EN： The infinitive 'to reduce' is used here as the direct object of the verb 'try'. The pattern 'try + to-infinitive' indicates making an effort to do something difficult.
中文： 不定词「to reduce」在此处用作动词「try」的直接宾语。「try + 不定词」的句型表示努力尝试去做某件具有挑战性或困难的事情。
She tried to learn Japanese before her trip to Tokyo.
她在去东京旅行之前努力尝试学习日语。
EN： The coordinating conjunction 'but' is used to connect two independent clauses, showing contrast. A comma is placed before 'but' when it connects two complete sentences.
中文： 并列连词「but」（但是）用于连接两个独立分句，以表示对比。当它连接两个完整的句子时，通常会在「but」之前加上逗号。
He wanted to go for a walk, but it started to rain.
他想去散步，但开始下雨了。
EN： Passive Voice (be + past participle): Used when the action itself is more important than who performs it. Here, 'is added' emphasizes that sugar is put into products, while the manufacturers who add it are not mentioned.
中文： 被动语态（be 动词 + 过去分词）：当动作本身比执行动作的人更重要时使用。在这里，「is added」（被添加）强调糖被放入产品中，而省略了添加糖的制造商。
New features are added to the app every month.
每个月都会有新功能被添加到这个应用程序中。
EN： Relative Clause with 'that': A relative clause is used to give more information about a noun. In this sentence, 'that do not taste sweet' is a defining relative clause modifying the pronoun 'some' (referring to food and drink products).
中文： 定语从句（使用关系代词 that）：定语从句用于提供关于名词的更多信息。在本句中，「that do not taste sweet」（尝起来不甜的）是一个限定性定语从句，用来修饰代词「some」（指代食品和饮料产品）。
I prefer to buy products that are made locally.
我倾向于购买本地制造的产品。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses with 'which' can be used to refer back to the entire previous clause, rather than just the noun preceding it. This is used to add a comment or state a result.
中文： 非限定性定语从句中的 'which' 可以用来指代前面整个从句所描述的情况，而不仅仅是指代它前面的名词。这通常用于对前述内容进行评论或说明其带来的结果。
He passed the exam with perfect scores, which surprised everyone.
他以满分通过了考试，这让每个人都感到很惊讶。
EN： The structure 'make + it + adjective + for someone + to do something' uses 'it' as an empty preparatory object (dummy object). The real object is the infinitive phrase 'to do something' at the end.
中文： 结构 'make + it + 形容词 + for 某人 + to 引导的不定式' 中，'it' 作为形式宾语，真正的宾语是句尾的 'to 引导的不定式短语'。这能避免句子结构显得头重脚轻。
The heavy rain made it difficult for us to arrive on time.
大雨使得我们很难准时到达。
EN： Wh-questions with the verb 'to be' are formed by placing the question word (What) at the beginning, followed by the verb (is) and then the subject (sugar). 'Exactly' is an adverb used here to add emphasis, placed right after the question word.
中文： 使用 be 动词的 Wh-疑问句结构为：疑问词（What）放在句首，后面接 be 动词（is），再接主语（sugar）。「exactly」（究竟、到底）是一个副词，在此用于加强语气，紧跟在疑问词之后。
So what exactly is the problem?
那么，问题究竟是什么呢？
EN： The word 'so' is used as a discourse marker at the beginning of a sentence to transition to a new topic or to introduce a question based on previous context.
中文： 「so」在此处作为转折词（语用标记）放在句首，用于过渡到新话题，或根据前文语境引出一个问题。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses (using 'which') provide extra, non-essential information about a noun. They are separated from the main clause by commas, and 'which' cannot be replaced by 'that'.
中文： 非限定性定语从句（使用 'which'）用于对先行词（名词）进行额外的补充说明，该信息并非句子的核心必要内容。此类从句前后通常会加上逗号与主句隔开，且引导词 'which' 不能用 'that' 替换。
My favorite coffee mug, which is made of ceramic, was a gift from my sister.
我最喜欢的咖啡马克杯是我姐姐送的礼物，它是陶瓷做的。
EN： The passive voice 'is called' is used to state the name or term given to something. It consists of the verb 'to be' followed by the past participle 'called'.
中文： 被动语态 'is called'（被称为/叫做）用于说明某物或某概念的名称或称呼。结构由 be 动词加上过去分词 'called' 组成。
This traditional Japanese dish is called sushi.
这道传统的日本料理被称为寿司。
EN： The term 'table sugar' refers to the common white sugar found in households, chemically known as sucrose. In English-speaking countries, it is a staple in kitchens for sweetening coffee, tea, and baking, and is often distinguished from other natural sugars like fructose or lactose in nutritional contexts.
中文： 「table sugar」（字面意為餐桌糖，中文常譯為精製糖或白砂糖）指的是一般家庭中常見的白糖，其化學名稱為蔗糖（sucrose）。在英語系國家的日常生活中，這是廚房必備品，用於為咖啡、茶調味或烘焙，在營養學語境中常與果糖或乳糖等其他天然糖類作區分。
EN： Passive Voice (be + past participle): Used when the focus is on the action or the receiver of the action, rather than the doer. In this sentence, 'is made' is the present simple passive voice of 'make'.
中文： 被动语态（be 动词 + 过去分词）：当焦点在于动作本身或动作的接受者，而非执行者时使用。在本句中，「is made」是动词「make」的一般现在时被动语态。
This bread is made from organic wheat.
这款面包是由有机小麦制成的。
EN： Preposition 'from' with 'made': 'Made from' is used when the original raw material is transformed into something completely different, and its original form is no longer recognizable.
中文： 介词「from」与「made」的搭配：「made from」用于表示原材料经过化学或物理变化，制成完全不同的成品，且无法轻易看出其原始形态。
Paper is made from wood.
纸是由木头制成的。
EN： The use of 'also' as an adverb to add information. It is typically placed after the auxiliary verb or 'be' verb, and before main verbs.
中文： 副词「also」（也）用于补充信息。它通常置于助动词或 be 动词之后，以及实义动词之前。
She is also a talented musician.
她也是一位有才华的音乐家。
EN： Defining relative clause introduced by 'that'. The relative pronoun 'that' acts as the subject of the relative clause 'that are found naturally in many foods', modifying the noun phrase 'simple carbohydrates'.
中文： 由「that」引导的限定性定语从句。关系代词「that」在定语从句「that are found naturally in many foods」中担任主语，用来修饰先行词「simple carbohydrates」（简单碳水化合物）。
EN： The phrase 'be present in' is a common adjective pattern used to indicate that something exists or can be found within a particular place, substance, or group. 'Present' here acts as an adjective meaning 'existing or occurring now' or 'being in a specified place'.
中文： 短语「be present in」（存在于…之中）是一个常见的形容词句型，用来表示某物存在或出现于特定的地方、物质或群体中。这里的「present」作形容词用，意思是「存在的」或「在场的」。
Traces of ancient water are present in the soil of Mars.
火星的土壤中存在着古代水的痕迹。
EN： Compound subjects consist of two or more nouns or pronouns joined by a coordinating conjunction (usually 'and' or 'or'). When joined by 'and', the compound subject is plural and requires a plural verb (in this case, 'are').
中文： 复合主语（Compound Subject）由两个或以上的名词或代词通过并列连词（通常是「and」或「or」）连接而成。当使用「and」连接时，复合主语视为复数，因此需要搭配复数动词（在此句中为「are」）。
Copper and iron are essential minerals for human health.
铜和铁是人体健康所必需的矿物质。
EN： Passive Voice (be + past participle) is used when the focus is on the action or the receiver of the action, rather than the doer. In this sentence, 'is found' indicates that lactose exists or can be located in dairy products.
中文： 被动语态（be 动词 + 过去分词）用于当焦点在于动作本身或动作的接受者，而非执行者时。在本句中，「is found」（被发现/存在于）表示乳糖存在或可以在乳制品中被找到。
Calcium is found in large amounts in milk.
牛奶中含有大量的钙（钙在牛奶中被大量发现）。
EN： The preposition 'like' is used to introduce examples, meaning 'such as' or 'for example'. It is followed by nouns or noun phrases.
中文： 介词「like」用于引入例子，意思是「例如」或「像……一样」。后面接名词或名词短语。
He enjoys outdoor sports like hiking and cycling.
他喜欢像徒步和骑自行车这类的户外运动。
EN： Yes/No Questions with the Verb 'Be': To form a question with the verb 'be' (am/is/are/was/were), we invert the subject and the verb. Instead of 'Subject + Be' (e.g., 'All sugar is bad...'), we use 'Be + Subject' (e.g., 'Is all sugar bad...').
中文： 含有 Be 动词的一般疑问句（Yes/No 问句）：要用 Be 动词（am/is/are/was/were）构成疑问句时，我们需要将主语和动词的位置对调。不同于陈述句的「主语 + Be 动词」（例如：All sugar is bad...），疑问句使用「Be 动词 + 主语」的结构（例如：Is all sugar bad...）。
Is this book interesting to you?
这本书对你来说有趣吗？
EN： Adjective Phrase with 'bad for': The adjective 'bad' is commonly followed by the preposition 'for' to indicate the target or recipient of the negative effect (e.g., 'bad for your health', 'bad for the environment').
中文： 形容词短语「bad for」（对……有害）：形容词「bad」（坏的、有害的）后面通常会接介词「for」，用来表示受到该不良影响的对象或目标（例如：「对你的健康有害」、「对环境有害」）。
Smoking is bad for your lungs.
吸烟对你的肺部有害。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'According to' is used to indicate the source of information or an opinion. It is followed by a noun or noun phrase.
中文： 介词短语「According to」（根据……）用于指出信息或意见的来源，其后接名词或名词短语。
According to the weather forecast, it will rain tomorrow.
根据天气预报，明天会下雨。
EN： The preposition 'in' is used here to define the location or source of the sugar, specifying that it is contained within 'whole foods' (unprocessed, natural foods).
中文： 介词「in」在此处用于限定糖分的来源或存在范围，明确指出其包含在「天然食物」（未加工的天然食物）之中。
The vitamins in fresh vegetables are good for your health.
新鲜蔬菜中的维生素对你的健康有益。
EN： In Western health and wellness discourse, 'whole foods' refers to foods that are unprocessed and unrefined, or processed and refined as little as possible, before being consumed. This is distinct from the supermarket chain 'Whole Foods Market', though the chain's name is derived from this dietary concept.
中文： 在西方健康與飲食論述中，「whole foods」（原型食物/天然食物）指的是未經加工、未經精製，或加工步驟極少的食物。這與美國知名的連鎖超市「Whole Foods Market」（全食超市）不同，不過該超市的命名確實源自於這個飲食概念。
EN： Apposition (Appositive Noun Phrase): A noun phrase placed next to another noun to identify or explain it. In this sentence, 'a senior scientist at the British Nutrition Foundation' is an appositive that provides more information about the subject 'Sammie Gill'. It is set off by commas.
中文： 同位语（同位名词短语）：置于另一个名词旁边，用以说明或解释该名词的短语。在本句中，「a senior scientist at the British Nutrition Foundation」（英国营养基金会的高级科学家）是一个同位语，用来提供关于主语「Sammie Gill」（萨米·吉尔）的额外信息，前后用逗号隔开。
Mr. Green, a dedicated high school teacher, won the Educator of the Year award.
格林先生是一位敬业的高中教师，他荣获了年度教育家奖。
EN： Noun Clause as Direct Object: A dependent clause starting with 'that' functions as the direct object of the verb 'explained'. The word 'that' is a conjunction introducing the clause and does not have a grammatical role within the clause itself.
中文： 名词性从句作直接宾语：由「that」引导的从属从句，在句中作为动词「explained」的直接宾语。这里的「that」是连词，用以引导从句，在从句内部不担任任何语法成分。
The doctor explained that regular exercise can improve sleep quality.
医生解释说，规律运动可以改善睡眠质量。
EN： The British Nutrition Foundation (BNF) is a registered charity in the UK that provides impartial, evidence-based information on food and nutrition. Referencing a scientist from such an institution adds significant authority and credibility to health-related claims in British media.
中文： 英國營養基金會（BNF）是英國的一家註冊慈善機構，旨在提供公正、基於科學證據的食品與營養資訊。在英國媒體中，引用此類機構科學家的言論能為健康相關的主張增添極大的權威性與可信度。
EN： The coordinating conjunction 'and' is used here to connect two independent clauses (complete sentences) to show addition or contrast. When connecting two independent clauses, a comma is typically placed before 'and'.
中文： 并列连词「and」（而且、而）在此处用于连接两个独立分句（完整的句子），以表示并列或对比。当连接两个独立分句时，通常会在「and」之前加上逗号。
The sun is shining, and the birds are singing.
阳光普照，鸟儿也在歌唱。
EN： The structure 'compare A to B' is used to look for similarities between two different things, or to suggest that they are in the same category. In this sentence, it is used in the negative ('cannot compare') to emphasize that fruit and sweets are completely different in value.
中文： 结构「compare A to B」（将 A 比作 B）用于寻找两个不同事物之间的相似之处，或暗示它们属于同一类别。在本句中，它以否定形式（cannot compare）出现，用以强调水果和糖果在价值上完全无法相比。
You cannot compare life in the city to life in the countryside.
你不能把城市的生活与乡村的生活相提并论。
EN： In British English, the word 'sweets' is commonly used to refer to what Americans call 'candy'. Since the speaker, Sammie Gill, is from the British Nutrition Foundation, she uses British terminology. Additionally, the spelling 'fibre' (as opposed to the American 'fiber') also reflects British English standards.
中文： 在英國英語中，「sweets」常用於指代美國人所說的「candy」（糖果）。由於發言者薩米·吉爾來自「英國營養基金會」，因此她使用的是英式術語。此外，「fibre」（纖維）的拼寫（相對於美式的「fiber」）也反映了英式英語的標準。
EN： Defining Relative Clause (Adjective Clause): The clause 'that people should limit' is a relative clause modifying the noun phrase 'The sugar types'. The relative pronoun 'that' acts as the object of the verb 'limit' within the clause and can optionally be omitted in informal English.
中文： 限定性定语从句（形容词从句）：从句「that people should limit」是一个定语从句，用来修饰名词短语「The sugar types」（糖分种类）。关系代词「that」在从句中担任动词「limit」的宾语，在非正式英语中可以省略。
The books that I bought yesterday are on the table.
我昨天买的那几本书在桌子上。
EN： Passive Voice with 'be called': The structure 'are called' is the present simple passive voice of the verb 'call'. It is used to define or name something, focusing on the receiver of the action (the sugar types) rather than who is calling them.
中文： 使用「be called」的被动语态：结构「are called」是动词「call」的一般现在时被动语态。它用于定义或命名某物，焦点放在动作的接受者（糖分种类），而非是谁称呼它们。
The small islands near the coast are called archipelagos.
海岸附近的那些小岛被称为群岛。
EN： The term 'free sugars' is a scientific classification widely used by health organizations like the World Health Organization (WHO). It refers to monosaccharides and disaccharides added to foods and drinks, as well as sugars naturally present in honey, syrups, and fruit juices, distinguishing them from 'intrinsic sugars' found in whole fruits and vegetables.
中文： 「游離糖」（free sugars）是世界衛生組織（WHO）等健康組織廣泛使用的科學分類術語。它指的是添加到食品和飲料中的單糖和雙糖，以及天然存在於蜂蜜、糖漿和果汁中的糖分，以此與整顆蔬菜水果中含有的「內源糖」（intrinsic sugars）做出區隔。
EN： Present Perfect Passive Voice ('have been added'): This structure is used to describe an action that has been completed in the past but has relevance to the present, with the focus on the receiver of the action (sugars) rather than the doer.
中文： 现在完成时的被动语态（have been added）：此结构用于描述在过去已完成但与现在相关的动作，其焦点在于动作的承受者（糖），而非执行者。
These books have been written by local authors.
这些书是由当地作家撰写的。
EN： Defining Relative Clause with 'that': The relative pronoun 'that' introduces a clause that defines or restricts the noun 'sugars', specifying exactly which sugars are being referred to.
中文： 关系代词 'that' 引导的限定性定语从句：此结构用来限定或修饰先行词 'sugars'（糖），明确指出所指的是哪些糖。
The rules that have been established by the school must be followed.
学校所制定的规则必须遵守。
EN： The passive voice is formed with 'be + past participle' (are found). It is used when the focus is on the action or the receiver of the action, rather than who performs it. In this sentence, 'commonly' is an adverb placed between the auxiliary verb 'are' and the main verb 'found' to describe how frequently this occurs.
中文： 被动语态由「be 动词 + 过去分词」（are found）构成。当焦点在于动作本身或动作的接受者，而非执行者时，会使用此语态。在本句中，副词「commonly」（常见地）置于助动词「are」与主要动词「found」之间，用以修饰此现象发生的频率。
Microplastics are commonly found in marine environments.
微塑料常见于海洋环境中。
EN： When listing three or more items in English, commas are used to separate them, with a coordinating conjunction (like 'and') before the last item. The comma before 'and' is known as the Oxford comma (or serial comma), which helps clarify that the items are separate.
中文： 在英文中列举三个或以上的项目时，会使用逗号将它们隔开，并在最后一个项目之前加上并列连词（如「and」）。在「and」之前的逗号被称为「牛津逗号」（或序列逗号），有助于厘清各个项目是相互独立的。
The recipe requires flour, sugar, butter, and eggs.
这道食谱需要面粉、糖、黄油和鸡蛋。
EN： In British English, 'biscuits' refers to what Americans call 'cookies' (sweet, flat, baked treats). In American English, 'biscuits' are soft, savory quick breads often served with gravy. Since this text features a British scientist, the British meaning (cookies) is intended here.
中文： 在英式英文中，「biscuits」指的是美國人所說的「cookies」（甜甜的、扁平的烤焙點心）。而在美式英文中，「biscuits」則是一種質地柔軟、常搭配肉汁食用的鹹味速發麵包。由於本文引用了英國科學家的觀點，此處採用的是英式用法（即餅乾）。
EN： Passive Voice (be + past participle): Used when the focus is on the action or the receiver of the action, rather than the doer. In this sentence, 'are released' shows that the natural sugars undergo the action of being released during the juicing process.
中文： 被动语态（be 动词 + 过去分词）：当焦点在于动作本身或动作的接受者，而非执行者时使用。在本句中，「are released」（被释放）表示天然糖分在榨汁过程中经历了被释放的动作。
Many nutrients are destroyed when vegetables are overcooked.
当蔬菜煮得过久时，许多营养素会被破坏。
EN： Adverbial Clause of Reason (introduced by 'because'): A subordinate clause that explains the cause or reason for the action in the main clause. It answers the question 'why?'.
中文： 原因状语从句（由「because」引导）：这是一个从属从句，用来解释主句动作的原因或理由，回答「为什么」的问题。
She avoids drinking soda because it contains too much sugar.
她不喝汽水，因为它含有太多糖分。
EN： The present perfect tense ('have wondered') is used here to describe an action or state that started in the past and continues to be relevant in the present. The adverb 'also' is placed between the auxiliary verb 'have' and the past participle 'wondered'.
中文： 现在完成时（have wondered）在此处用于描述一个从过去开始并持续影响到现在的动作或状态。副词「also」（也）置于助动词「have」与过去分词「wondered」之间。
Scientists have also researched the long-term effects of these ingredients.
科学家们也已经研究了这些成分的长期影响。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'as an alternative to' is used to introduce a substitute or replacement for something. 'Alternative' acts as a noun here, followed by the preposition 'to' to indicate what is being replaced.
中文： 介词短语「as an alternative to」用于引入某物的替代品。此处的「alternative」作为名词使用，后面接介词「to」以表示被替代的对象。
Many people use honey as an alternative to white sugar.
许多人使用蜂蜜作为白糖的替代品。
EN： Present Perfect Passive Voice (have/has been + past participle) is used to describe an action that started in the past and continues to the present, or has relevance to the present, where the focus is on the receiver of the action (these products) rather than the doer.
中文： 现在完成时的被动语态（have/has been + 过去分词）用于描述一个从过去开始并持续到现在，或与现在相关的动作，其焦点在于动作的承受者（这些产品）而非执行者。
These books have been kept in the library for decades.
这些书已经在图书馆里保存了几十年。
EN： The preposition 'for' followed by a period of time (e.g., 'for many years') is used with the present perfect tense to indicate the duration of an action or state from the past up to the present.
中文： 介词「for」后面接一段时间（例如「for many years」），与现在完成时连用，用来表示某个动作或状态从过去持续到现在的时间长度。
She has lived in this apartment for five years.
她已经在这间公寓住了五年。
EN： In Western food culture, 'diet drinks' (often containing artificial sweeteners like aspartame or sucralose) and 'low-calorie foods' have been highly popular since the late 20th century due to growing health awareness. However, the debate over their long-term health effects remains a prominent topic in public health discussions.
中文： 在西方飲食文化中，自20世紀後期以來，隨著健康意識的抬頭，「代糖飲料」（通常含有阿斯巴甜或三氯蔗糖等人工甜味劑）和「低卡路里食品」變得非常流行。然而，關於它們對人體長期健康影響的爭議，至今仍是公共衛生討論中的熱門話題。
EN： The linking verb 'remain' is used to describe a state that continues to exist without changing. It is often followed by an adjective or a past participle functioning as an adjective (such as 'divided') to describe the subject.
中文： 系动词「remain」（保持、依然是）用于描述某种持续存在且未改变的状态。它后面常接形容词或当作形容词使用的过去分词（例如「divided」），用来修饰主语。
Despite the challenges, the team remains optimistic about the project's success.
尽管面临挑战，该团队对项目的成功依然保持乐观。
EN： The preposition 'among' is used when referring to relations or distribution within a group of three or more people or things (in this case, 'scientists').
中文： 介词「among」（在……之中）用于指在三个或三个以上的人或事物（在此指「scientists」科学家们）之间的关系或分布状态。
The decision caused a lot of discussion among the members.
这个决定在成员之间引起了许多讨论。
EN： The verb 'recommend' is followed by a 'that' clause expressing a recommendation or suggestion. In English, this structure often uses the subjunctive mood, where the verb in the 'that' clause is in its base form (e.g., 'people focus', not 'people focuses' or 'people focused').
中文： 动词「recommend」（建议）后面接「that」引导的从句来表示建议。在英文中，此结构通常使用虚拟语气，意即「that」从句中的动词必须使用动词原形（例如「people focus」，而非「people focuses」或「people focused」），其省略了助动词「should」。
The doctor recommended that he take a few days off from work.
医生建议他请几天假休息。
EN： Parallel structure with gerunds. The preposition 'on' is followed by two gerunds (-ing forms) connected by the conjunction 'and': 'eating...' and 'reducing...'. Both actions must share the same grammatical form to maintain balance.
中文： 动名词的平行结构。介词「on」后面接了由并列连词「and」连接的两个动名词（-ing 形式）：「eating...」（食用）与「reducing...」（减少）。这两个动作必须保持相同的语法结构以维持句子的平衡。
She is interested in learning new languages and traveling to different countries.
她对学习新语言和去不同国家旅游感兴趣。
重要单词附有 IPA 发音、定义、例句和互动式测验。
在本文中： 减少、降低（数量、价格、尺寸等）
在本文中： 消费者、顾客
在本文中： 识别、辨认出
在本文中： 有害的、会造成伤害的
在本文中： 有益的、有帮助的
在本文中： 物质、东西
在本文中： 制造商、生产厂家
在本文中： 替代品、可供选择的事物
在本文中： 建议、推荐
在本文中： 摄入量、吸收量
片语包含类型标示、双语定义、用法说明和例句。
Food that has been processed or refined as little as possible and is free from additives or other artificial substances.
天然食物、完整食物
Sugars added to foods and drinks by the manufacturer, cook or consumer, and sugars naturally present in honey, syrups and fruit juices.
游离糖、添加糖
Synthetic sugar substitutes used to sweeten food and beverages.
人工代糖、人造甜味剂
To continue to have different opinions or disagree about something.
意见仍有分歧、看法不一