EN： The preposition 'through' is used here to indicate the medium or means by which an action is performed.
中文： 介词「through」在此处用来表示执行某个动作所通过的「媒介」或「方式」（译为：通过、经由）。
You can pay your bills through the online banking system.
你可以通过网络银行系统支付你的账单。
EN： The phrase 'for the first time' is an adverbial time expression used to describe something happening as a new experience.
中文： 短语「for the first time」为时间副词语块，意思是「第一次」或「首次」，用来强调某事是全新的体验或突破。
She visited Japan for the first time last summer.
她去年夏天第一次造访日本。
EN： London is one of Europe's largest markets for ride-hailing services. Transport for London (TfL) regulates all taxis and private hire vehicles in the city, enforcing strict safety standards before autonomous technology can be made available to the public.
中文： 伦敦是欧洲最大的网约车服务市场之一。伦敦交通局（TfL）负责监管该市所有的出租车和私营出租车辆，在向公众开放自动驾驶技术之前，必须通过其极其严格的安全标准规范。
EN： A non-defining relative clause is set off by commas and provides extra, non-essential information about a noun. The relative pronoun 'which' is used for things.
中文： 非限制性定语从句用逗号隔开，为先行词提供额外的补充说明（即便省略也不影响主干句意的表达）。修饰指代事物时，使用关系代词“which”。
The new laptop, which I bought last week, is very fast.
这台新笔记本电脑是我上周买的，运行速度非常快。
EN： The passive voice is formed with 'be' + past participle (V3). It is used when the focus is on the action or the receiver of the action, rather than who performed it.
中文： 被动语态由“be 动词 + 过去分词 (V3)”构成。当强调焦点在动作本身或动作的承受者（而非执行者）时使用。
The official report was published on Friday.
这份官方报告已于周五发布。
EN： Subject-Verb Agreement with 'The chances of...': The head noun of the subject phrase is 'chances' (plural), so it takes the plural verb 'are', despite the singular noun 'robotaxis' or 'one' appearing closer to the verb.
中文： 主词与动词一致性（The chances of...）：此句主词核心字为复数名词「chances」，因此动词需使用复数形式的「are」，不受中间靠近动词的单数名词影响。
The chances of winning the lottery are extremely small.
中乐透的机率极小。
EN： Present Perfect Passive Tense ('have been licensed'): Combines the present perfect (have/has + past participle) with the passive voice (be + past participle) to show that an action was completed prior to the present by an unnamed agent.
中文： 现在完成时态的被动态（have been licensed）：结合现在完成时（have/has + 过去分词）与被动态（be + 过去分词），用来表示某个动作在现在之前已经由某人完成（强调状态或结果）。
All the tickets have been sold out so far.
到目前为止，所有的门票都已经售罄了。
EN： The 'There + be' structure is used to indicate the existence of something. 'There' acts as a dummy subject, while the real grammatical subject follows the verb 'be'.
中文： 「There + be」句型用于表示「某处有某物/人」。句中的 there 为形式主语，真正的文法主语则放在动词 be 之后。
There are many historical buildings in this city.
这座城市里有许多历史建筑。
EN： A present participle (-ing) phrase ('already operating...') can be used after a noun to reduce a relative clause ('which are already operating...'). It modifies the preceding noun with an active meaning.
中文： 现在分词短语（如 operating...）可放在名词后方，作为形容词从句（which are operating...）的简化形式，用主动语态修饰前面的名词。
The people waiting outside the station are getting impatient.
在车站外等待的人们变得越来越没耐性了。
EN： In London, 'private hire vehicles' (PHVs) refer to licensed minicabs or rideshare services (like Uber) that must be pre-booked, as opposed to traditional 'black cabs' (hackney carriages) that can be hailed on the street.
中文： 在伦敦，「private hire vehicles」（私人租赁车/专营营运车辆）指的是必须预先预约的出租车或网约车（如 Uber），这与可以在街头随手招揽的传统「黑色出租车」（black cabs）在营运法规上有所区分。
EN： The object complement structure 'have + object + present participle (-ing)' is used to describe someone or something being in a particular state or performing an action.
中文： 「have + 宾语 + 现在分词 (-ing)」结构，用于描述某人或某物处于某种状态或正在进行某项动作（作为宾语补语。
She had a young child holding her hand during the tour.
导览期间，她有一位小孩牵着她的手。
EN： Past participles (e.g., 'licensed') can function as adjectives to describe a noun that has received or undergone a specific action.
中文： 过去分词（如 licensed）可作为形容词使用，用来修饰接受或完成该动作的名词（表示「受过的」或「具备资格的」）。
Only qualified professionals can perform this delicate surgery.
只有合格的专业人员才能进行这项精密的手术。
EN： The phrasal verb 'take over' means to assume control or responsibility of something. It can be used with a direct object like 'the controls'.
中文： 短语动词「take over」意为「接管」或「承担责任」。它可以搭配直接宾语使用，例如「the controls」（控制权）。
The co-pilot was ready to take over the plane.
副驾驶已准备好接管飞机的操控。
EN： 'If' introduces a First Conditional clause describing a real or possible future situation ('something goes wrong'), where the present simple tense is used after 'if'.
中文： 「if」引导条件副词从句，用来描述真实或可能发生的状况（「something goes wrong」）。在「if」引导的从句中，须使用现在简单式代表未来可能发生的情况。
Call me if you need help.
如果你需要帮忙，请打电话给我。
EN： The structure 'license [something] as [something]' uses 'as' as a preposition meaning 'in the role or capacity of' to indicate the official status or category granted to the object.
中文： 「license [某物] as [某身份/类别]」结构中，介系词「as」表示「作为……的身份或类别」，用来说明赋予该物件的官方认证身份。
The government certified the building as a historical landmark.
政府将这栋建筑认证为历史地标。
EN： Possessive apostrophe with joint ownership: When two nouns share ownership or modification of a single object, the apostrophe-s ('s) is added only to the second noun (e.g., 'Uber and Wayve's modified cars').
中文： 共同所有格的用法：当两个名词共同拥有或修饰同一个事物时，只需在第二个名词后面加上所有格符号（'s），例如「Uber and Wayve's modified cars」（Uber 与 Wayve 共同的改装车）。
Jack and Mary's new apartment is near the station.
杰克和玛丽的新公寓在车站附近。
EN： In the UK, particularly in London, 'private hire vehicles' (PHVs) refer to minicabs or ride-hailing cars (like Uber) that must be pre-booked, as opposed to traditional 'black cabs' (hackney carriages) which can be hailed on the street. 'Transport for London' (TfL) is the government body responsible for licensing both types of vehicles.
中文： 在英国（特别是伦敦），「private hire vehicles」（私家出租车/专车）指的是必须预先预约的车辆（如 Uber），与可以在街上随手招揽的传统「黑色计程车」（black cabs）不同。「伦敦交通局」（Transport for London, TfL）则是负责核发这两类车辆营运执照的政府机构。
EN： The verb 'require' is used here with the pattern 'require + object + to-infinitive', meaning to demand that someone do something as a rule or law.
中文： 动词「require」（要求）在此使用「require + 宾语 + 不定词 (to V)」的句型，表示依据规定或法律要求某人执行某动作。
The company rules require all employees to wear a name tag.
公司规定要求所有员工配戴名牌。
EN： The compound time expression 'at all times' functions as an adverbial phrase meaning 'always' or 'continuously'.
中文： 复合时间短语「at all times」充当副词修饰语，意思是「总是」、「始终」或「时刻」。
Please keep your seatbelts fastened at all times during the flight.
飞行期间请时刻系紧安全带。
EN： The Present Perfect Passive Voice ('has not been approved') is used to describe an action that has not happened up to the present moment, focusing on the receiver of the action (the concept/technology) rather than the agent.
中文： 现在完成时的被动语态（has not been approved）用于描述直到目前为止尚未发生的动作，重点在于接受动作的对象（概念或技术），而非执行动作的主体。
The new safety feature has not been tested yet.
这项新的安全功能尚未经过测试。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'without + noun/noun phrase' is used to show condition or absence, meaning 'not having' or 'in the absence of' something.
中文： 介词短语“without + 名词/名词短语”用来表示条件或缺乏，意思是“没有”或“在缺乏……的情况下”。
You cannot enter the facility without a official pass.
没有官方通行证，你不能进入该设施。
EN： The passive voice construction 'is seen as' (be + past participle + as) is used to express how something is regarded, perceived, or categorized by people in general.
中文： 被动语态结构「is seen as」（被动动词 + as）用于表达某事或某物普遍被大众视为、看作或归类为什么。
This new policy is seen as a major step toward environmental protection.
这项新政策被视为迈向环境保护的重要一步。
EN： The possessive noun ending with ''s' (Thursday's) indicates time or origin, showing that the event or noun belongs to or happens on that specific time.
中文： 名词所有格加上「's」（如 Thursday's）可用于表示时间或来源，说明该事件或名词属于或发生于该特定时间。
Yesterday's meeting was postponed until next week.
昨天的会议被延期到下週。
EN： The structure 'allow + object + to-infinitive' is used to express giving permission or making it possible for someone/something to do an action.
中文： 「allow + 受词 + 不定词 (to + 动词原形)」结构，用于表示「允许或使得某人/某事能够做某动作」。
The new law allows students to travel for free on public transport.
这项新法律让学生能够免费搭乘大众运输工具。
EN： The relative pronoun 'that' introduces a restrictive relative clause to modify the preceding plural noun 'technology companies', defining which specific companies are being referred to.
中文： 关系代名词「that」在此引导限定修饰的关系子句，用来修饰前方的复数名词「technology companies（科技公司）」，明确指出是哪些特定的公司。
We need to hire engineers that have experience in artificial intelligence.
我们需要雇用在人工智能领域拥有经验的工程师。
EN： London is a high-stakes market for autonomous technology due to its complex street layout, strict regulatory environment controlled by Transport for London, and heavy traffic. Securing a foothold here provides technology companies with a strategic advantage across European markets.
中文： 伦敦对于自动驾驶技术而言是一个至关重要的战略市场。由于其复杂的街道格局、伦敦交通局严格的监管环境以及庞大的交通流量，能成功在伦敦落地运营，将为科技公司进军整体欧洲市场带来极大的竞争优势。
EN： The Passive Voice (be + past participle) is used when the focus is on the receiver of the action rather than the doer. Here, 'is considered' shows that people in general consider London to be something.
中文： 被动语态（be 动词 + 过去分词）用于将焦点放在动作的接受者而非执行者上。在此处，「is considered」表示伦敦被大众认为是某种对象。
This strategy is considered effective by many experts.
这项策略被许多专家认为是有效的。
EN： The preposition 'for' indicates purpose or destination, while 'across' means extending throughout a whole area or region.
中文： 介词「for」在此表示目的或对象，而「across」意为横跨、遍及整个区域。
The company plans a new advertising campaign across Asia.
这家公司计划在全亚洲开展新的广告活动。
EN： London is often used as a primary testing ground and launchpad for tech companies in Europe due to its complex urban environment, high population density, and strict regulatory framework. Success in London usually signals readiness for expansion across the European continent.
中文： 伦敦因其复杂的城市环境、高人口密度和严格的监管框架，常被科技公司视为在欧洲的首要测试基地与发布平台。在伦敦取得成功，通常意味着该技术已具备向整个欧洲大陆扩展的成熟度。
EN： The Present Continuous Tense (be + verb-ing) is used here to describe an action that is currently taking place or ongoing around the present time.
中文： 现在进行时（be 动词 + 动词-ing）在此用于描述目前正在进行或现阶段持续发生的动作。
Many tech firms are testing new software this month.
许多科技公司这个月正在测试新的软件。
EN： The focus adverb 'also' is used to add extra information. It typically comes after the auxiliary verb (in this case, 'are') and before the main verb or rest of the sentence.
中文： 焦点副词「also」（也）用于补充信息。通常放在助动词或 be 动词（此处为 'are'）之后、主要动词之前。
They are also developing electric trucks.
他们也正在开发电动卡车。
EN： The Present Perfect Continuous tense (have/has + been + V-ing) is used to describe an action that started in the past and is still continuing in the present, emphasizing the ongoing duration of the activity.
中文： 现在完成进行式（have/has + been + 现在分词）用于描述从过去某个时间点开始、一直持续到现在的动作，强调该活动的持续性与进行状态。
Tech companies have been developing autonomous vehicles for several years.
科技公司多年来一直在研发自动驾驶车辆。
EN： Compound adjectives with hyphenated structures (e.g., 'Google-owned') are formed by combining a noun and a past participle to describe a quality or state of a entity.
中文： 由连字号连接的复合形容词（如『Google-owned』）通常由「名词 + 过去分词」组成，用来修饰后面的名词，表示「被……所拥有的」或「由……所制作的」。
The state-owned enterprise announced its new investment plan today.
这家国营企业今天宣布了新的投资计划。
EN： 'The British capital' is a common journalistic metonym for London, used to avoid repeating the city's name while adding geographical and political context.
中文： 『The British capital』（英国首都）是新闻报道中常见的换称手法，用来代替「London」（伦敦），避免文字重复并增加文采。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses starting with 'who' provide extra, non-essential information about a person. They are separated by commas, and omitting them does not change the core meaning of the sentence.
中文： 非限定关代子句以「who」引导，用来补充说明先行词（人）的额外资讯。此類子句前后需使用逗号隔开，即使省略也不会影响主句的核心意思。
Tim Cook, who is the CEO of Apple, introduced the new iPhone.
Apple 的执行长提姆·库克介绍了新款 iPhone。
EN： The phrase 'express one's pride about/in something' is used to show how proud someone feels about a specific achievement, event, or person.
中文： 动词片语「express one's pride about/in...」代表「对某事表达自豪/骄傲之情」，常用于公开场合表达对成就或事件的肯定。
The manager expressed her pride about the team's successful project.
经理对团队成功完成专案表达了自豪之情。
EN： Wayve is a prominent British AI startup focusing on autonomous driving technology. Launching self-driving services in London is a major technology milestone due to London's narrow, complex streets and unpredictable traffic conditions.
中文： Wayve 是英国著名的人工智能自动驾驶科技初创公司。在伦敦推出自动驾驶服务是一项重大技术里程碑，因为伦敦拥有狭窄、复杂的历史街道以及多变繁忙的交通状况。
EN： Reported speech (indirect speech) is used to report what someone said without using their exact words. When the main reporting verb (e.g., 'said') is in the past tense, the verbs in the reported clause usually shift back into a past tense (sequence of tenses). Here, 'is proud' shifts to 'was proud', and the conjunction 'that' is omitted after 'said'.
中文： 转述语气（间接话语）用于转述他人说过的话，而非直接引用原话。当主句的转述动词（如 'said'）为过去时态时，从句中的动词通常也需要时态回溯（时态一致）。在此句中，原话的 'is proud' 转述为 'was proud'，且动词 'said' 后面省略了连接词 'that'。
She said she was ready to start her new job.
她说她准备好要开始新工作了。
EN： The adjective pattern 'be proud to + infinitive' is used to express feeling honored or satisfied about doing a specific action. The infinitive verb (e.g., 'introduce') follows 'proud' directly to state the cause of pride.
中文： 形容词句型「be proud to + 动词原形」用于表达对于做某件事感到荣幸或自豪。在 'proud' 后面直接接不定词动词（如 'introduce'），用来说明感到自豪的原因。
We are proud to announce the launch of our new product.
我们很自豪地宣布我们的新产品正式上市。
EN： The pattern 'describe A as B' is used to explain or express what someone or something is considered to be. 'A' is the object, and 'B' is a noun phrase or adjective that describes 'A'.
中文： 动词片语「describe A as B」（将 A 描述/形容为 B）用于说明某人或某物被看待的方式。其中 A 为受词，B 为形容 A 的名词片语或形容词。
She described the experience as unforgettable.
她将那次经历描述为令人难忘的。
EN： Possessive nouns with an apostrophe and 's' (e.g., 'company's') indicate ownership or association, functioning as a modifier for the noun that follows.
中文： 名词所有格加上撇号与 s（如 'company's'）表示所有权或关联性，在句中充当后方名词的修饰语。
The city's history attracts many tourists every year.
这座城市的歷史每年都吸引许多遊客。
EN： In corporate language, 'home city' or 'home market' refers to the city where a startup or company was founded and developed, often serving as its primary testing ground before global expansion.
中文： 在企业与创业用语中，「home city」（大本营/总部所在地）或「home market」（本土市场）指的是初创公司成立与发展的城市。这类城市通常是公司在进行全球扩张前最主要的测试与营运据点。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle) is used here to describe an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past and has a result or relevance to the present.
中文： 现在完成式（have/has + 过去分词）在此用于描述过去某个未明确说明时间发生的动作，且该动作对现在仍具影响或相关性介
Many people have registered for the new online course this week.
这周许多人已经报名了这门新的线上课程介
EN： A non-defining relative clause starting with 'which' can refer back to the entire previous clause, providing extra comment or information about the whole situation.
中文： 由 'which' 引导的非限定关系子句可以用来指代前面的整个句子（即前面的整件事），对该状况进行额外补充或评论介
He passed the difficult exam, which surprised everyone in his class.
他通过了那场艰难的考试，这让班上的每个人都感到很惊讶介
EN： London is one of Europe's largest markets for ride-hailing platforms like Uber. The introduction of autonomous vehicles (robotaxis) in such a dense and historic city represents a major milestone in technology adaptation and urban transport regulation.
中文： 伦敦是 Uber 等叫车平台在欧洲最大的市场之一。在这座人口稠密且历史悠久的城市导入自动驾驶车（机器人计程车），标志着科技应用与城市交通监管方面的重要里程碑。。
重要单词附有 IPA 发音、定义、例句和互动式测验。
在本文中： 自動駕駛的；自主的
在本文中： 獲得許可的；領有執照的
在本文中： 經過改裝的；修改過的
在本文中： 監督；監控
在本文中： 自動化
在本文中： 里程碑；重大事件
在本文中： 至關重要的；決定性的
在本文中： 登記；註冊
片语包含类型标示、双语定义、用法说明和例句。
To assume control or responsibility for something.
接管；接替
Referring to a vehicle that can guide itself without human intervention.
自动驾驶的
To advance beyond someone or something; to get an advantage over competitors.
领先；超越
A licensed vehicle that must be booked in advance, not hailed on the street.
预约出租车（如网约车、Uber 等）