EN： The Simple Past Tense (using the past form of the verb, 'did') is used to describe an action that was completed at a specific time in the past, often accompanied by past time expressions like 'last month'.
中文： 簡單過去式（使用動詞的過去式「did」）用於描述在過去特定時間完成的動作，通常會伴隨過去時間副詞，例如「last month」（上個月）。
She visited her grandparents last week.
她上週拜訪了她的祖父母。
EN： Ordinal numbers (like 'first') are used as adjectives before nouns to show the order or position of something in a sequence. They are typically preceded by possessive adjectives (like 'my') or the definite article 'the'.
中文： 序數（如「first」）用作名詞前的形容詞，以表示事物在序列中的順序或位置。它們前面通常會加上所有格形容詞（如「my」）或定冠詞「the」。
This is my second time visiting Taipei.
這是我第二次造訪台北。
EN： The simple past tense question structure with 'did'. In English, to ask a question in the past tense, we use the auxiliary verb 'did' followed by the subject and the base form of the main verb (in this case, 'try').
中文： 使用助動詞 'did' 的過去簡單式問句結構。在英文中，若要詢問過去發生的事情，我們會使用助動詞 'did'，後面接主詞與主要動詞的原形（在此句中為 'try'）。
What did you want to buy?
你當時想要買什麼？
EN： The verb pattern 'try to + infinitive'. This structure is used to express making an effort to do something. 'Try' is followed by a to-infinitive ('to discover') to show the goal of the attempt.
中文： 動詞句型 'try to + 不定詞'。此結構用於表示努力嘗試做某事。'try' 後面接不定詞（'to discover'）以表示嘗試的目標。
She tried to open the window.
她試著打開那扇窗戶。
EN： In English-speaking scientific and educational contexts, active questioning is highly encouraged. Asking 'What did you try to discover?' shows active listening and interest in the process of inquiry rather than just the final result.
中文： 在英語系的科學與教育背景中，非常鼓勵主動提問。詢問「你試著要發現什麼？」展現了積極傾聽的態度，以及對「探究過程」而非僅僅是「最終結果」的濃厚興趣。
EN： The auxiliary verb phrase 'used to' is used to describe habits, states, or facts in the past that are no longer true in the present. It is followed by the base form of the verb.
中文： 助動詞片語「used to」（以前常常/過去曾經）用於描述過去的習慣、狀態或事實，而這些情況在現在已經不再屬實。後面接動詞原形。
I used to live in London, but now I live in Taipei.
我以前住在倫敦，但現在我住在台北。
EN： When the main verb of a sentence is in the past tense (e.g., 'thought'), the verbs in the subordinate noun clause (that-clause) usually shift to a past tense as well (e.g., 'grew' instead of 'grow') to maintain backshift of tenses.
中文： 當主要子句的動詞為過去式（例如「thought」）時，名詞子句（that 子句）中的動詞通常也需要配合時態一致，轉為過去式（例如用「grew」代替「grow」）。
She thought that he was a teacher.
她以前以為他是一位老師。
EN： The phrase 'change one's mind' is an idiomatic expression meaning to alter one's opinion, decision, or plan. The possessive adjective (my, your, his, her, etc.) must agree with the subject.
中文： 片語「change one's mind」是一個慣用語，意思是改變某人的想法、決定或計劃。其中的所有格代名詞（my, your, his, her 等）必須與主詞一致。
I was going to go out, but I changed my mind because of the rain.
我原本打算出門，但因為下雨我改變了主意。
EN： In this sentence, 'what' acts as the subject of the question. When a question word (who, what, which) is the subject, we do not use auxiliary verbs like 'do', 'does', or 'did'. The verb directly follows the subject in its tense-appropriate form.
中文： 在這個句子中，「what」（什麼）作為疑問句的主詞。當疑問詞（who, what, which）擔任主詞時，我們不需要使用助動詞（如 do, does, did）。動詞會直接接在主詞後面，並呈現相應的時態。
What made you laugh so hard?
是什麼讓你笑得這麼厲害？
EN： Past Perfect Tense (had + past participle) is used to describe an action that was completed before another action or a specific time in the past.
中文： 過去完成式（had + 過去分詞）用於描述在過去某個動作或特定時間點之前就已經完成的動作。
She had already left when I arrived at the station.
當我到達車站時，她已經離開了。
EN： Parallel Structure with Prepositions. The preposition 'in' is used to introduce two contrasting environments ('light' and 'darkness') connected by 'and', maintaining grammatical balance.
中文： 介系詞的平行結構。介系詞「in」用來引導兩個由「and」連接的對比環境（「light」和「darkness」），以保持句子的語法平衡。
We walked in rain and in wind.
我們在雨中與風中行走。
EN： The phrase 'What happened to...?' is a standard pattern used to ask about the fate, status, or condition of someone or something. 'Happen' is an intransitive verb and is followed by the preposition 'to'.
中文： 「What happened to...?」（……怎麼了？/……發生了什麼事？）是一個標準句型，用於詢問某人或某事物的命運、狀態或狀況。動詞「happen」是不及物動詞，後面固定搭配介係詞「to」。
What happened to your bicycle?
你的自行車怎麼了？
EN： The pronoun 'ones' is a substitute pronoun used to avoid repeating a plural noun that has already been mentioned (in this context, 'seeds' or 'plants').
中文： 代名詞「ones」是用來替代前面已經提到過複數名詞（在此情境中指「種子」或「植物」），以避免重複。
I prefer the blue shoes to the red ones.
比起紅色的鞋子，我更喜歡藍色的那些。
EN： The verb 'grow' is used here as a linking verb (copula), meaning 'to become' or 'to develop into a certain state'. It is followed directly by an adjective (weak/strong) rather than an adverb.
中文： 動詞「grow」在此處用作連繫動詞（linking verb），意思是「變得」或「發展成某種狀態」。其後直接接形容詞（weak/strong）而非副詞。
The weather grew cold as night fell.
隨著夜幕降臨，天氣變得寒冷。
EN： The conjunction 'while' is used to connect two clauses that show a direct contrast or comparison between two things.
中文： 連接詞「while」用於連接兩個子句，以表示兩件事物之間的直接對比或比較（譯為「然而」或「而」）。
Some people prefer tea, while others prefer coffee.
有些人偏好茶，而有些人則偏好咖啡。
EN： Using coordinate adjectives (clear and interesting) to modify a noun. When two adjectives of similar importance describe a noun, they are often joined by 'and' to provide a balanced description.
中文： 使用並列形容詞（clear 和 interesting）來修飾名詞。當兩個同樣重要的形容詞用來描述同一個名詞時，通常會用 'and' 連接，以提供平衡的描述。
It was a long and difficult journey.
那是一趟漫長且艱難的旅程。
EN： The demonstrative pronoun 'that' is used to refer to a singular thing, event, or statement that is distant in time or space, or has just been mentioned in the conversation.
中文： 指示代名詞 'that'（那、那個）用於指代在時間或空間上較遠，或是剛在對話中被提及的單數事物、事件或陳述。
That is a very good point.
那是一個非常好的論點。
EN： The clause 'why sunlight matters so much' acts as a noun clause (or indirect question) serving as the direct object of the verb 'understand'. In English, noun clauses introduced by question words (like 'why', 'what', 'how') follow statement word order (subject + verb) rather than question word order.
中文： 子句「why sunlight matters so much」作為名詞子句（或間接問句），擔任動詞「understand」的直接受詞。在英文中，由疑問詞（如 why, what, how）引導的名詞子句必須使用陳述句語序（主詞 + 動詞），而非疑問句語序。
I don't know why she left so early.
我不知道她為什麼這麼早離開。
EN： The verb 'matter' is an intransitive verb meaning 'to be important' or 'to have significance'. It is often used with modifiers like 'so much' or 'a lot' to emphasize the degree of importance.
中文： 動詞「matter」是不及物動詞，意思是「重要」或「有重大關係」。它經常與「so much」（如此地）或「a lot」等修飾語連用，以強調其重要程度。
Your opinion matters to us.
你的意見對我們很重要。
EN： The Present Continuous Tense (be + V-ing) is used here to describe a gradual, ongoing process or trend that is happening around the present time, rather than just an action happening at this exact moment.
中文： 現在進行式（be 動詞 + 現在分詞）在此處用於描述一個在目前階段正在持續進行的漸進過程或趨勢，而不僅僅是此時此刻正在發生的動作。
Technology is changing our lives more rapidly than ever.
科技正比以往更迅速地改變我們的生活。
EN： The pronoun 'something' is modified by the adjective 'new'. In English, indefinite pronouns ending in -thing, -one, or -body (like something, anyone, nobody) must have their modifying adjectives placed AFTER them (post-modification).
中文： 代名詞 'something'（某些事物）由形容詞 'new'（新的）來修飾。在英文中，以 -thing、-one 或 -body 結尾的不定代名詞，其修飾形容詞必須放在代名詞的「後面」（後置修飾）。
I want to try something different today.
我今天想嘗試一些不同的事物。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have + past participle) is used here to describe an action that happened in the past but has a strong relevance or result in the present (having reliable data now).
中文： 現在完成式（have + 過去分詞）在此處用於描述過去發生但與現在有強烈關聯或影響的動作（即現在擁有了可靠的數據）。
I have finished my homework, so I can play now.
我已經做完功課了，所以現在可以玩了。
EN： The infinitive phrase 'to be sure of' acts as an adverbial of purpose, explaining 'why' the tests were repeated. 'Be sure of' means to have no doubt about something.
中文： 不定詞片語「to be sure of」在此作為目的副詞，解釋「為什麼」要重複測試。「Be sure of」意為對某事確信無疑或確保其正確性。
She checked the map to be sure of the directions.
她查看了地圖以確保方向無誤。
EN： In scientific contexts, 'data' is historically a plural noun (singular 'datum'). However, in modern everyday English and even in many general science contexts, it is commonly treated as an uncountable singular noun (e.g., 'my data is reliable').
中文： 在科學語境中，「data」在歷史上是複數名詞（單數為「datum」）。然而，在現代日常英語甚至許多通俗科學情境中，它通常被視為不可數的單數名詞來使用（例如說「my data is reliable」而非「are」）。
EN： Adverbs of frequency (like 'always') are used to describe how often an action occurs. In a sentence, they are typically placed before the main verb (except for the verb 'to be', where they come after).
中文： 頻率副詞（如 'always'）用於描述動作發生的頻率。在句子中，它們通常放在一般動詞之前（若遇到 be 動詞，則放在 be 動詞之後）。
She always drinks coffee in the morning.
她早上總是喝咖啡。
EN： The adverb 'twice' is used as an adverb of frequency/number meaning 'two times'. It is usually placed at the end of the clause or sentence to modify the verb phrase.
中文： 副詞 'twice' 用作次數副詞，意思是「兩次」。它通常放在子句或句子的末尾，用來修飾整個動詞片語。
He read the email twice to make sure he understood.
他把那封電子郵件讀了兩次以確保他理解了。
EN： The phrase 'check their work twice' reflects a core value in scientific communities and Western education: reproducibility and double-checking. It is reminiscent of the common proverb 'Measure twice, cut once,' emphasizing the importance of accuracy and preventing mistakes.
中文： 「check their work twice」（檢查工作兩次）反映了科學界和西方教育中的核心價值：可重複性與雙重確認。這讓人聯想到西方俗諺「Measure twice, cut once」（量兩次，剪一次；意即三思而後行），強調準確性與預防錯誤的重要性。
EN： The Simple Past Tense (e.g., 'started') is used to describe actions that were completed at a specific time in the past. It is often accompanied by past time expressions like 'last month', 'yesterday', or 'in 2020'.
中文： 簡單過去式（例如 'started'）用於描述在過去特定時間點已經完成的動作。通常會與過去的時間副詞連用，例如 'last month'（上個月）、'yesterday'（昨天）或 'in 2020'（在2020年）。
Last year, we visited a science museum in London.
去年，我們參觀了倫敦的一家科學博物館。
EN： Adverbial phrases of time (like 'Last month') can be placed at the very beginning of a sentence for emphasis, followed by a comma, or at the end of the sentence without a comma.
中文： 時間副詞片語（如 'Last month'）可以放在句首以示強調，其後通常加上逗號；也可以放在句尾，此時不需加逗號。
Yesterday, I finished my homework early.
昨天，我提早完成了我的家庭作業。
EN： The auxiliary verb 'used to' is used to describe past habits, states, or repeated actions that are no longer true in the present. It is followed by the base form of the verb.
中文： 助動詞「used to」（以前經常/過去常常）用於描述過去的習慣、狀態或重複發生的動作，而這些情況在現在已經不再持續。後面必須接原形動詞。
I used to play tennis every Sunday, but now I prefer swimming.
我以前每個星期天都打網球，但現在我更喜歡游泳。
EN： The verb 'find' can be used in the pattern 'find + object + object complement (adjective)' to express an opinion or perception about something after experiencing it.
中文： 動詞「find」可用於「find + 受詞 + 受詞補語（形容詞）」的句型，用來表達在體驗某事後對其產生的看法或感受。
She found the movie very touching.
她覺得那部電影非常感人。
EN： The word 'however' is a conjunctive adverb used to show contrast. It is usually placed at the beginning of a sentence, followed by a comma, to connect the sentence to the previous context.
中文： 「however」（然而）是一個連接副詞，用於表示對比。它通常放在句子的開頭，後面接逗號，用來將該句子與前文的語境聯繫起來。
I wanted to go for a walk. However, it started to rain.
我想去散步。然而，開始下雨了。
EN： The phrase 'how I felt' is a noun clause acting as the direct object of the verb 'changed'. It uses statement word order (subject + verb) rather than question word order.
中文： 片語「how I felt」（我的感受）是一個名詞子句，作為動詞「changed」的直接受詞。它使用的是陳述句語序（主詞 + 動動詞），而非疑問句語序。
She explained how she solved the puzzle.
她解釋了她是如何解決這個謎題的。
EN： An indirect question is a question embedded inside another statement or question (e.g., 'I wanted to know...'). Unlike direct questions, indirect questions use normal declarative word order (subject + verb) instead of inversion, and do not use auxiliary verbs like 'do', 'does', or 'did'.
中文： 間接問句是指嵌入在另一個陳述句或問句中的問句（例如：「我想知道...」）。與直接問句不同，間接問句使用陳述句的語序（主詞 + 動詞），而不使用倒裝語序，也不使用助動詞（如 do, does, did）。
She asked me where I lived.
她問我住在哪裡。
EN： Comparative adverbs are used to compare two actions. For short adverbs like 'fast', we add '-er' to form the comparative ('faster'). It is often followed by 'than' to introduce the comparison target.
中文： 比較級副詞用於比較兩種動作。對於像 'fast' 這樣的單音節副詞，我們在字尾加上 '-er' 來形成比較級（'faster'）。後面通常會接 'than' 來引出比較的對象。
He runs faster than his brother.
他跑得比他弟弟快。
EN： The Past Perfect tense ('had' + past participle) is used to describe an action that was completed before another action or a specific time in the past.
中文： 過去完成式（had + 過去分詞）用於描述在過去某個動作或特定時間點之前，就已經完成的動作。
She had already left when I arrived at the office.
當我到達辦公室時，她已經離開了。
EN： The quantifier 'two pots of' is used to measure or count seeds or plants contained in pots. 'Of' connects the container/measure to the noun.
中文： 數量詞「two pots of」（兩盆...）用於計量裝在盆子裡的種子或植物。「of」將容器/計量單位與後面的名詞連接起來。
He bought three pots of flowers for his balcony.
他買了三盆花要放在陽台上。
EN： The conjunction 'while' is used to connect two clauses that show contrast or simultaneous actions. In this sentence, it highlights the contrast between the locations of the two pots.
中文： 連接詞「while」用於連接兩個表示對比或同時發生動作的子句。在本句中，它強調了兩個盆子所處位置的對比。
While some people prefer tea, others like coffee.
雖然有些人偏好茶，但其他人則喜歡咖啡。
EN： The pronoun 'the other' is used to refer to the second of two things or people that have been mentioned. It is often paired with 'one' (one... the other...).
中文： 代名詞「the other」用於指代已提及的兩個人或事物中的第二個。它經常與「one」搭配使用（一個……另一個……）。
I have two pens; one is red and the other is blue.
我有兩支筆；一支是紅色的，另一支是藍色的。
EN： The Simple Past Tense ('observed', 'recorded', 'saw') is used to describe completed actions that happened at a specific time in the past. In this sentence, it describes the daily routine of a completed science experiment.
中文： 簡單過去式（如 'observed'、'recorded'、'saw'）用於描述在過去特定時間點已經完成的動作。在本句中，它用來描述過去已完成的科學實驗中的每日例行工作。
Yesterday, I walked to the park and met my friend.
昨天，我走路去公園並遇到了我的朋友。
EN： The noun clause 'what I saw' acts as the direct object of the verbs 'observed' and 'recorded'. 'What' functions as a relative pronoun meaning 'the things that'.
中文： 名詞子句 'what I saw'（我所看到的）作為動詞 'observed' 和 'recorded' 的直接受詞。其中的 'what' 作為關係代名詞，相當於 'the things that'（……的事情/東西）。
She always remembers what you said.
她總是記得你說過的話。
EN： The use of the past simple tense ('surprised') is used here to describe a completed action or state in the past. Adverbs of manner or degree like 'truly' are often placed directly before the main verb to add emphasis.
中文： 過去簡單式（如 'surprised'）用於描述過去已完成的動作或狀態。像 'truly'（真正地）這類表示程度或方式的副詞，通常直接放在主要動詞前面以達到強調的效果。
The sudden rain truly ruined our picnic plans.
那場突如其來的雨真的毀了我們的野餐計劃。
EN： Prepositional phrases of time, such as 'After two weeks', can be placed at the beginning of a sentence to set the timeframe. When placed at the start, they are typically followed by a comma.
中文： 時間介係詞片語（例如 'After two weeks'）可以放在句首來設定時間背景。當放在句首時，其後通常會加上逗號與主句隔開。
After three months, the project was finally completed.
三個月後，這個專案終於完成了。
EN： The Past Perfect tense ('had' + past participle) is used to describe an action that was completed before another action or point in time in the past. In this context, it emphasizes that the growth occurred prior to the observation or the end of the two-week experiment.
中文： 過去完成式（had + 過去分詞）用於描述在過去某個動作或時間點之前就已經完成的動作。在此語境中，它強調植物的生長發生在觀察或兩週實驗結束之前。
By the time the teacher arrived, the students had finished the experiment.
在老師到達之前，學生們就已經完成了實驗。
EN： To express how many times larger, taller, or longer something is compared to another, use the pattern: 'multiple word (twice, three times, etc.) + as + adjective + as'. When the second part of the comparison is clear from the context, the second 'as' and the noun can be omitted.
中文： 要表達某物是另一物的幾倍大、幾倍高或幾倍長時，使用以下句型：「倍數詞（twice, three times 等）+ as + 形容詞 + as」。當比較的第二部分在上下文中很明確時，第二個「as」和後續名詞可以省略。
This new smartphone is twice as expensive.
這款新智慧型手機的價格是原來的兩倍貴。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense ('have learned') is used here to describe an action that happened in the past but has a strong connection or relevance to the present moment, representing an acquired knowledge or experience.
中文： 現在完成式（have learned）在此處用於描述過去發生但與現在有強烈關聯或影響的動作，表示已經獲得的知識或經驗。
I have learned how to solve this difficult math problem.
我已經學會如何解決這道數學難題了。
EN： The noun clause starting with 'that' ('that careful observation reveals...') acts as the direct object of the verb 'learned'. It contains a complete sentence structure (subject + verb + object) to express what was learned.
中文： 由「that」引導的名詞子句（that careful observation reveals...）作為動詞「learned」的直接受詞。子句內部包含完整的句子結構（主詞 + 動詞 + 受詞），用以表達所學到的內容。
She believes that honesty is the best policy.
她相信誠實是最好的策略。
EN： The adjective pattern 'be curious about something' is used to express a strong desire to know or learn about something. 'Curious' is the adjective, and 'about' is the preposition that introduces the object of interest.
中文： 形容詞句型「be curious about something」（對某事感到好奇）用於表達想了解或學習某事的強烈渴望。「curious」是形容詞，而介係詞「about」則用來引出感興趣的對象。
Children are often curious about how nature works.
孩子們通常對大自然的運作方式感到好奇。
EN： The phrase 'around me' acts as an adjectival modifier (prepositional phrase) placed after the pronoun 'everything' to specify the location or scope of the things being referred to.
中文： 片語「around me」（在我身邊/周圍）作為形容詞性修飾語（介係詞片語），置於代名詞「everything」之後，用以明確指出所指事物的空間範圍或位置。
I like to observe the people around me.
我喜歡觀察我身邊的人。
EN： Parenthetical Insertion (or Parenthetical Expression): The phrase 'I realize' is inserted into the main sentence to express the speaker's personal thought or opinion. It is set off by commas and can be removed without changing the core grammatical structure of the sentence.
中文： 插入語（Parenthetical Expression）：'I realize'（我意識到）被插入到主句中，用來表達說話者的個人想法或觀點。它用逗號隔開，即使從句子中移除，也不會改變主句的核心語法結構。
Learning a language, I believe, is a lifelong journey.
我相信，學習語言是一場終身的旅程。
EN： Gerund as Object of Preposition: In the phrase 'the art of asking', 'asking' is a gerund (verb + -ing acting as a noun) serving as the object of the preposition 'of'.
中文： 動名詞作介係詞受詞：在片語 'the art of asking' 中，'asking' 是動名詞（動詞 + -ing，具有名詞功能），作為介係詞 'of' 的受詞。
She mastered the skill of writing essays.
她掌握了寫文章的技巧。
EN： Wh-questions in the simple past tense use the auxiliary verb 'did' followed by the subject and the base form of the main verb (infinitive without 'to'). Here, 'What did you discover...' asks about a completed action in the past.
中文： 簡單過去式的 Wh- 疑問句使用助動詞「did」，後接主詞與主要動詞的原形（不帶 to 的不定詞）。在此處，「What did you discover...」用於詢問過去已完成的動作。
What did you buy at the store yesterday?
你昨天在商店買了什麼？
EN： The preposition 'in' is used here to indicate the domain, area, or context of an activity (the project) within which the discovery was made.
中文： 介係詞「in」在此處用於表示活動（專案）的領域、範圍或背景，即在該專案的過程中做出了發現。
She made several mistakes in her presentation.
她在她的簡報中犯了幾個錯誤。
EN： In English-speaking classrooms, science fairs and individual projects are a standard part of the curriculum from a young age. Students are encouraged to ask questions, run experiments, and present their findings, fostering critical thinking and public speaking skills.
中文： 在英語系國家的學校中，科學展覽（science fairs）和個人專案是從小學就開始的標準課程內容。學生被鼓勵提出問題、進行實驗並發表他們的發現，這有助於培養批判性思考與口語表達能力。
EN： The 'that' clause functions as a noun clause (or object clause) serving as the direct object of the verb 'found'. It contains a complete sentence structure (subject + verb + object) and the word 'that' can often be omitted in informal speech.
中文： 「that」引導的子句作為名詞子句（或稱賓語子句），在句中擔任動詞「found」的直接受詞。此子句本身包含完整的句子結構（主詞+動詞+受詞），在口語中「that」常可省略。
She believes that the project will succeed.
她相信這個企劃會成功。
EN： The comparative adverb 'faster' is used to compare the speed of an action. In this sentence, it modifies the verb 'dissolves' to show that warm water does it at a higher speed than cold water.
中文： 比較級副詞「faster」用於比較動作的速度。在本句中，它修飾動詞「dissolves」，用以表示溫水溶解糖的速度比冷水更快。
He runs faster than his brother.
他跑得比他弟弟快。
EN： The auxiliary verb phrase 'used to' is used to describe habits, states, or repeated actions in the past that no longer happen or are no longer true in the present. It is always followed by the base form of the verb.
中文： 助動詞片語「used to」用於描述過去常常發生的習慣、狀態或重複行為，但現在已經不再發生或不再屬實。其後總是接動詞原形。
I used to live in London, but now I live in New York.
我以前住在倫敦，但現在我住在紐約。
EN： The preposition 'without' means 'not having' or 'not doing' something. When followed by an action, we must use the gerund form (verb-ing) because prepositions can only be followed by nouns or noun equivalents.
中文： 介係詞「without」表示「沒有」或「未做」某事。當後面接一個動作時，必須使用動名詞（V-ing）形式，因為介係詞後面只能接名詞或名詞等價物。
She left the room without saying a word.
她一句話也沒說就離開了房間。
EN： The causative verb 'make' is used to express that someone or something causes an action to happen. It is followed by an object and the bare infinitive (verb without 'to'). In the question 'What made you start...', 'what' is the subject, 'made' is the causative verb, 'you' is the object, and 'start' is the bare infinitive.
中文： 使役動詞「make」（讓/使）用於表示某人或某事促使某個動作發生。其後接受詞與原型不定詞（不帶 to 的動詞）。在問句「What made you start...」中，「what」是主詞，「made」是使役動詞，「you」是受詞，「start」則是原型動詞。
What made you choose this university?
是什麼讓你選擇這所大學的？
EN： The verb 'start' can be followed by either a gerund (verb-ing) or an infinitive (to + verb) with little to no change in meaning. In this sentence, 'start doing' uses the gerund form to describe beginning an ongoing activity.
中文： 動詞「start」（開始）後面可以接動名詞（V-ing）或不定詞（to + V），兩者意思幾乎沒有差別。在本句中，「start doing」使用動名詞形式，用來描述開始進行一項持續性的活動。
She started learning French last year.
她去年開始學習法文。
EN： In English-speaking academic environments, there is a strong cultural emphasis on hands-on learning and the scientific method. Asking 'What made you start doing real experiments?' reflects a curiosity about a student's personal transition from passive learning (like memorizing textbooks) to active, inquiry-based learning.
中文： 在英語系國家的教育文化中，非常強調「動手實作」與「科學方法」。詢問「是什麼讓你開始做真正的實驗？」反映出對於學生如何從被動學習（如死背課本）轉化為主動探究式學習的興趣與鼓勵。
EN： The Past Perfect Tense ('had' + past participle) is used to show that an action was completed before another action in the past. In this sentence, 'had failed' happened before 'decided'.
中文： 過去完成式（had + 過去分詞）用於表示在過去某個動作或時間點之前就已經完成的動作。在本句中，「had failed」（不及格）發生在「decided」（決定）之前。
She had finished her homework before she went to bed.
她在上床睡覺前就已經完成了功課。
EN： The split infinitive occurs when an adverb (like 'truly') is placed between 'to' and the verb (like 'understand') in an infinitive construction. It is commonly used to add emphasis to the verb.
中文： 分裂不定詞是指將副詞（如 truly）放在不定詞符號「to」與動詞（如 understand）之間。這種用法在現代英語中非常常見，用來加強該動詞的語氣。
He promised to carefully read the instructions.
他答應會仔細閱讀說明書。
EN： The adverb 'carefully' is used to modify the verb 'observe'. In English, adverbs of manner (answering 'how') often follow the verb they modify or the direct object if there is one.
中文： 副詞「carefully」（仔細地）用來修飾動詞「observe」（觀察）。在英文中，情狀副詞（回答「如何」）通常放在其修飾的動詞後面，若有直接受詞則放在受詞後面。
She listens carefully to the instructions.
她仔細地聆聽說明。
EN： The word 'before' acts as a subordinating conjunction introducing an adverbial clause of time ('before I draw conclusions'). It indicates that the action in the main clause happens first.
中文： 單字「before」（在...之前）作為從屬連接詞，引導時間副詞子句（before I draw conclusions）。它表示主句的動作先發生。
Please wash your hands before you eat dinner.
吃晚餐前請先洗手。
EN： In scientific and academic contexts, 'drawing conclusions' is a standard collocation that refers to the process of arriving at a judgment or decision based on evidence. This sentence reflects the core scientific value of empirical observation preceding theory.
中文： 在科學與學術語境中，「draw conclusions」（得出結論）是一個標準的固定搭配，指根據證據做出判斷或決定的過程。這句話反映了「實證觀察先於理論」的核心科學價值觀。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle) is used here to describe an action that was completed in the past but has strong relevance or results in the present moment.
中文： 現在完成式（have/has + 過去分詞）在此處用於描述在過去已完成，但與現在時刻有強烈關聯或對現在產生影響的動作。
I have lost my keys, so I cannot open the door now.
我弄丟了我的鑰匙，所以現在打不開門。
EN： The preposition 'in' is used to indicate that something is written or recorded inside the pages of a physical book, notebook, or document.
中文： 介系詞「in」在此處用於表示某事被寫入或記錄在實體書本、筆記本或文件的頁面之內。
She wrote her phone number in her diary.
她把她的電話號碼寫在她的日記本裡。
EN： In scientific contexts, keeping a physical 'lab notebook' or 'field notebook' is a traditional and highly valued practice. It serves as a permanent, chronological record of an investigator's ideas, procedures, and data.
中文： 在科學情境中，記錄實體的「實驗筆記本」或「野外記錄本」是一項傳統且備受重視的常規。它作為研究人員想法、步驟和數據的永久且按時間順序的記錄。
EN： Gerund as Subject: A gerund (verb + -ing) can function as a noun and serve as the subject of a sentence. It is treated as a singular noun.
中文： 動名詞作主詞：動名詞（動詞 + -ing）可以當作名詞使用，並在句子中擔任主詞。在語法上被視為單數名詞。
Learning a new language opens up many opportunities.
學習一門新語言會開啟許多機會。
EN： Causative Verb 'Make': The verb 'make' can be used as a causative verb meaning 'to cause someone or something to do something'. It is followed by an object and a bare infinitive (verb without 'to').
中文： 使役動詞 'make'：動詞 'make' 可用作使役動詞，表示「使某人或某事做某事」。其後接受詞和原型動詞（不帶 to 的動詞）。
The sad movie made me cry.
那部悲傷的電影讓我哭了。
EN： In scientific contexts, 'data' is historically a plural noun (singular 'datum'), but in modern everyday English and general science communication, it is commonly treated as an uncountable singular noun, as seen in 'my data' or 'the data is'.
中文： 在科學情境中，'data'（數據）在歷史上是複數名詞（單數為 'datum'），但在現代日常英語和一般科學傳播中，它通常被視為不可數的單數名詞，如本句中的 'my data' 或常見的 'the data is'。
EN： The adverb 'best' is the superlative form of 'well'. It is used here to modify the verb 'learn', indicating the highest degree of effectiveness.
中文： 副詞「best」是「well」（好地）的最高級形式。在這裡它用來修飾動詞「learn」（學習），表示效果最好的最高程度。
She works best under pressure.
她在有壓力時工作表現最好。
EN： The conjunction 'when' introduces an adverbial clause of time ('when we stay curious'), which indicates the condition or time under which the main action ('We learn best') occurs. 'Stay' is a linking verb followed by the adjective 'curious' as a subject complement.
中文： 連接詞「when」引導時間副詞子句（當我們保持好奇心時），指出主句動作（我們學得最好）發生的時間或條件。其中「stay」為連繫動詞，後接形容詞「curious」作為主詞補語。
Children learn quickly when they are interested.
當孩子們有興趣時，他們學得很快。
EN： This sentence reflects a core value in Western education and scientific inquiry: the belief that active curiosity and questioning are more valuable for learning than passive memorization.
中文： 這句話反映了西方教育和科學探究的核心價值觀：相信主動的好奇心和提問比被動的死記硬背對學習更有價值。
EN： The modal verb 'can' is used here to express possibility, indicating that it is possible for a question to lead to a discovery. It is followed by the base form of the verb 'lead'.
中文： 情態助動詞「can」在此處用於表示「可能性」，指出一個問題有可能會引導出發現。其後接動詞原形「lead」。
Regular practice can lead to great improvement.
規律的練習可以帶來巨大的進步。
EN： The phrasal verb 'lead to' means to cause something to happen or to result in something. 'To' is a preposition here, so it is followed by a noun phrase ('a new discovery').
中文： 片語動詞「lead to」意為「導致、引起」或「帶來某種結果」。這裡的「to」是介系詞，因此後面接名詞片語（「a new discovery」）。
This path will lead to the main road.
這條小路會通往主幹道。
EN： This sentence reflects a core value in Western scientific education: encouraging curiosity and questioning rather than just memorizing facts. It emphasizes that there are no 'dumb' questions in science.
中文： 這句話反映了西方科學教育的核心價值：鼓勵好奇心與提問，而非僅僅死記硬背事實。它強調在科學領域中，沒有所謂「愚蠢」的問題。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 科學實驗，為檢驗某種科學理論或假設而進行的操作或活動
在本文中： 發現，找出（先前未知的事物或事實）
在本文中： 觀察，仔細注視以獲取資訊
在本文中： 記錄，將資訊寫下或保存下來以備日後查證
在本文中： 揭露，展現出（隱藏或不為人知的事物）
在本文中： 好奇的，渴望知道或學習的
在本文中： 溶解，使固體融合於液體中
在本文中： 結論，經過思考或研究後得出的判定
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
To adopt a different opinion or decision.
改變主意，改變想法
To make a judgment or decision based on facts or evidence.
得出結論，下結論
A scientific procedure undertaken to make a discovery, test a hypothesis, or demonstrate a known fact.
科學實驗