EN： The Present Perfect Tense ('has said', 'have been') is used to express an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past and has relevance to the present.
中文： 现在完成时（has said, have been）用于表示过去某个不确定时间发生的动作，且该动作与现在仍有联系或影响。
The organizers have announced that the next event will take place in 2030.
主办单位已经宣布下一届赛事将于 2030 年举行。
EN： Apposition is a grammatical construction where two elements (usually noun phrases) are placed side by side, so one element identifies or explains the other. Here, 'Phil Batty' is in apposition to 'The chief executive of Glasgow 2026'.
中文： 同位语（Apposition）是一种语法结构，将两个名词短语并列放置，用来补充说明或确认同一个对象。在此句中，『菲尔·巴蒂』即为『格拉斯哥 2026 的执行长』的同位语。
The manager of the team, Sarah Jenkins, signed the contract.
该队的经理莎拉·詹金斯签署了合同。
EN： The Commonwealth Games is a multi-sport event held every four years among athletes from the Commonwealth of Nations. Glasgow hosted a scaled-down version of the Games in 2026, reducing the number of sports to make the event more sustainable and affordable for host cities.
中文： 英聯邦運動會是每四年舉行一次的綜合性運動會，參賽者來自英聯邦成員國。格拉斯哥 2026 採取了精簡舉辦模式，大幅減少比賽項目，旨在降低財務負擔，建立更具永續性的主辦模型。
EN： Indirect Speech with Reported Verbs: The verb 'tell' takes an indirect object (the Guardian) followed by a 'that' clause containing the reported statement.
中文： 间接叙述与转述动词：动词 'tell' 后面接间接宾语（《卫报》），再接由 'that' 引导的名词性从句来转述说话内容。
She told her team that the project was a total success.
她告诉她的团队，这个项目非常成功。
EN： Expressing Duration with 'for another + [number] + [time period]': 'Another' is used before a plural noun phrase with a number to indicate an additional period of time.
中文： 使用 'for another + [数字] + [时间单位]' 表示持续时间：'another' 可以放在「数字 + 复数时间名词」之前，用来表示「再额外增加一段时间」。
We decided to stay in Paris for another three days.
我们决定在巴黎再多待三天。
EN： The Guardian is one of the United Kingdom's most respected daily newspapers, widely read for its coverage of national and international news, sports, and culture.
中文： 《衛報》（The Guardian）是英國最受尊敬的每日報刊之一，以報導英國國內外新聞、體育與文化議題聞名。
EN： 'Compared to' (or 'compared with') is a reduced participle clause used to juxtapose two things, showing contrast or degree of difference.
中文： 「compared to」（与……相比）是一个分词简化句型，常用于比较两件事物，以突出差异或对比。
This year's sales increased by 20%, compared to a slight drop last year.
今年的销售额增长了 20%，相比去年的轻微下降有所提升。
EN： Time expressions specifying 'how long ago' (e.g., 'four years ago') can modify noun phrases or prepositional phrases to provide historical context.
中文： 「时间段 + ago」（如 four years ago）用来表示「多久以前」，常用于修饰名词短语或介词短语，以提供过去的时间背景。
She moved to London five years ago.
她五年前搬到了伦敦。
EN： The Commonwealth Games in Birmingham 2022 featured a massive lineup of 19 sports. Due to rising costs and sustainability concerns, Glasgow 2026 adopted a scaled-back 'light' model with only 10 sports to ensure the event remains financially viable for future host cities.
中文： 2022 年伯明翰英聯邦運動會舉辦了多達 19 個項目。由於成本上升和可持續性的考量，格拉斯哥 2026 採取了簡化的「精簡版」模式，僅保留 10 個項目，以確保未來主辦城市能夠負擔得起此賽事。
EN： The complex transitive structure 'make + object + complement' (make X Y) is used here with an adjective phrase 'financially sustainable' acting as the object complement, describing the resulting state of 'the event'.
中文： 「make + 宾语 + 宾语补足语」结构：在此使用形容词短语「financially sustainable」作为宾语补足语，说明宾语「the event」（赛事）被改变后的状态。
The new policy made the business highly profitable.
这项新政策使这家企业获得了高额利润。
EN： The present perfect tense 'has made' is used to show a past action (changing the format) that has a direct, important result in the present.
中文： 现在完成时「has made」用于表示过去发生的动作（改变形式）对现在产生了直接且重要的影响或结果。
Technology has made remote work much easier for modern professionals.
科技使得远程工作对现代专业人士来说变得容易许多。
EN： The 2026 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow were streamlined to 10 sports (down from 19 in Birmingham) to reduce costs and avoid financial strain. This scaled-down model is considered a major shift toward economic sustainability for future international sports competitions.
中文： 2026年格拉斯哥英聯邦運動會將比賽項目大幅減少至10項（上一屆伯明翰為19項），旨在降低舉辦成本並減輕財政負擔。這種縮減規模的辦賽模式被視為國際體育賽事走向經濟永續發展的重要轉型。
EN： The expression 'express pride in [something]' uses the preposition 'in' to indicate the source or cause of one's pride. It can be followed by a noun phrase or a wh-clause functioning as a noun phrase.
中文： 动词短语「express pride in」（对……表达自豪）后面需接介词「in」，用来指引自豪的来源或原因。后接名词短语或由疑问词（如 how）引导的名词从句。
She expressed great pride in her daughter's achievements.
她对女儿的成绩表达了无比的自豪。
EN： The phrasal verb 'come together' means to join, unite, or gather in order to achieve something or support each other.
中文： 短语动词「come together」意为「团结起来」、「聚在一起」，通常指为了达成某个目标或互相支持而联合或聚集。
The community came together to support the family in need.
社区居民团结一致，共同帮助有需要的家庭。
EN： The Commonwealth Games is a multi-sport event involving athletes from the Commonwealth of Nations. Expressing 'pride' in host city collaboration highlights the civic and international unity that the Games aim to promote.
中文： 英聯邦運動會是一項由英聯邦成員國和地區運動員參加的綜合性運動會。表達對主辦城市與英聯邦合作的「自豪感」，強調了該運動會旨在倡導的城市榮譽與國際團結精神。
EN： The reported speech structure with a 'that'-clause is used to report what someone said, thought, or stated. The conjunction 'that' can introduce a subordinate clause functioning as the direct object of the main verb (e.g., 'stated').
中文： 带有「that」名词从句的结构，常用于转述某人的话、想法或声明。连词「that」引导从句作为主要动词（如「stated」）的直接宾语，在口语中「that」常可省略。
She mentioned that the event was a great success.
她提到该活动非常成功。
EN： The present perfect tense (have/has + past participle) is used here within indirect speech to show a completed action that has relevance to the present moment.
中文： 现在完成时（have/has + 过去分词）在此用于间接叙述中，表示动作已经完成，且其结果或影响持续与现在相关。
The team members have completed their tasks ahead of schedule.
团队成员已经提前完成了任务。
EN： 'According to' is a prepositional phrase used to indicate the source of information or an opinion. It is usually followed by a noun or pronoun.
中文： 「According to」是一个介词短语，意为「根据……」或「据……所说」，用来引述信息来源或某人的观点，后面通常接名词或代词。
According to the weather forecast, it will rain tomorrow.
根据天气预报，明天会下雨。
EN： The idiom 'be here to last' means that something is established, stable, and will continue to exist or succeed for a long time.
中文： 短语「be here to last」表示某事物已经奠定基础、相当稳固，并且「将会长久存在」或持续发挥作用。
Electric cars are not just a trend; they are here to last.
电动汽车不只是一时的流行，它们将会长久存在。
EN： The Commonwealth Games is a quadrennial multi-sport event involving athletes from the Commonwealth of Nations. In recent years, cities have raised concerns over the high cost of hosting large sporting events, leading to debates about the Games' financial sustainability and future relevance.
中文： 英聯邦運動會是每四年舉行一次的大型綜合性運動會，參賽者來自英聯邦成員國。近年來，由於主辦大型體育賽事的費用過高，不少城市對承辦意願降低，引發了對英聯邦運動會財務可持續性及其未來價值的討論。
EN： Future Passive Voice ('will be + past participle'): Used to describe an action that will happen to the subject in the future, especially when the focus is on the event rather than who performs the action.
中文： 将来时被动语态（will be + 过去分词）：用于描述未来某事将被执行的情况，当焦点在于事件本身而非执行者时特别常用。
The next Olympic Games will be held in Los Angeles.
下一届奥林匹克运动会将在洛杉矶举行。
EN： Preposition 'in' with locations and years: 'In' is used before city/country names (e.g., in Amdavad, India) and before specific years (e.g., in 2030).
中文： 介词「in」与地点及年份的搭配：在城市或国家名称前（如：在印度的艾哈迈达巴德），以及在具体年份前（如：在 2030 年），均使用介词「in」。
The conference will take place in Tokyo in 2028.
该会议将于 2028 年在东京举行。
EN： Amdavad (also known as Ahmedabad) is the largest city in the state of Gujarat, India. Hosting the 2030 Commonwealth Games highlights India's growing capability and commitment to hosting major international multi-sport events.
中文： 阿姆達巴德（Amdavad，又稱 Ahmedabad）是印度古吉拉特邦的最大城市。舉辦 2030 年英聯邦運動會展現了印度近年承辦大型國際綜合運動賽事的實力與野心。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense ('have faced') is used here to express an action or situation that began in the past and continues to be relevant or true in the present.
中文： 现在完成时（have faced）在此用于表达一个从过去开始发生，并且对现在仍具有影响或相关性的动作或情况。
The company has faced many challenges this year.
这家公司今年面临了许多挑战。
EN： Adverbs of degree or addition like 'also' are typically placed after the auxiliary verb ('have') and before the main verb ('faced').
中文： 表示「也」的副词（如 also），通常放在助动词（have）之后、主要动词（faced）之前。
They have also visited the new museum.
他们也参观了那座新博物馆。
EN： The Commonwealth Games is a multi-sport event involving athletes from the Commonwealth of Nations. Large-scale international sports events like this often face criticism regarding financial costs, low attendance, or absent top-tier athletes.
中文： 英聯邦運動會是由英聯邦成員國運動員參與的大型綜合運動會。這類大型國際體育賽事常會因財務開支、上座率偏低或頂尖選手缺席等問題而面臨社會各界的批評。
EN： Using 'including' as a preposition to introduce specific examples that belong to a broader group mentioned earlier.
中文： 使用「including」（包含/包括）作为介词，用来引出属于前面所提及之较大群体中的具体例子。
Many countries joined the conference, including Japan and South Korea.
许多国家参加了会议，包括日本与韩国。
EN： Noun adjuncts/modifiers where a noun (e.g., 'Olympic champion') functions like an adjective to describe another noun ('Keely Hodgkinson').
中文： 名词修饰语：使用名词（如「Olympic champion」）作为修饰语，性质类似形容词，用来补充说明其后的专有名词（「Keely Hodgkinson」）。
World champion athlete Usain Bolt won many medals.
世界冠军运动员尤塞恩·博尔特赢得了许多奖牌。
EN： Keely Hodgkinson (middle-distance runner for Great Britain) and Summer McIntosh (Canadian competitive swimmer) are among the world's premier young athletes. Their absence highlights the challenge major non-Olympic multisport events face in attracting elite stars.
中文： 基利·霍奇金森（英國中長跑選手）與薩默·麥金托什（加拿大游泳頂尖選手）皆為當前國際體壇的青年超級巨星。她們缺席該屆賽事，凸顯出大型非奧運綜合運動會在吸引頂尖明星參賽時所面臨的挑戰。
EN： The phrase 'complain about' is a phrasal verb meaning to express dissatisfaction with something. It is followed by a noun, noun phrase, or gerund.
中文： 动词短语「complain about」表示「抱怨……」或「对……表示不满」，后面接名词、名词短语或动名词。
Many passengers complained about the train delay.
许多乘客抱怨火车延误。
EN： The structure 'the fact that' allows an abstract noun ('fact') to be expanded with a full clause (appositive clause) specifying what the fact is.
中文： 「the fact that」结构允许抽象名词「fact」（事实）后面连接一个同位语从句，用来详细说明该事实的具体内容。
He accepted the fact that he needed to work harder.
他接受了他需要更加努力的事实。
EN： Large multi-sport events like the Commonwealth Games rely heavily on local attendance and global broadcasting rights to showcase sustainability and maintain popularity. Public criticism regarding empty seats and reduced TV coverage often sparks debates over ticket pricing and broadcast accessibility.
中文： 像英聯邦運動會這類大型綜合運動會，極度依賴現場觀眾出席率以及全球電視轉播權來展現其可持續性與受歡迎程度。大眾對於現場空位過多和電視轉播減少的批評，常引發關於門票定價與轉播普及度的討論。
EN： 'Despite' is a preposition used to show contrast, meaning 'in spite of'. It is followed by a noun phrase or a gerund (-ing form), not a subject-verb clause.
中文： 「Despite」（尽管）是用来表示转折对比的介词，后面必须接「名词短语」或「动名词（-ing）」，不能直接接包含主语和动词的从句。
Despite the heavy rain, they decided to go hiking.
尽管下着大雨，他们还是决定去徒步。
EN： Appositive phrases are nouns or noun phrases placed next to another noun to explain or identify it. They are usually set off by commas when providing extra (non-essential) information.
中文： 同位语（Appositive）是放在另一个名词旁边、用来解释或补充说明的名词或名词短语。当同位语提供额外（非必要）信息时，通常用逗号隔开。
Mr. Chen, a famous local chef, opened a new restaurant last week.
陈先生，一位著名的当地厨师，上周开了一家新餐厅。
EN： 'Commonwealth Sport' (also known as the Commonwealth Games Federation) is the international organization responsible for the direction and control of the Commonwealth Games. The event brings together athletes from countries that are part of the Commonwealth of Nations, most of which are former territories of the British Empire.
中文： 「英聯邦運動會聯合會」（Commonwealth Sport）是負責管理與籌辦英聯邦運動會的國際組織。英聯邦運動會每四年舉辦一次，參賽者來自英聯邦（Commonwealth of Nations）的成員國，其中大多數國家歷史上曾為大英帝國的領土或領地。
EN： The modal verb 'may' expresses possibility in the present or future, followed by the base form of a verb (infinitive without 'to').
中文： 情态动词「may」表示现在或未来的可能性，后面接动词原形（不带 to 的不定式）。
The new policy may change how companies handle customer service.
这项新政策可能会改变公司处理客户服务的方式。
EN： Prepositional phrases starting with 'of' and 'for' are used as post-modifiers to narrow down and clarify the meaning of nouns.
中文： 由「of」和「for」开头的介词短语常用作后置修饰语，用来精确界定与说明前面的名词。
The key to success for young entrepreneurs is continuous learning.
年轻创业者成功的关键在于持续学习。
EN： In major sports administration, the term 'legacy' refers to the long-term positive impact and infrastructure a mega-event leaves behind for host cities and future organizers, such as financial sustainability or reusable hosting models.
中文： 在大型體育賽事管理中，「legacy（遺產/影響）」指的是大型活動為主辦城市及未來主辦方留下的長期正面影響與機制，例如財務永續性或可供後續城市借鏡的簡約辦賽模式。
EN： Using the preposition 'by' followed by a gerund (-ing form) indicates the method or means used to achieve a specific result.
中文： 介词「by」后面接动名词（V-ing），用来表示达成某种结果的方法或手段（通过……方式）。
By practicing every day, she improved her English fluency significantly.
通过每天练习，她的英语流利度大幅提升。
EN： The relative pronoun 'that' (or 'which') introduces a relative clause that modifies the preceding noun ('a model'). In this clause, 'that' acts as the object of the verb 'follow'.
中文： 关系代词「that」（或「which」）引导关系从句，用来修饰前面的名词（a model）。在此从句中，「that」充当动词「follow」的宾语。
This is a plan that everyone can support.
这是一个每个人都可以支持的计划。
EN： The verb 'mean' can be followed by a 'that-clause' functioning as a noun clause (direct object), which explains the result or significance of the subject.
中文： 动词「mean」（意味着）后面可接由「that」引导的名词从句作为直接宾语，用来说明主语所带来的结果或意义。
Higher test scores mean that students understand the lesson well.
更高的测验分数意味着学生很好地理解了课程。
EN： The modal verb 'could' is used here to express future possibility or capability under specific hypothetical circumstances.
中文： 情态动词「could」在此处用于表示在特定假设情况下，未来发生的可能性或具备的能力（能够）。
With better public transport, citizens could travel around the city more easily.
有了更好的公共交通，市民就能更轻松地在城市中出行。
EN： In recent years, major sporting events like the Olympics and Commonwealth Games have faced criticism for high hosting costs. Simplifying the format to allow smaller cities to host promotes environmental and financial sustainability.
中文： 近年來，奧運會和英聯邦運動會等大型體育賽事常因高昂的舉辦費用而受到批評。精簡賽事規模、讓較小的城市也能承辦，有利於推動環境與財務上的永續發展。
EN： The Present Perfect Passive ('has/have been' + past participle) is used to show that an action was completed at an unspecified time in the past and has relevance to the present moment, focusing on the receiver of the action rather than the doer.
中文： 现在完成时的被动语态（has/have been + 过去分词）用于表示某个动作在过去不确定的时间点已完成，且与现在有着密切关联，重点在于承受动作的对象，而非执行者本身。
All the questions have been answered by the teacher.
所有的问题都已经由老师解答完毕。
EN： The verb 'appear' followed by an infinitive ('to + verb') means 'seems to be or do something', used to express an impression or likelihood based on evidence.
中文： 动词 'appear' 后接不定式（to + 动词原形）表示「似乎/看起来像……」，用于根据现有证据表达某种印象或可能性。
The new project appears to be very successful.
这个新项目看起来非常成功。
EN： The Commonwealth Games is a multi-sport event held every four years among athletes from the Commonwealth of Nations. In recent years, concerns have been raised about its financial sustainability and cultural relevance, prompting major reforms like reducing the number of mandatory sports to make it easier for smaller host cities to participate.
中文： 英聯邦運動會是每四年舉辦一次的綜合性運動會，參賽者為來自英聯邦成員國的運動員。近年來，人們對該運動會的財務可持續性與時代意義提出疑慮，因而促成了重大改革（如減少必辦體育項目數量），讓規模較小的主辦城市也能負擔得起並參與其中。
重要单词附有 IPA 发音、定义、例句和互动式测验。
在本文中： 极好的、非凡的
在本文中： 可持续的、能长期维持的
在本文中： 重要性、相关性（在此指赛事依然有存在价值）
在本文中： 批评、指责
在本文中： 媒体报道、转播
在本文中： 遗产、留给后世的影响
在本文中： 方法、方式
片语包含类型标示、双语定义、用法说明和例句。
To be much better than expected.
超出预期
The process of planning, organizing, and executing events.
赛事／活动管理
A city that provides the infrastructure and facilities for an event.
主办城市
To sell all the available tickets or products.
售罄、门票卖光