EN： The conjunction 'as' is used here to mean 'while' or 'at the same time that', showing two actions occurring simultaneously.
中文： 从属连词「as」在此处表示「随着……」或「当……之际」，用来表达两个动作或状态同时发生。
As summer approaches, the days become longer.
随着夏天临近，白天变得越来越长。
EN： The present perfect tense ('have discovered') is used to describe an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past and has relevance to the present.
中文： 现在完成式（have + 过去分词）在此处用于描述过去发生、但对现在仍具影响或相关性的动作（「已经发现」）。
Scientists have discovered a new species of frog in the rainforest.
科学家在雨林中发现了一种新蛙类。
EN： Historically, residential air conditioning has been uncommon in the United Kingdom due to its temperate maritime climate. However, with rising global temperatures and more frequent summer heatwaves, UK homeowners are increasingly seeking practical ways to cool their residences.
中文： 历史上，由于英国属于温和的海洋性气候，住宅安装空调并不普遍。然而，随着全球气温上升以及夏季热浪越来越频繁，英国房主越来越积极地寻求为住宅降温的实用方法。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses are introduced by a comma and 'which' to add extra information about a noun. They can be omitted without changing the main meaning of the sentence.
中文： 非限定性关系从句（Non-defining relative clauses）使用逗号加“which”来为名词补充额外信息。即使省略此从句，主要句子的核心意思依然完整。
My laptop, which I bought last year, works very well.
我的笔记本电脑（我去年买的）运作得非常好。
EN： The phrase 'be known for' means to be famous or recognized for a particular feature or achievement. It is followed by a noun or a gerund (verb+ing).
中文： 短语“be known for”意为“以……著名”或“因……而为人所知”。后接名词或动名词（V-ing）。
Taiwan is known for its delicious street food.
台湾以其美味的街头小吃而闻名。
EN： The structure 'be surprised to learn that...' uses a passive adjective followed by an infinitive verb to express the emotional reaction to acquiring new information. The 'that-clause' then specifies what was learned.
中文： 「be surprised to learn that...」结构结合了表示情绪的被动态形容词与不定词，用来表达「对得知某事感到惊奇」。随后的「that 引导的名词从句」则详细说明所获悉的具体内容。
I was delighted to learn that my application was accepted.
得知我的申请被接受了，我感到非常高兴。
EN： The Present Perfect Passive ('have been surprised') is used to describe a state or action that began in the past and continues to be relevant in the present, emphasizing the ongoing reaction of people.
中文： 现在完成时的被动语态（have been surprised）用于描述从过去开始并持续影响到现在的状态或动作，在此处强调人们至今仍感到惊讶的心理状态。
Many customers have been pleased to find that the new policy saves them money.
许多顾客高兴地发现新政策为他们节省了开支。
EN： A non-defining relative clause (introduced by 'who') provides extra, non-essential information about a specific person. It is separated from the main clause by commas.
中文： 非限定关系从句（由关系代词 'who' 引导）用来补充说明特定名词的额外信息，非句子的核心必要内容。通常前后会使用逗点与主句隔开。
My brother, who works in London, is visiting us this weekend.
我哥哥（他在伦敦工作）这个周末要来看我们。
EN： The present perfect tense ('has experienced') is used to describe an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past and has relevance or a connection to the present situation.
中文： 现在完成貌（助动词 have/has + 过去分词）用于表示过去发生且对现在仍有影响或相关的经验与状态。
She has lived in Paris for three years and knows the city very well.
她已经在巴黎住了三年，对这座城市非常熟悉。
EN： The reported speech structure 'say that...' is used to state information spoken by someone. 'That' acts as a conjunction introducing the noun clause that functions as the direct object of the verb 'says'.
中文： 「say that...」（说...）为间接引述（Reported Speech）结构，其中「that」作为连接词，引导一个名词子句来担任动词「says」的直接受词。
She says that she will call us tomorrow.
她说她明天会打电话给我们。
EN： The phrasal verb 'bring [something] down to [a number/level]' means to reduce or lower something to a specific amount or level.
中文： 短语动词「bring [something] down to [金额/数字]」意为「将（某物）降低或调降至（特定数值或水平）」。
The new manager hopes to bring the production costs down to ten dollars per unit.
新经理希望能把生产成本降低到每单位十美元。
EN： In the UK, traditional homes are built to retain heat, and air conditioning is historically rare in residential properties. As climate change causes more frequent summer heatwaves, the dual heating/cooling capability of heat pumps is becoming a major selling point for British homeowners.
中文： 在英国，传统住宅的建造设计重点在于保暖，历史上住宅安装空调非常罕见。然而随着气候变化导致夏季热浪越发频繁，热泵（Heat pump）兼具制热与空调供冷的功能，正成为英国屋主关注的一大卖点。
EN： 'After' is used here as a subordinating conjunction to introduce a time clause ('after they removed...'). It shows that the action in the main clause happened following the action in the dependent clause.
中文： 「after」在此处作为从属连词，引导时间副词从句（「after they removed...」），用来表示主要从句的动作发生在该从句动作之后。
She went to bed after she finished her homework.
她做完作业后就去睡觉了。
EN： The Simple Past Tense ('installed', 'removed') is used to describe completed actions that took place at a specific time in the past.
中文： 简单过去式（如「installed」、「removed」）用于描述在过去特定时间点已经完成的动作或状态。
They bought a new car last month.
他们上个月买了一辆新车。
EN： In the UK, traditional home heating relies heavily on gas boilers. As part of net-zero carbon initiatives and in response to rising temperatures, the UK government has been encouraging households to replace gas boilers with air source heat pumps.
中文： 在英国，传统的家庭供暖非常依赖燃气热水炉（gas boilers）。为了实现净零碳排放目标并应对日益上升的气温，英国政府近年积极鼓励民众将燃气热水炉替换为更环保的空气源热泵（air source heat pumps）。
EN： A relative clause (or adjective clause) uses a relative pronoun like 'that' or 'which' to give more information about a noun. Here, 'that installed the system' describes 'The company'.
中文： 关系子句（形容词子句）使用关系代词（如 that 或 which）来提供有关名词的更多信息。在此句中，'that installed the system' 用来修饰主语 'The company'（公司）。
The engineer that repaired our heating system was very professional.
维修我们加热系统的工程师非常专业。
EN： The verb 'suggest' can be followed by a 'that'-clause (where 'that' is often omitted) expressing a proposal or recommendation. In reported speech or past context, modal verbs like 'could' are used to indicate possibility or ability.
中文： 动词 'suggest'（建议）后面可接包含主语与动词的宾语子句（that 常被省略），用来表达建议或提议。在过去式的转述语气中，会使用情态动词 'could' 来表示可能性或可行作法。
My doctor suggested I could try swimming to reduce my back pain.
我的医生建议我可以尝试游泳来减轻背痛。
EN： The preposition 'by' followed by a gerund (-ing form) is used to explain the method or means by which an action is accomplished.
中文： 介词“by”后面接动名词（-ing 形式），用来表示达成某动作的方法或手段（通过……方式）。
You can improve your English by reading news articles every day.
你可以通过每天阅读新闻文章来提升你的英文能力。
EN： The phrase 'rather than' is used to show contrast or preference, meaning 'instead of'. When followed by a verb, it usually takes the -ing form (gerund) to match the parallel structure in the sentence.
中文： 短语“rather than”意为“而不是”，用于表示对比或取舍。在此句中后面接动名词（burning），与前面的介词受词（transferring）形成平行结构。
He decided to walk to work rather than taking the bus.
他决定走路去上班，而不是搭公车。
EN： Compound Predicate with Parallel Verbs: When a subject performs two actions joined by a conjunction like 'and', both verbs should be in the same tense and form (here, simple present 'extracts' and 'sends').
中文： 复合谓语与平行动词：当主语执行由对等连接词（如 and）连接的两个动作时，两个动词必须保持相同的时态与形式（在此处皆为单数现在时的 extracts 与 sends）。
In summer, the machine absorbs heat from inside and releases it outside.
在夏天，这台机器会吸收室内的热气并将其释放到室外。
EN： Preposition 'through' for Means or Channels: The preposition 'through' is used to indicate the medium, system, or mechanism by which something is conveyed or transmitted.
中文： 介词 through 表示途径或管道：介词 through 可用来表示某物被传送或传播时所通过的媒介、管道或机制。
Fresh air circulates through the ventilation shafts.
新鲜空气通过通风管道进行循环。
EN： Passive Voice (be + past participle) is used when the focus is on the action or the receiver of the action rather than the doer. Here, 'is reversed' and 'is removed' emphasize what happens to the process and heat.
中文： 被动语态（be 动词 + 过去分词）用于当焦点放在动作本身或接收动作的对象，而非执行者时。在此句中，'is reversed'（被颠倒）与 'is removed'（被移除）强调了过程与热气所发生的变化。
The trash is collected every morning.
垃圾每天早上都会被收集。
EN： Prepositional phrases of place, such as 'from inside the house', combine prepositions ('from' and 'inside') to show movement away from a specific location.
中文： 地方介词短语，例如 'from inside the house'（从房屋内部），结合了介词（from 与 inside）来表示从特定地点离开或移出的动态关系。
She took a cold drink from inside the fridge.
她从冰箱内部拿了一瓶冷饮。
EN： The structure 'make + object + object complement' uses 'make' as a causative-like verb, where the object complement (a noun phrase or adjective) describes the resulting state of the object.
中文： 「make + 宾语 + 宾语补语」结构中，make 作为使役动词用法，宾语补语（名词短语或形容词）用来说明宾语最终变成的状态或身份。
The heavy rain made the dirt road a muddy track.
大雨使这条泥土路变成了一条泥泞的小径。
EN： The subordinating conjunction 'because' introduces an adverbial clause of cause/reason, followed by a complete subject-verb clause.
中文： 从属连接词 'because' 用来引导原因副词子句，后面须接结构完整的主词与动词子句。
She stayed at home because it was snowing heavily.
她待在家里，因为外头正下着大雪。
EN： The pattern 'describe A as B' is used to express how someone characterizes or views something. 'Describe' is the verb, 'A' is the object being described, and 'as' introduces the noun or adjective phrase 'B' that specifies the characterization.
中文： 「describe A as B」（将 A 形容为 B）结构用于表达某人如何描述或看待某事物。其中 describe 是动词，A 是被描述的对象，介词 as 后面接名词或形容词短语 B，用来说明具体的特征或性质。
She described the new policy as a major step forward.
她将这项新政策形容为一个重大进步。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense ('has/have + past participle') is used to connect a past action or experience with the present moment. Here, 'has described' indicates that Ingram made this comment recently, and its relevance continues to be important now.
中文： 现在完成貌（has/have + 过去分词）用于连接过去发生的动作或经验与现在时刻。在此句中，「has described」表示英格拉姆最近做出了这样的描述，且该看法对目前仍具影响力与相关性。
The doctor has described the treatment as highly effective.
医生已将这种疗法形容为非常有效。
EN： In the UK, traditional housing rarely features central air conditioning because summers have historically been mild. However, with rising global temperatures causing intense heatwaves, British homeowners are turning to technologies like heat pumps—originally installed for winter heating—to keep cool, leading many to view these dual-function systems as life-saving 'lifelines'.
中文： 在英国，传统住宅很少安装中央空调，因为过往夏季气候温和。然而，随着全球气温上升带来剧烈热浪，英国屋主开始利用原本为了冬季供暖而安装的热泵系统来进行降温，让许多人将这种双功能系统视为极具新意且不可或缺的“救命稻草”。
EN： A complex sentence with an indirect speech reported clause introduced by 'that', containing a time clause ('when...') followed by two main coordinated actions ('turn... and then let...').
中文： 间接引语子句（由 that 引导）：主句动词为 explained，后面接由 that 引导的宾语子句，子句内包含一个由 when 引导的时间状语从句，以及两个由 and 连接的并列对应动作（turn... 与 let...）。
She explained that when the rain stops, we can go outside and enjoy the fresh air.
她解释说，当雨停的时候，我们就可以出去呼吸新鲜空气。
EN： The structure 'let + object + bare infinitive (verb without 'to')' is used to express allowing or permitting something to happen.
中文： 使役动词用法：let + 宾语 + 原形动词（bare infinitive），表示“让/允许”某事发生或进行。
Please let the soup cool down before you drink it.
请让汤冷却一下再喝。
EN： The conjunction 'when' introduces an adverbial clause of time, showing two events happening at or around the same time.
中文： 连词「when」（当……时）用来引导时间副词从句，表示主句与从句的动作同时或紧接着发生。
When she arrives at the station, she will call you.
当她到达车站时，她会打电话给你。
EN： The present continuous tense ('is using') can be used inside an object clause to represent an action believed to be happening at that moment.
中文： 「动词 think + 名词从句」结构中，从句使用现在进行式（is using），用来表示某人「认为/以为某事此刻正在发生」。
Many customers think the store is opening early today.
许多顾客以为这家店今天提早营业。
EN： In the UK, traditional air conditioning units are historically rare in residential homes due to the mild climate. As summer temperatures rise, air-source heat pumps that offer reverse cooling are perceived by many as equivalent to traditional air conditioning, though their operating principles differ.
中文： 在英国，由于传统气候温和，住宅通常很少安装传统空调。随着近年夏季气温上升，具备逆向制冷功能的气源热泵被许多人误以为是传统空调，虽然两者的运作原理与能源效率有所差异。
EN： The transition word 'however' is used at the beginning of a sentence to introduce a contrast to a previous statement or situation.
中文： 转折连接词「however」（然而）常用于句首，用来引入与前文相反或对比的情况。
She was tired; however, she continued working on her project.
她很累；然而，她仍继续努力处理她的项目。
EN： In a noun clause introduced by 'that', a participle phrase ('working in reverse') can be used as a post-modifier to describe the preceding noun ('heat pump').
中文： 由「that」引导的名词从句中，现在分词短语（working in reverse）可作为后置修饰语，用来修饰前面的名词（heat pump）。
I saw a car moving in reverse down the street.
我看到一辆汽车倒车沿着街道行驶。
EN： Heat pumps have traditionally been viewed in the UK primarily as replacements for gas boilers for winter heating. Using them for space cooling in summer is a relatively new concept for many British homeowners.
中文： 热泵在英国传统上主要被视为替代天然气锅炉的冬季供暖设备。对许多英国屋主来说，在夏季利用热泵进行室内降温是一个相对较新的观念。
EN： The conjunction 'as' is used here to mean 'while' or 'in proportion to the time that', indicating two actions or processes happening simultaneously.
中文： 连词「as」在此处表示「随着……」，用来连接两个同时发生或具因果演变关系的动作与状态。
As technology advances, electric cars are becoming more affordable.
随着科技进步，电动车变得越来越便宜。
EN： 'Both... and...' is a correlative conjunction used to join two equal grammatical elements (in this case, two gerunds: 'heating' and 'cooling').
中文： 「both... and...」为对等连接词，意为「既……又……」或「两者皆」，用来连接两个语法结构相同的成分（本句中为两个动名词：heating 与 cooling）。
This venue is suitable for both weddings and corporate events.
这个场地既适合办婚礼，也适合举办企业活动。
EN： Traditionally, homes in temperate countries like the UK rarely had air conditioning because hot summers were brief. However, due to recent extreme summer temperatures driven by global climate change, technologies like heat pumps are gaining popularity as double-duty systems for both winter warmth and summer cooling.
中文： 传统上，像英国这类温带国家因为夏季炎热天数少，家庭很少安装冷气。然而，随着全球气候变迁导致近年夏季屡创高温，「气候适应」（climate adaptation）成为重要议题，兼具冬暖夏凉功能的热泵（heat pump）因而跃升为热门的节能替代方案。
EN： The present perfect tense ('has been') with 'for + duration' is used to describe an action or state that started in the past and continues into the present.
中文： 「现在完成式」（has been）搭配「for + 时间长度」，用来描述从过去就已经开始，并且一直持续到现在的动作或状态。
This model has been popular for three years.
这个款式已经流行三年了。
EN： 'Because of' is a prepositional phrase meaning 'due to' or 'as a result of', followed by a noun or noun phrase.
中文： 「because of」是介词短语，意为「因为……」或「由于……」，后面须接名词或名词短语（如受词或动名词），与后接完整从句的连接词「because」不同。
The match was canceled because of heavy rain.
比赛因为大雨而取消了。
EN： The phrase 'play a role in + V-ing' means to be involved in an activity or to contribute to a result. Adjectives like 'significant' or 'important' can be added before 'role' to show the degree of impact.
中文： 动词短语「play a role in + 动名词 (V-ing)」意为「在……方面发挥作用/扮演角色」。可以在 role 前面加上形容词（如 significant「重要的」）来修饰其影响力程度。
Technology plays a crucial role in improving modern education.
科技在改善现代教育方面扮演着至关重要的角色。
EN： The conjunction 'while' can be followed directly by a present participle (-ing phrase) to indicate two actions happening simultaneously, serving as a shortened adverbial clause (while [they are] also reducing...).
中文： 连词「while」后面可直接接现在分词（-ing 短语），表示两个动作同时进行。这是状语从句的省略形式（原为 while heat pumps are also reducing...）。
She listens to classical music while studying for her exams.
她边准备考试，边听古典音乐。
重要单词附有 IPA 发音、定义、例句和互动式测验。
在本文中： 急升；飙升
在本文中： 显著地；相当程度地
在本文中： 好处；益处
在本文中： 亲自地；第一手地
在本文中： 转移；传送
在本文中： 萃取；提取
在本文中： 反转；颠倒
在本文中： 可再生的
在本文中： 出乎意料的好发现；启示
在本文中： 救命稻草；生命线
在本文中： 逐渐地；逐步地
在本文中： 适应；顺应
片语包含类型标示、双语定义、用法说明和例句。
A device that transfers heat from a cooler area to a warmer area, or vice versa, using mechanical energy.
热泵（一种利用少量电能转移热量的冷暖设备）
Energy from a source that is not depleted when used, such as wind or solar power.
可再生能源
To gradually return to a higher level or position over time.
缓慢回升；渐渐上升
To become noticed or widely recognized by people.
获得关注；引起注意
Actions taken to manage the impacts of climate change.
气候适应