EN: Non-defining relative clauses (using 'who', 'which', etc.) provide extra, non-essential information about a noun. They are separated from the main clause by commas. In this sentence, 'who won two Nobel Prizes' adds extra detail about Marie Curie, but the sentence 'Marie Curie inspires me' is still grammatically complete without it.
中文: 非限定關係子句(使用 'who'、'which' 等關係代名詞)用於對先行詞提供額外的、非必要的補充說明。這類子句前後必須使用逗號與主句隔開。在本句中,'who won two Nobel Prizes' 補充說明了瑪麗·居禮的成就,即使省略,主句 'Marie Curie inspires me' 在語法上依然完整。
My father, who loves cooking, made a delicious dinner.
我父親很喜歡下廚,他今天做了一頓美味的晚餐。
EN: The subject-verb agreement for singular proper nouns. 'Marie Curie' is a singular proper noun, so the present tense verb 'inspire' must take the third-person singular ending '-s', becoming 'inspires'.
中文: 單數專有名詞的主詞與動詞一致性。'Marie Curie'(瑪麗·居禮)是單數專有名詞,因此現在簡單式動詞 'inspire' 必須加上第三人稱單數接尾詞 '-s',寫成 'inspires'。
EN: Marie Curie is a legendary figure in science, being the first person and only woman to win two Nobel Prizes (in Physics and Chemistry). Her legacy is a frequent topic in academic and inspirational contexts in English-speaking countries.
中文: 瑪麗·居禮(Marie Curie)是科學界的傳奇人物,她是史上第一位、也是唯一一位獲得兩次諾貝爾獎(物理學獎與化學獎)的女性。在英語系國家的學術與勵志教材中,她的生平事蹟經常被用作典範。
EN: The structure 'preposition + relative pronoun' (in which) is used in formal English to introduce a relative clause. 'In which' functions as an adverbial of place, equivalent to 'where', indicating the location where the action took place.
中文: 「介系詞 + 關係代名詞」(in which)的結構常用於正式英文中,用來引導關係子句。這裡的「in which」相當於關係副詞「where」,用來表示動作發生的地點(在該實驗室裡)。
This is the house in which I grew up.
這就是我長大的房子。
EN: The collocation 'make discoveries' means to find or find out about something for the first time. 'Make' is the light verb used here with the plural noun 'discoveries'.
中文: 動詞搭配詞「make discoveries」意為「做出發現、探索出新事物」。這裡使用輕動詞「make」與複數名詞「discoveries」搭配,表示進行發現的動作。
Scientists hope to make new discoveries about Mars.
科學家們希望對火星能有新的發現。
EN: In written or formal spoken English, using 'preposition + which' (like 'in which', 'with whom') is highly preferred over ending a sentence with a dangling preposition (e.g., 'the lab she made discoveries in'). It conveys a professional and academic tone, which is very fitting when discussing scientific achievements like those of Marie Curie.
中文: 在書面或正式口語英文中,使用「介系詞 + 關係代名詞」(如 in which, with whom)比將介系詞留在句尾(例如 the lab she made discoveries in)更受青睞。這種用法能傳達出專業且學術的語氣,非常適合用於討論如瑪麗·居禮等科學成就的脈絡。
EN: The relative pronoun 'whose' is used to show possession. It replaces a possessive adjective (like 'her', 'his', 'their') and introduces a relative clause that describes the noun before it (the antecedent). In this sentence, 'whose work' means 'her daughter's work'.
中文: 關係代名詞「whose」用於表示所有格關係。它取代了所有格形容詞(如 her、his、their),並引導一個關係子句來修飾前面的先行詞。在本句中,「whose work」代表「她女兒的作品」。
I met a writer whose books are very popular.
我遇到了一位其著作非常受歡迎的作家。
EN: The adverb 'also' is used to add extra information, meaning 'in addition' or 'too'. It typically occupies the mid-position in a sentence, which is after auxiliary/modal verbs (like 'won' in its past form, or here placed before the main verb 'won' as there is no auxiliary).
中文: 副詞「also」用於添加額外資訊,意為「而且」或「也」。它通常位於句子中間,即助動詞或情態動詞之後;若無助動詞,則置於一般動詞(如本句中的 won)之前。
He plays the piano and also sings beautifully.
他會彈鋼琴,而且歌聲也很好聽。
EN: This sentence refers to Irène Joliot-Curie, the daughter of Marie Curie, who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1935. It highlights a remarkable family legacy of scientific achievement, which is highly celebrated in scientific history.
中文: 這句話指的是瑪麗·居禮的女兒伊雷娜·約里奧-居禮(Irène Joliot-Curie),她於 1935 年榮獲諾貝爾化學獎。這段話強調了科學史上備受讚譽、令人矚目的家族學術傳承。
EN: Non-defining relative clauses (also called non-restrictive relative clauses) are used to add extra, non-essential information about a noun. They are separated from the rest of the sentence by commas. The relative pronoun 'which' is used for things, and it cannot be replaced by 'that' in non-defining clauses.
中文: 非限定關係子句(又稱非限制性關係子句)用於對先行詞(名詞)進行補充說明,提供非必要的額外資訊。這類子句前後必須使用逗號與主句隔開。關係代名詞 'which' 用於指代事物,在此類子句中不能用 'that' 代替。
The book, which I bought yesterday, is very interesting.
這本書(也就是我昨天買的那本)非常有趣。
EN: The verb 'is' serves as the main linking verb connecting the subject 'The element' to its subject complement 'radium'. The relative clause 'which she discovered' is embedded within the subject noun phrase but does not change the core subject-verb agreement.
中文: 動詞 'is' 在此作為主要連繫動詞,將主詞 'The element'(元素)與主詞補語 'radium'(鐳)連接起來。關係子句 'which she discovered' 雖然嵌入在主詞名詞片語中,但並不影響核心的主詞與動詞單複數一致性。
EN: This sentence refers to the scientific achievements of Marie Curie, who discovered the radioactive elements polonium and radium. Radium's discovery revolutionized physics and medicine, though its radioactive nature posed extreme health risks to early researchers.
中文: 本句指的是瑪麗·居禮的科學成就,她發現了放射性元素釙和鐳。鐳的發現徹底改變了物理學和醫學界,儘管其放射性對早期的研究人員帶來了極大的健康風險。
EN: The structure 'preposition + whom' is used in formal English to introduce a relative clause. The preposition (here, 'with') is placed before the relative pronoun 'whom' (which refers to a person as the object of the preposition). In informal English, the preposition is usually placed at the end of the clause (e.g., 'the engineer whom I want to study with').
中文: 「介系詞 + whom」的結構常用於正式英文中,用來引導關係子句。介系詞(此處為 with)會置於關係代名詞 whom(指代作為介系詞受格的人)之前。在非正式的口語中,介系詞通常會放在子句的末尾(例如:the engineer whom I want to study with)。
She is the mentor with whom I shared my research.
她就是我與之分享研究成果的那位導師。
EN: The infinitive 'to study' is used as the direct object of the verb 'want', expressing a desire or intention to perform an action.
中文: 不定詞「to study」在此作為動詞「want」的直接受格,用來表示想要進行某動作的願望或意圖。
They want to design a new system.
他們想要設計一個新系統。
EN: Non-defining relative clauses with 'whose' are used to add extra, non-essential information about a person's possessions or creations. 'Whose' functions as a possessive relative pronoun (meaning 'his', 'her', or 'their') and is placed between commas in writing.
中文: 非限定修飾關係子句中使用「whose」來對某人的擁有物或創作添加額外的、非必要的補充說明。「whose」作為所有格關係代名詞(相當於「他的」、「她的」或「他們的」),在書寫時通常置於兩個逗號之間。
Marie Curie, whose research changed medicine, was a pioneer.
瑪麗·居禮,她的研究改變了醫學,是一位先驅。
EN: The simple past tense ('shaped', 'was') is used to describe completed actions or states in the past, especially when referring to historical figures and their contributions.
中文: 簡單過去式(如「shaped」、「was」)用於描述過去已完成的動作或狀態,特別是在提及歷史人物及其貢獻時。
EN: Nikola Tesla was a Serbian-American inventor and engineer known for his revolutionary contributions to the design of the modern alternating current (AC) electricity supply system. Describing him as 'bold' highlights his visionary and often unconventional ideas that were ahead of his time.
中文: 尼古拉·特斯拉(Nikola Tesla)是一位塞爾維亞裔美籍發明家與工程師,以其對現代交流電(AC)電力系統設計的革命性貢獻而聞名。用「bold」(大膽的)來形容他,突顯了他超越時代的遠見以及常常不落俗套的創新想法。
EN: Non-defining relative clauses (using 'which') add extra, non-essential information about a noun. They are separated from the rest of the sentence by commas. If removed, the sentence still makes complete sense.
中文: 非限定關係子句(使用 'which')用於對名詞進行補充說明,提供非必要的額外資訊。這類子句前後需使用逗號隔開。若將其省略,主句的意思依然完整且明確。
The book, which I bought yesterday, is very interesting.
那本書(我昨天買的)非常有趣。
EN: The past simple tense is used here ('changed') to describe an action that was completed in the past and has a permanent historical impact.
中文: 此處使用過去簡單式('changed')來描述一個在過去已經完成、且對歷史產生深遠影響的動作或狀態。
The invention of the steam engine changed the world.
蒸汽機的發明改變了世界。
EN: This sentence refers to the Industrial Revolution, where the invention and refinement of the steam engine transformed manual labor into machine-based manufacturing, reshaping global society and economy.
中文: 這句話暗指「工業革命」。蒸汽機的發明與改良將人力勞動轉化為機器製造,徹底重塑了全球的社會與經濟結構。
EN: The relative pronoun 'whose' is used to show possession. It replaces a possessive adjective (like 'her', 'his', 'their') and connects two clauses. In this sentence, 'whose courage' means 'her courage' (the scientist's courage).
中文: 關係代名詞「whose」用於表示所有格(...的)。它取代了所有格形容詞(如 her、his、their),並用來連接兩個子句。在本句中,「whose courage」表示「她的勇氣」(即該科學家的勇氣)。
He is a writer whose books are very popular.
他是一位其著作非常受歡迎的作家。
EN: In relative clauses starting with 'whose' + noun, the noun (courage) can function as the object of the verb (admire) in the relative clause. The word order is 'whose + noun + subject + verb' (whose courage we admire).
中文: 在以「whose + 名詞」引導的關係子句中,該名詞(courage)可以作為關係子句中動詞(admire)的受格。其語序為「whose + 名詞 + 主詞 + 動詞」(whose courage we admire)。
This is the artist whose paintings I love.
這就是那位我非常喜愛其畫作的藝術家。
EN: The structure 'preposition + relative pronoun' (in this case, 'with which') is used in formal English to introduce a relative clause. 'Which' refers back to the noun 'the tool', and 'with' is the preposition that logically connects to the verb 'measure' (to measure with a tool).
中文: 「介系詞 + 關係代名詞」(在此為 'with which')常用於正式英文中以引導關係子句。'Which' 代指先行詞 'the tool'(工具),而介系詞 'with' 在邏輯上與動詞 'measure' 連結(用某工具來測量)。
This is the pen with which he wrote the novel.
這就是他用來寫小說的那枝筆。
EN: The relative pronoun 'which' is used instead of 'who' or 'whom' because its antecedent ('the tool') is an inanimate object, not a person.
中文: 關係代名詞使用 'which' 而非 'who' 或 'whom',是因為其先行詞('the tool')是無生命的事物,而非人類。
The house in which they live is very old.
他們所居住的那棟房子非常老舊。
EN: Non-defining relative clauses (also called non-restrictive relative clauses) are used to add extra, non-essential information about a noun. They are separated from the rest of the sentence by commas. The relative pronoun 'who' is used for people and cannot be replaced by 'that' in non-defining clauses.
中文: 非限定關係子句(又稱非限制性關係子句)用於對先行詞(名詞)補充額外、非必要的說明。這類子句前後必須使用逗號與主句隔開。引導人的關係代名詞使用 'who',且在非限定子句中不能用 'that' 代替。
My father, who is 60 years old, still runs every morning.
我父親今年六十歲了,每天早上依然堅持跑步。
EN: The past simple tense ('guided', 'was') is used to describe completed actions or states in the past. In this sentence, both the act of guiding and the state of being kind refer to a specific, completed time in the past.
中文: 簡單過去式(如 'guided'、'was')用於描述過去已經完成的動作或狀態。在本句中,不論是「指導」的動作還是「仁慈」的狀態,皆指過去特定且已結束的時間點。
The teacher, who helped me with my homework, was very patient.
那位輔導我寫功課的老師非常耐性。
EN: Non-defining relative clauses (using 'which') provide extra, non-essential information about a noun. They are separated from the main clause by commas. If removed, the sentence still makes complete sense.
中文: 非限定關係子句(使用 'which')用於對先行詞(名詞)提供額外、非必要的補充說明。這種子句前後必須使用逗號與主句隔開。即使將其省略,主句的意思依然完整。
The movie, which I watched yesterday, was very exciting.
那部電影(我昨天看的那部)非常刺激。
EN: The adverb 'just' is commonly used with the simple past tense (or present perfect) to indicate that an action was completed a very short time ago.
中文: 副詞 'just'(剛剛)常用於過去簡單時(或現在完成時),表示某個動作在極短的時間之前剛剛完成。
I just received your email.
我剛剛收到你的電子郵件。
EN: Preposition + Relative Pronoun (whom): In formal English, when a relative pronoun is the object of a preposition (like 'rely on'), the preposition is placed directly before 'whom'. 'Whom' is used instead of 'who' because it acts as the object of the preposition.
中文: 介係詞 + 關係代名詞 (whom):在正式英文中,當關係代名詞是介係詞的受格(例如 'rely on' 的受格)時,介係詞會直接置於 'whom' 之前。此處使用 'whom' 而非 'who',是因為它在關係子句中擔任介係詞的受格。
She is the colleague with whom I worked on the project.
她就是與我一同合作該專案的那位同事。
EN: Phrasal Verb 'rely on': This verb means to depend on or trust someone or something. In relative clauses, the preposition 'on' can move to the front of the relative pronoun 'whom'.
中文: 片語動詞 'rely on'(信賴/依靠):此動詞表示依賴或信任某人或某事。在關係子句中,介係詞 'on' 可以移至關係代名詞 'whom' 的前面。
We need a leader on whom we can rely during difficult times.
我們需要一位在艱難時期能夠讓我們信賴的領導者。
EN: The relative pronoun 'whom' is used as the object of the verb 'admire' in the relative clause. In formal English, 'whom' is preferred over 'who' when it functions as an object, although 'who' or omitting the pronoun is common in casual speech.
中文: 關係代名詞「whom」在關係子句中擔任動詞「admire」的受格。在正式英文中,當關係代名詞作受格時,較傾向使用「whom」而非「who」,但在日常口語中,常會用「who」代替或直接省略。
The teacher whom I met yesterday was very helpful.
我昨天遇到的那位老師非常有幫助。
EN: The infinitive 'to share' is used as the direct object of the verb 'want', expressing a desire or intention to perform an action.
中文: 不定詞「to share」在此作為動詞「want」的直接受格,用以表達想要進行某動作的意願或意圖。
EN: The relative pronoun 'whose' is used to show possession. It replaces a possessive adjective (like 'her', 'his', 'their') and connects a relative clause to a noun (the antecedent). In this sentence, 'whose curiosity' means 'her curiosity'.
中文: 關係代名詞「whose」用於表示所有格關係。它取代了所有格形容詞(如「her」、「his」、「their」),並將關係子句連接到先行詞(名詞)。在本句中,「whose curiosity」意為「她的好奇心」。
He is a writer whose books are read worldwide.
他是一位作品暢銷全球的作家。
EN: The past simple tense is used here ('was', 'faded') to describe a completed state and action in the past, referring to the researcher's life and her enduring curiosity during her lifetime.
中文: 此處使用過去簡單式(「was」、「faded」)來描述過去已完成的狀態與動作,指的是該研究員的一生以及她過去終其一生從未消逝的好奇心。
She was a teacher whose lessons inspired many students.
她曾是一位教學啟發了許多學生的老師。
EN: The relative adverb 'when' is used to introduce an adjective clause (relative clause) that modifies a noun of time (the antecedent), which in this case is 'a time'. It functions as an adverbial of time within the clause.
中文: 關係副詞「when」用於引導形容詞子句(關係子句),修飾表示時間的名詞(先行詞),在此句中為「a time」。它在子句中充當時間副詞的角色。
I remember the day when we first met.
我記得我們第一次見面的那天。
EN: The word 'few' is a quantifier used with plural countable nouns (like 'women') to indicate a very small number, carrying a negative connotation meaning 'not many' or 'almost none'. It is different from 'a few', which has a positive connotation meaning 'some'.
中文: 單字「few」是與複數可數名詞(如「women」)連用的數量詞,表示數量極少,帶有否定的意味,意為「不多」或「幾乎沒有」。這與帶有肯定意味(意為「一些」)的「a few」不同。
Few people attended the lecture because of the heavy rain.
因為下大雨,幾乎沒有人出席那場講座。
EN: This sentence reflects the historical context of the late 19th and early 20th centuries (the era of Marie Curie), when women faced severe systemic barriers in higher education and scientific research. Many universities did not admit female students, and those who did often denied them official degrees or academic positions.
中文: 這句話反映了19世紀末至20世紀初(瑪麗·居禮的時代)的歷史背景。當時女性在高等教育和科學研究領域面臨嚴重的系統性障礙。許多大學不招收女學生,而那些招收女學生的學校也往往拒絕授予她們正式學位或學術職位。
EN: The prepositional relative clause structure 'preposition + which' is used in formal English to connect a relative clause. Here, 'in which' is equivalent to 'where', modifying the noun 'university'.
中文: 介係詞加關係代名詞(preposition + which)的結構常用於正式英文中。在此處,「in which」相當於關係副詞「where」,用來修飾先行詞「university」(大學)。
This is the room in which the meeting was held.
這是舉行會議的那間房間。
EN: The word 'little' is used as a determiner with uncountable nouns (like 'support') to mean 'almost none' or 'not enough'. It has a negative connotation, unlike 'a little' which means 'some'.
中文: 單字「little」用作限定詞,修飾不可數名詞(如「support」),表示「幾乎沒有」或「不足夠」,帶有否定意味。這與表示「有一些」的「a little」不同。
He had little hope of passing the exam.
他對通過考試幾乎不抱希望。
EN: The prepositional phrase 'Despite this' is used as a transition to introduce a contrast, meaning 'in spite of' or 'regardless of' what was previously mentioned. It is followed by a comma when starting a sentence.
中文: 介系詞片語「Despite this」(儘管如此)用作轉折語,用來引出與前文相反或對比的情況,意為「不管/不顧」先前提到過的事。置於句首時,後面通常會加上逗號。
Despite this, she continued her research with great passion.
儘管如此,她依然懷著極大的熱情繼續她的研究。
EN: The relative clause 'that changed the world' uses the relative pronoun 'that' as the subject of the clause to modify the noun 'discoveries' (the antecedent).
中文: 關係子句「that changed the world」使用關係代名詞「that」作為該子句的主詞,用來修飾先行詞(名詞)「discoveries」(發現)。
He wrote a book that inspired millions of people.
他寫了一本啟發了數百萬人的書。
EN: Defining Relative Clauses with 'which': A defining relative clause identifies exactly which thing or person we are talking about. 'Which' is used as a relative pronoun to refer to things or animals. In this sentence, 'which she found' defines the specific 'element' being referred to.
中文: 限定性關係子句與 'which':限定性關係子句用於明確指出我們所討論的人或事物。'Which' 作為關係代名詞,用來指代事物或動物。在本句中,'which she found'(她發現的)限定了所指的特定「元素」(element)。
The book which you lent me was fascinating.
你借給我的那本書非常引人入勝。
EN: Present Simple Passive Voice: The passive voice is used when the focus is on the action or the receiver of the action, rather than the doer. It is formed using 'am/is/are + past participle'. Here, 'is still used' emphasizes the ongoing application of the element.
中文: 現在簡單式的被動語態:當焦點在於動作本身或動作的接受者,而非執行者時,會使用被動語態。其結構為「am/is/are + 過去分詞」。在此處,「is still used」(至今仍被使用)強調了該元素持續不斷的應用。
English is spoken all over the world.
英語在全世界都被廣泛使用。
EN: This sentence refers to the discovery of radium by Marie Curie. Radium's intense radioactivity made it useful in early cancer treatments (brachytherapy) in hospitals, highlighting the direct link between her scientific research and practical medical applications that saved lives.
中文: 本句指的是瑪麗·居禮發現鐳元素的歷史。鐳的強放射性使其在早期醫院的癌症治療(近接放射治療)中得到應用,突顯了她的科學研究與挽救生命的實際醫學應用之間的直接聯繫。
EN: The sentence uses a non-defining relative clause introduced by a preposition + relative pronoun ('to whom'). In formal English, when a relative pronoun is the object of a preposition (give care to someone), the preposition is placed before 'whom'. The non-defining clause is set off by commas and adds extra information about the subject 'Her students'.
中文: 本句使用了由「介係詞 + 關係代名詞(to whom)」引導的非限制性關係子句。在正式英語中,當關係代名詞是介係詞的受詞時(如 give care to someone),介係詞會置於 'whom' 之前。此非限制性子句由逗號隔開,用以對主詞「Her students」提供額外的補充說明。
The mentor, with whom I shared my goals, offered great advice.
那位導師——我曾與他分享我的目標——提供了極佳的建議。
EN: The adverb 'too' is used at the end of the sentence to mean 'also' or 'as well'. It is typically preceded by a comma in writing to create a pause, emphasizing that the subject shares the same characteristic or action as others mentioned previously.
中文: 副詞「too」用於句尾,表示「也」或「同樣」。在書寫時,通常會在前面加上逗號以示停頓,用以強調主詞與前文提到的人事物一樣,具有相同的特徵或行為。
They wanted to join the research team too.
他們也想加入那個研究團隊。
EN: The structure 'preposition + whom' is used in formal English to introduce a relative clause modifying a person. 'Whom' acts as the object of the preposition (here, 'with'), which is placed directly before it rather than at the end of the clause.
中文: 「介系詞 + whom」的結構用於正式英文中,用來引導修飾人的關係子句。在此結構中,'whom' 作為介系詞(此處為 'with')的受格,且該介系詞會直接置於 'whom' 之前,而非置於子句末尾。
He is the mentor with whom I discussed my career plans.
他就是我與之討論職業規劃的那位導師。
EN: The determiner 'every' is used before a singular countable noun ('success') to refer to all members of a group or all instances of an event, emphasizing each one individually.
中文: 限定詞 'every' 用於單數可數名詞(如 'success')之前,用來指代群體中的所有成員或事件的所有實例,並強調其中的每一個個體。
She remembered every detail of their conversation.
她記住了他們對話的每一個細節。
EN: Non-defining relative clauses (using 'which') add extra, non-essential information about a noun. They are separated from the rest of the sentence by commas, and the relative pronoun 'which' cannot be replaced by 'that'.
中文: 非限定關係子句(使用 'which')用於對先行詞(名詞)進行補充說明,該資訊並非辨識該名詞所必需。此類子句前後須加上逗號,且關係代名詞 'which' 在此不能用 'that' 代替。
The book, which she wrote in 2020, became a bestseller.
這本書(她於2020年撰寫)成為了暢銷書。
EN: The idiom 'make history' (past tense: 'made history') means to do something important that will be recorded and remembered in history.
中文: 片語 'make history'(過去式為 'made history')意為「創造歷史」或「載入史冊」,指做出了會被歷史記載並銘記的重大貢獻或成就。
The team made history by winning the championship for the first time.
該隊伍首次奪得冠軍,創造了歷史。
EN: This sentence refers to Marie Curie, who remains the only person to win Nobel Prizes in two different scientific fields (Physics in 1903 and Chemistry in 1911). The phrase 'made history' perfectly captures the monumental nature of her achievements.
中文: 此句子指的是瑪麗·居禮,她至今仍是唯一一位在兩個不同科學領域(1903年物理學獎與1911年化學獎)獲得諾貝爾獎的人。片語 'made history'(創造歷史)完美地描繪了她這項不朽成就的偉大性質。
EN: The relative pronoun 'whose' is used to show possession. It replaces a possessive adjective (like 'their' in 'their dreams') and introduces a relative clause that describes the noun before it ('People').
中文: 關係代名詞「whose」用於表示所有格(...的)。它取代了所有格形容詞(例如「their dreams」中的「their」),並引導一個關係子句來修飾先行詞(在此句中為「People」)。
I met a writer whose books are very popular.
我認識了一位書很受歡迎的作家。
EN: The linking verb 'seem' is used to describe how something appears. It is followed by an adjective (like 'impossible') to function as a subject complement.
中文: 連繫動詞「seem」(似乎、看似)用於描述事物呈現的狀態。其後常接形容詞(如「impossible」)作為主詞補語。
The task seemed difficult at first.
這項任務起初看似很困難。
EN: Non-defining relative clauses (using 'which') add extra, non-essential information about a noun. They are separated from the main clause by commas, and 'that' cannot be used as a replacement.
中文: 非限定關係子句(使用 'which')用於對先行詞進行補充說明,提供非必要的額外資訊。這類子句前後須加上逗號與主句隔開,且不能用 'that' 代替 'which'。
His book, which became a bestseller, took five years to write.
他的那本書寫了五年才完成,後來成為了暢銷書。
EN: The adverb 'still' is used to emphasize that an action or situation continues to exist or happen, especially when this might be surprising. It is typically placed before the main verb.
中文: 副詞 'still'(仍然、依舊)用於強調某個動作或狀態持續存在,特別是在令人驚訝的情況下。通常置於一般動詞之前。
EN: The relative pronoun 'whose' is used to show possession. It replaces a possessive adjective (like 'his', 'her', 'their') and introduces a relative clause that describes the noun before it (the antecedent). In this sentence, 'whose work' means 'the work of that person'.
中文: 關係代名詞「whose」用於表示所有格(所有關係)。它取代了所有格形容詞(如 his、her、their),並引導一個關係子句來修飾前面的名詞(先行詞)。在本句中,「whose work」表示「那個人的工作」。
I want to support a charity whose mission is to protect animals.
我想支持一個其宗旨是保護動物的慈善機構。
EN: The verb 'hope' is followed by an infinitive ('to' + base verb) when expressing a desire or plan for the future. 'Hope to become' indicates a future aspiration.
中文: 動詞「hope」(希望)後面接不定詞(to + 原形動詞),用來表達對未來的願望或計劃。「hope to become」表示未來的抱負或志向。
She hopes to study medicine in college.
她希望在大學裡學習醫學。
EN: This sentence contains a relative clause (adjective clause) 'you admire' modifying the noun 'innovator'. The relative pronoun 'whom' or 'that' is omitted because it functions as the direct object of the verb 'admire' in the relative clause.
中文: 本句包含一個關係子句(形容詞子句)「you admire」,用來修飾名詞「innovator」(創新者)。因為關係代名詞在子句中擔任動詞「admire」的直接受格,所以在日常英語中通常會被省略(省略了 whom 或 that)。
The teacher you met yesterday is my uncle.
你昨天見到的那位老師是我叔叔。
EN: Direct address in English: When addressing someone directly by name (in this case, 'Emma'), a comma must separate the name from the rest of the sentence, usually placed at the end of the question.
中文: 英語中的直接稱呼:當在句子中直接稱呼某人的名字(在此為「艾瑪」)時,必須用逗號將名字與句子的其他部分隔開,通常置於問句的句尾。
Where are you going, John?
約翰,你要去哪裡?
EN: In English-speaking professional and academic contexts, asking about role models or 'innovators' one admires is a common icebreaker or interview question. It helps to understand a person's values, interests, and professional aspirations.
中文: 在英語系的專業與學術背景中,詢問對方所欽佩的榜樣或「創新者」是一個非常常見的破冰話題或面試問題。這有助於了解一個人的價值觀、興趣以及職業抱負。
EN: The relative pronoun 'whose' is used to show possession. It replaces a possessive adjective (like 'his', 'her', 'their') and introduces a relative clause that describes the noun before it. In this sentence, 'whose designs' means 'the designs of the engineer'.
中文: 關係代名詞「whose」用於表示所有格。它取代了所有格形容詞(如 his、her、their),並引導一個關係子句來修飾前面的名詞。在本句中,「whose designs」意為「該工程師的設計」。
I met a writer whose books are very popular.
我認識了一位書很暢銷的作家。
EN: The subject of the main clause is 'An engineer' (singular), which is modified by the relative clause 'whose designs save energy'. The main verb is 'inspires', which must agree with the singular subject 'An engineer' by adding '-s'.
中文: 主句的主詞是單數的「An engineer」(一位工程師),由關係子句「whose designs save energy」所修飾。主要動詞為「inspires」,必須與單數主詞「An engineer」保持主動詞一致,因此加上「-s」。
A teacher who loves children makes a great difference.
一位喜愛孩子的老師能帶來很大的改變。
EN: The structure 'preposition + relative pronoun' (in which) is used in formal English to introduce a relative clause. The preposition 'in' belongs to the verb phrase 'work in' (to work in a field), and is placed before the relative pronoun 'which' instead of at the end of the sentence.
中文: 「介係詞 + 關係代名詞」(in which)的結構常用於正式英文中以引導關係子句。介係詞「in」源自於動詞片語「work in」(在某領域工作),在此結構中,介係詞被移至關係代名詞「which」之前,而非置於句尾。
This is the building in which they conduct the experiments.
這棟大樓就是他們進行實驗的地方。
EN: The verb 'hope' is followed by an infinitive ('to' + base verb) to express a desire or plan to perform an action in the future.
中文: 動詞「hope」(希望)後面接不定詞(to + 原形動詞),用來表示渴望或計劃在未來進行某個動作。
She hopes to study physics at university.
她希望能在大學主修物理。
EN: In academic and professional contexts, using 'preposition + which' (such as 'in which', 'with whom') is highly preferred as it sounds more elegant and formal than ending a sentence with a preposition (e.g., 'the field I hope to work in').
中文: 在學術與專業領域中,使用「介係詞 + 關係代名詞」(例如 in which、with whom)非常受到青睞,因為這比將介係詞留在句尾的說法(例如 the field I hope to work in)聽起來更優雅且正式。
EN: Subject Relative Clauses: The relative pronoun 'who' is used to introduce a relative clause that modifies a person (in this case, 'the teacher'). In this clause, 'who' acts as the subject of the verb 'showed'.
中文: 主格關係代名詞:關係代名詞「who」用於引導修飾人的關係子句(在此句中為「the teacher」)。在此子句中,「who」擔任動詞「showed」的主詞。
He is the doctor who saved my life.
他就是救了我一命的那位醫生。
EN: Double Object Verbs (Dative Alternation): The verb 'show' can take two objects: an indirect object (the person receiving the action, 'me') and a direct object (the thing being shown, 'physics').
中文: 雙賓語動詞(授與動詞):動詞「show」可以接兩個賓語:間接賓語(接受動作的人「me」)與直接賓語(被展示的事物「physics」)。
She showed us her new painting.
她向我們展示了她的新畫作。
EN: Non-defining relative clauses (using 'which') add extra, non-essential information about a noun. They are separated from the main clause by commas. If removed, the sentence still makes complete grammatical sense.
中文: 非限定關係子句(使用 'which')用於對先行詞(名詞)進行補充說明,該資訊非必要資訊。此子句前後須加上逗號與主句隔開。若將其省略,主句的意思依然完整。
The car, which was painted red, belonged to my uncle.
那輛漆成紅色的汽車是我叔叔的。
EN: The phrase 'the elderly' functions as a plural noun meaning 'elderly people' in general. It is formed by 'the' + adjective and always takes a plural verb if used as a subject.
中文: 「the + 形容詞」的結構(如 'the elderly')可用來表示某一類特定的人群,在此處意為「老人、長者」,具有複數概念。若作主詞時,動詞需用複數形。
The government is building new facilities to support the elderly.
政府正在建設新設施以支持老年人。
EN: The prepositional relative clause structure 'preposition + whom' is used in formal English. 'Whom' is the objective case of 'who', and when it is the object of a preposition (like 'with'), the preposition can be placed directly before 'whom'.
中文: 「介系詞 + whom」的關係子句結構常用於正式英文中。「whom」是「who」的受格,當它作為介系詞(如「with」)的受詞時,該介系詞可以直接放在「whom」之前。
She is the colleague with whom I shared the office.
她是我與之共用辦公室的同事。
EN: The verb 'discuss' is a transitive verb in English and is followed directly by its object (e.g., 'discuss ideas'), without the preposition 'about'.
中文: 動詞「discuss」(討論)在英文中是及物動詞,後面直接接賓語(例如「discuss ideas」),不需要加上介系詞「about」。
We need to discuss the new project tomorrow.
我們明天需要討論這個新專案。
EN: Non-defining relative clauses (also called non-restrictive relative clauses) are used to add extra, non-essential information about a noun. They are always separated from the rest of the sentence by commas. The relative pronoun 'which' is used to refer to things or concepts.
中文: 非限定關係子句(又稱非限制性關係子句)用於對名詞添加額外的、非必要的補充說明。這類子句前後必須使用逗號與主句隔開。關係代名詞「which」在此用於指代事物或概念。
The book, which was written in 1920, is still popular today.
這本書寫於 1920 年,至今仍然很受歡迎。
EN: The adjective 'huge' is used here as a subject complement following the linking verb 'was'. In this context, 'huge' figuratively means extremely important, significant, or monumental, rather than physically large.
中文: 形容詞「huge」在此處作為連繫動詞「was」後面的主詞補語。在這個語境中,「huge」比喻性地表示極其重要、意義重大或影響深遠,而非指物理體積上的巨大。
EN: The relative pronoun 'whose' is a possessive relative pronoun used to show ownership or association. It introduces a relative clause (whose work is quiet) that modifies the noun 'People'. It functions as 'their' within the clause.
中文: 關係代名詞「whose」是所有格關係代名詞,用於表示所有關係或關聯。它引導一個關係子句(whose work is quiet)來修飾先行詞名詞「People」,在子句中相當於「their」(他們的)。
I met a writer whose books are very popular.
我認識了一位書很受歡迎的作家。
EN: The adverb 'still' is used to emphasize that a situation continues to exist, especially when this might be surprising. In this sentence, it highlights that despite their work being quiet, they continue to have a major impact.
中文: 副詞「still」(仍然)用於強調某種情況持續存在,特別是在令人驚訝的情況下。在本句中,它強調儘管這些人的工作是默默無聞的,但他們依然對世界產生著重大影響。
He is ninety years old, but he still exercises every day.
他已經九十歲了,但他仍然每天運動。
EN: The relative adverb 'where' is used to introduce an adjective clause (relative clause) that modifies a noun of place (the antecedent, 'the lab'). It functions as an adverbial of place within the relative clause, meaning 'in/at which'.
中文: 關係副詞「where」用於引導形容詞子句(關係子句),用來修飾表示地點的先行詞(在此為「the lab」)。它在關係子句中擔任地方副詞的角色,相當於「in/at which」。
This is the library where I study every weekend.
這就是我每個週末讀書的圖書館。
EN: The collocation 'make a breakthrough' means to make an important discovery or development, especially after trying for a long time. 'Breakthrough' acts as a noun here.
中文: 動詞搭配「make a breakthrough」意為取得重大突破或發現,特別是經過長期努力之後。「breakthrough」在此作為名詞使用。
Scientists hope to make a breakthrough in cancer research.
科學家們希望在癌症研究中取得突破。
EN: The relative pronoun 'whose' is a possessive relative pronoun used to show ownership or association. It replaces a possessive adjective (like 'his', 'her', 'their') and introduces a relative clause that modifies the preceding noun (the antecedent, 'anyone' in this sentence).
中文: 關係代名詞「whose」是所有格關係代名詞,用於表示所有關係或關聯。它取代了所有格形容詞(如 his、her、their),並引導一個關係子句來修飾先行詞(在本句中為「anyone」)。
I met a writer whose book became a bestseller.
我認識了一位其著作成為暢銷書的作家。
EN: The indefinite pronoun 'anyone' is used here as the direct object of the verb 'admire'. When followed by a relative clause, it refers to any person who meets the description in that clause, functioning similarly to 'any person who'.
中文: 不定代名詞「anyone」在此處用作動詞「admire」的直接受詞。當後面接關係子句時,它指的是符合該子句描述的任何人,功能類似於「任何……的人」。
We welcome anyone who wants to join our team.
我們歡迎任何想要加入我們團隊的人。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中: 鼓舞、激勵,使人產生靈感或熱情
在本文中: 發現,指首次找到或認識到某種事物、現象或真理
在本文中: (化學)元素
在本文中: 工程師
在本文中: 大膽的、勇敢的,敢於冒險的
在本文中: 勇氣、膽量
在本文中: 信賴、依靠
在本文中: 好奇心、求知慾
在本文中: 逐漸消失、褪去、減弱
在本文中: 創新者、改革者
在本文中: 年長的、年老的(通常指老人群體,較具禮貌的稱呼)
在本文中: 導師、指導者
在本文中: 突破、重大進展
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
To find or learn something new, especially through scientific research or exploration.
做出發現、找到新事物
To have a major influence on how society, technology, or the world develops.
塑造我們的世界、對世界產生深遠影響
To gradually change from being a child to being an adult.
長大、成長
To do something important that will be recorded and remembered in history.
創造歷史、載入史冊