Cook uses the term 'chaos factory' as a metaphor to criticize tech companies that prioritize growth and engagement over social stability and user well-being. It reflects a growing debate in Silicon Valley about corporate accountability.
中文： 在庫克的這場演講中，他使用「混亂工廠」一詞作為隱喻，批評那些將增長和參與度置於社會穩定與使用者福祉之上的科技公司。這反映了矽谷內部對於企業責任日益增長的辯論。
EN： Relative Clauses with 'who': Used to provide essential information about a person or group of people. The word 'who' acts as the subject of the relative clause.
中文： 使用 'who' 的關係子句：用於提供關於某人或某群人的必要資訊。'who' 在關係子句中擔任主詞的角色。
The students who study hard usually get good grades.
努力學習的學生通常會取得好成績。
EN： Parallel Structure: The sentence uses two balanced noun phrases ('takers who...' and 'builders who...') to contrast two different types of people using the same grammatical form.
中文： 平行結構：句子使用兩個平衡的名詞短語（'takers who...' 與 'builders who...'），以相同的語法形式對比兩類不同的人。
We need leaders who inspire us and workers who support us.
我們需要激勵我們的領導者，以及支持我們的勞動者。
EN： In the context of Silicon Valley, 'takers' often refers to companies or individuals who profit from technology without considering its social costs, while 'builders' refers to those who take responsibility for the long-term impact of their innovations.
中文： 在矽谷的背景下，「拿取者」通常指那些只顧從技術中獲利而不考慮社會成本的公司或個人；而「建設者」則是指那些願意為其創新技術的長期影響承擔責任的人。
EN： The sentence uses the Imperative Mood, which is used to give commands, advice, or instructions. It starts with the base form of the verb and the subject 'you' is implied but omitted.
中文： 本句使用了祈使句（Imperative Mood），用於給予命令、建議或指示。它以動詞原形開頭，主詞「你」被省略了。
Be a leader in your community.
在你的社群中做一個領導者。
EN： The verb 'be' acts as a linking verb here, connecting the subject to a subject complement (a noun phrase) that describes what the subject should become.
中文： 動詞「be」在此作為連綴動詞，將主詞與描述主詞應成為何種身份的補語（名詞短語）連接起來。
Be a good student.
做一個好學生。
EN： In the context of Silicon Valley and tech culture, a 'builder' refers to someone who creates lasting value and takes responsibility for their inventions, contrasting with 'takers' who only seek profit. 庫克 uses this term to inspire graduates to solve modern social challenges.
中文： 在矽谷和科技文化的背景下，「建築者」（builder）是指創造持久價值並對其發明負責的人，與僅追求利潤的「索取者」形成對比。庫克使用這個詞來激勵畢業生去解決現代社會的挑戰。
EN： The verb 'give' is used here in a ditransitive structure (give someone something), where 'the generation of 2019' is the indirect object and 'a charge' is the direct object. In this context, 'charge' means a formal responsibility or task.
中文： 動詞「give」在此處使用雙賓語結構（give someone something），其中「the generation of 2019」是間接賓語，「a charge」是直接賓語。在此語境下，「charge」意指正式的職責或任務。
The manager gave the team a charge to improve customer satisfaction.
經理交給團隊一項提高客戶滿意度的任務。
EN： The present participle phrase 'facing our modern society' acts as an adjective (reduced relative clause) modifying the noun 'challenges'. It is equivalent to 'which face our modern society'.
中文： 現在分詞短語「facing our modern society」作為形容詞（簡化關係子句），修飾名詞「challenges」。這相當於「which face our modern society」。
We need to address the issues facing our environment.
我們需要解決我們環境所面臨的問題。
EN： In American graduation ceremonies (commencement), it is common for the speaker to give a 'charge' to the graduates. This is a formal call to action, urging them to use their education to better the world.
中文： 在美國的畢業典禮（commencement）中，演講者通常會對畢業生提出「charge」（使命/囑託）。這是一種正式的行動號召，敦促他們利用所學教育來改善世界。
EN： The verb 'suggest' is often followed by a 'that' clause using the subjunctive mood. In this structure, the base form of the verb is used, often preceded by 'should' (especially in British English), to express a recommendation or proposal.
中文： 動詞「suggest」（建議）後面接 that 子句時，通常使用虛擬語氣。在這種結構中，子句動詞使用原形，或在動詞前加上「should」（這在英式英語中尤為常見），用來表達一項建議或提議。
The doctor suggested that he take a few days off work.
醫生建議他請幾天假休息。
EN： The infinitive phrase 'to ensure' acts as an adverbial of purpose, explaining 'why' the action of building should be done. It is a common way to express 'in order to'.
中文： 不定詞片語「to ensure」作為目的副詞用法，解釋了「為什麼」要進行建設的動作。這是表達「為了...」的常見方式。
She studied hard to ensure she would pass the exam.
她努力學習以確保能通過考試。
EN： In the context of Silicon Valley and tech leadership, 'building with intention' refers to the ethical responsibility of creators to consider the long-term societal impact of their technology, rather than just focusing on growth or speed.
中文： 在矽谷和科技領導力的背景下，「帶著意圖去建設」是指創作者有倫理責任去思考其技術對社會的長期影響，而不僅僅是關注增長或速度。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 前任、前輩
在本文中： 受害者、受損的事物
在本文中： 逃避、閃躲（責任或問題）
在本文中： 混亂、失序
在本文中： 提取、獲取（價值或資源）
在本文中： 意圖、目的
在本文中： 基礎、基石
在本文中： 後果、影響
在本文中： 巨大的、大規模的
在本文中： 逐漸消失、褪色
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
Building on the work or achievements of a predecessor.
繼承前人的成就、站在巨人的肩膀上
A business philosophy of prioritizing speed and innovation over caution.
快速行動、打破常規（矽谷常見的創業精神）
The right of individuals to control their personal information online.
用戶隱私
An online infrastructure that enables interaction between users.
數位平台