EN： The use of the possessive 's (Saxon Genitive) to indicate ownership or association. In this case, 'university's chemistry laboratory' shows the lab belongs to the university.
中文： 使用名词所有格 's（Sexton Genitive）来表示所有权或关联。在此句中，“university's chemistry laboratory”表示该实验室属于这所大学。
The professor's office is at the end of the hallway.
教授的办公室在走廊尽头。
EN： The preposition 'for' is used here to indicate the purpose or reason for the welcome/visit.
中文： 介词“for”在此处用于表示欢迎或造访的目的与原因。
I am here for the job interview.
我是来参加工作面试的。
EN： In academic settings, professors often welcome students to specific facilities like 'laboratories' to emphasize the hands-on nature of the program. 'Summer programme' (British spelling) refers to intensive courses held during the university break.
中文： 在學術環境中，教授經常歡迎學生來到「實驗室」等特定設施，以強調課程的實作性質。「Summer programme」（英式拼法）指的是在大學假期期間舉辦的密集課程。
EN： Present Perfect Continuous (have/has + been + V-ing): This tense is used to describe an action that started in the past and is still continuing in the present, often emphasizing the duration of the activity.
中文： 现在完成进行时 (have/has + been + V-ing)：此时态用于描述从过去开始并持续到现在的动作，通常强调该活动持续的时间长度。
I have been studying English since this morning.
我从今天早上就一直在学英文。
EN： Phrasal Verb 'Look forward to': This expression means to feel excited about something that is going to happen. Note that 'to' is a preposition, so it must be followed by a noun or a gerund (V-ing).
中文： 短语动词 'Look forward to'：这个表达方式意指对即将发生的事情感到兴奋。请注意这里的 'to' 是介词，因此后面必须接名词或动名词 (V-ing)。
We are looking forward to meeting you.
我们非常期待见到你。
EN： In academic settings, it is standard to address professors by their title followed by their last name (e.g., Professor James). Using 'I've been looking forward to this' is a common and polite way to show enthusiasm to a mentor.
中文： 在學術場合中，通常會以職稱加上姓氏來稱呼教授（例如：詹姆斯教授）。使用「I've been looking forward to this」是一種常見且有禮貌的方式，向導師表達自己的熱忱。
EN： The structure 'Adjective + to-infinitive' (e.g., 'glad to hear') is used to express the reason for an emotion. The infinitive phrase explains why the speaker feels a certain way.
中文： “形容词 + 不定式”(例如：glad to hear) 的结构用于表达产生某种情绪的原因。不定式短语解释了说话者为何有此感受。
She was surprised to see him at the party.
她很惊讶在派对上见到他。
EN： The subordinating conjunction 'Before' is used to introduce a time clause, indicating that the action in the main clause (discussing safety) should happen prior to the action in the dependent clause (beginning the experiment).
中文： 从属连词“Before”用于引导时间状语从句，表示主句的动作（讨论安全）应发生在状语从句动作（开始实验）之前。
Before you leave the office, please turn off the lights.
在你离开办公室之前，请关灯。
EN： In Western academic and professional settings, safety briefings are mandatory and taken very seriously before any practical work begins, reflecting a culture of strict compliance with health and safety regulations.
中文： 在西方學術和專業環境中，在開始任何實際工作之前，安全簡報是強制性的且受到高度重視，這反映了嚴格遵守健康與安全法規的文化。
EN： Comparative Adjectives: The suffix '-er' is added to short adjectives (like 'strict') to compare two things. 'Stricter' means more strict than the previous reference.
中文： 比较级形容词：在短形容词（如 strict）词尾加上“-er”来比较两者。'Stricter' 表示比前述对象更严格。
This new smartphone is faster than my old one.
这部新手机比我的旧手机更快。
EN： Possessive Pronouns: 'Yours' is a possessive pronoun used to replace 'your + noun' (your rules) to avoid repetition in a sentence.
中文： 物主代词：'Yours' pessimism 是一个物主代词，用来代替“your + 名词”（即 your rules），以避免句子中的重复。
My bag is blue, but yours is red.
我的包是蓝色的，但你的是红色的。
EN： In academic and professional settings, 'That makes sense' is a very common way to show active listening and agreement with a logical explanation.
中文： 在學術和專業場合，「That makes sense」是表示積極傾聽並認同對方邏輯解釋的一種非常常見的方式。
EN： The Imperative Mood: This sentence uses the imperative mood to give instructions or commands. It starts with an adverb 'First' followed by the base form of the verb 'wear'. The subject 'you' is implied but omitted.
中文： 祈使句：本句使用祈使句来给予指示或命令。它以副词“First”开头，随后接动词原形“wear”。主语“you”被省略。
Always wash your hands before eating.
吃饭前务必洗手。
EN： Reduced Adverbial Clause: 'when handling' is a reduced clause. When the subject of the main clause and the subordinate clause are the same, we can omit the subject and the 'be' verb, changing the main verb to its '-ing' form (present participle).
中文： 状语从句的简化：'when handling' 格式是一个简化从句。当主句和从句的主语相同时，我们可以省略主语和 be 动词，并将主要动词改为 '-ing' 形式（现在分词）。
Be careful when using a sharp knife.
使用锋利的刀具时要小心。
EN： In Western academic and professional laboratories, safety protocols (PPE - Personal Protective Equipment) are strictly enforced. Failure to follow these rules often results in immediate removal from the lab for safety reasons.
中文： 在西方的學術和專業實驗室中，安全協議（PPE - 個人防護裝備）被嚴格執行。出於安全考慮，不遵守這些規定通常會導致被立即要求離開實驗室。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have + past participle) is used here to describe an experience that happened at an unspecified time in the past.
中文： 现在完成时（have + 过去分词）在此用于描述过去某个不确定时间点发生的经验。
I have seen that movie three times already.
我已经看过那部电影三次了。
EN： The structure 'see + object + verb-ing' (Present Participle) is used to describe seeing an action in progress or a repeated state.
中文： 结构“see + 宾语 + 现在分词 (V-ing)”用于描述看见某人正在进行某动作或处于某种状态。
We saw the children playing in the park.
我们看到孩子们正在公园里玩耍。
EN： In modern English, 'YouTube videos' or 'social media' are frequently cited as sources of information in casual conversation, reflecting the digital age's influence on learning.
中文： 在現代英語中，人們常在非正式對話中引用「YouTube 影片」或「社群媒體」作為資訊來源，這反映了數位時代對學習與獲取知識的影響。
EN： Passive Voice (be + past participle): Used here to emphasize the requirement or the object (gloves) rather than the person enforcing the rule.
中文： 被动语态 (be + 过去分词)：此处用于强调规定或对象（手套），而非执行规定的人。
Safety goggles must be worn at all times in the lab.
在实验室内必须全程佩戴护目镜。
EN： Adverbial Clause of Time with 'whenever': 'Whenever' is a conjunction meaning 'every time that' or 'at whatever time,' used to describe repeated actions or general rules.
中文： 使用 'whenever' 的时间状语从句：'Whenever' 联结词意为“每当”或“无论何时”，用于描述重复发生的动作或普遍规律。
Whenever it rains, the roof leaks.
每当下雨时，屋顶就会漏水。
EN： In academic and professional lab settings, safety is the top priority. Using passive voice like 'are required' makes the rule sound like a universal standard rather than a personal demand from the professor.
中文： 在學術和專業實驗室環境中，安全是首要任務。使用像 'are required' 這樣的被動語態，會使規則聽起來像是普遍的標準，而非教授個人的要求。
EN： Modal Verb 'Should' for Advice/Inquiry: 'Should' is used to ask for or give advice, or to check if something is a good idea or a requirement.
中文： 情态动词 'Should' 用于建议或询问：'Should' 用于征求或给予建议，或确认某事是否是个好主意或符合规定。
Should I wear a suit to the interview?
我面试应该穿西装吗？
EN： Noun Clause as Object: The phrase 'that loose hair can be a hazard near flames' acts as the object of the verb 'read', providing the specific information that was read.
中文： 名词性从句作宾语：短语 'that loose hair can be a hazard near flames' 作为动词 'read' 的宾语，提供了所读内容的具体信息。
I heard that the laboratory is closed today.
我听说实验室今天关闭了。
EN： In Western laboratory settings, safety protocols are strictly enforced. Tying back long hair is a standard safety requirement to prevent it from catching fire or dipping into chemicals, reflecting a culture of rigorous workplace safety.
中文： 在西方實驗室環境中，安全協議執行非常嚴格。將長髮紮起是標準的安全要求，以防止頭髮著火或浸入化學品中，這反映了嚴謹的職場安全文化。
EN： The causative verb 'let' is followed by an object and the bare infinitive (verb without 'to'). It is used to offer to do something or to ask for permission.
中文： 使役动词 'let' 后接宾语和不带 to 的动词不定式（动词原形）。用于提议做某事或请求允许。
Let me help you with those heavy bags.
让我帮你提那些沉重的袋子吧。
EN： Noun clauses starting with 'how' function as the object of a verb. In this sentence, 'how temperature affects reaction speed' is the object of the verb 'test'. Note that the word order remains subject + verb.
中文： 以 'how' 开头的名词性从句可作为动词的宾语。在本句中，“温度如何影响反应速度”是动词 'test' 的宾语。请注意，从句中的语序仍为“主语 + 谓语”。
I want to see how this machine works.
我想看看这台机器是如何运转的。
EN： In academic and professional settings, 'Absolutely' is a common way to show strong agreement or confirmation. Using 'Let me...' is a polite way for an instructor to transition into a new activity or explanation.
中文： 在學術和專業場合中，「Absolutely」是表示強烈贊同或確認的常用方式。使用「Let me...」是指導者過渡到新活動或解釋時的一種禮貌方式。
EN： The sentence uses a Noun Clause (That higher temperatures make reactions faster) acting as a predicative or a standalone clarifying question. In scientific contexts, 'that' often introduces the specific content of a hypothesis.
中文： 句子中使用了名词性从句（That higher temperatures make reactions faster）作为表语或独立的澄清疑问句。在科学语境中，“that”常用引出假设的具体内容。
The theory suggests that gravity pulls objects toward the center.
该理论指出重力会将物体拉向中心。
EN： The Causative Verb 'make' is used here in the structure 'make + object + adjective' (make reactions faster) to describe a change in state or quality.
中文： 使役动词“make”在此处用于“make + 宾语 + 形容词”（make reactions faster）的结构，用来描述状态或性质的变化。
Adding salt makes the water boil at a higher temperature.
加盐会使水在更高的温度下沸腾。
EN： In academic and scientific settings, using 'So' to initiate a clarifying question is a common way to show active listening and engagement with the mentor's explanation.
中文： 在學術與科學環境中，使用「So」來開啟一個澄清式的提問，是展現積極傾聽以及對導師講解內容感興趣的常見方式。
EN： Noun Clauses with 'that': The word 'that' introduces a subordinate clause acting as the direct object of the verb 'states'. It explains the content of the hypothesis.
中文： that 引导的名词性从句：单词 'that' 引导一个从属从句，作为动词 'states' 的直接宾语，用来解释假设的具体内容。
The report states that the project will be completed by June.
报告指出该项目将于六月前完成。
EN： Gerund as Subject: 'Increasing' is a gerund (verb + -ing) acting as the subject of the noun clause. It describes an action or process as a concept.
中文： 动名词作主语：'Increasing' 格式是一个动名词（动词 + -ing），在名词性从句中充当主语，将动作或过程描述为一个抽象概念。
Exercising daily improves your health.
每天运动能改善你的健康。
EN： In academic and scientific contexts, using formal verbs like 'state' or 'propose' instead of 'say' is standard practice to convey precision and authority.
中文： 在學術與科學語境中，使用如 'state' (指出/陳述) 或 'propose' (提議) 等正式動詞而非 'say' 是標準做法，用以傳達精確性與權威感。
EN： Present Perfect Tense (Experience): Used with 'never' to describe an action that has not occurred at any point in the past up to the present moment.
中文： 现在完成时（经验）：与 'never' 连用，用来描述从过去到现在为止从未发生过的动作或经验。
I have never visited that museum before.
我以前从未参观过那家博物馆。
EN： Adverb Placement: The adverb 'actually' is used here to emphasize the contrast between theoretical knowledge and real-world practice.
中文： 副词位置：副词 'actually' 在此用于强调理论知识与实际操作之间的对比（事实上、实际上）。
He said he could swim, but he actually couldn't.
他说他会游泳，但事实上他不会。
EN： In Western education, there is a strong emphasis on 'hands-on experience' (learning by doing). Hana's excitement reflects the transition from theoretical classroom learning to practical laboratory application, which is a key milestone for science students.
中文： 在西方教育中，非常強調「動手實作經驗」（從做中學）。Hana 的興奮反應了從課堂理論學習到實驗室實際應用的轉變，這對理科學生來說是一個重要的里程碑。
EN： The structure 'That's exactly why...' uses a nominal relative clause (why + subject + verb) to explain the reason for a previous statement. 'Exactly' is an adverb used here for emphasis.
中文： 结构 'That's exactly why...' 使用关系副词引导的名词性从句（why + 主语 + 谓语）来解释前述内容的原因。'Exactly' 是副词，在此用于加强语气，表示“这正是为什么”。
That's exactly why we need to double-check the data.
这正是为什么我们需要再次检查数据。
EN： The phrase 'let me + verb' is a causative construction used to offer help or announce an intention. 'Show' is the bare infinitive (verb without 'to').
中文： 短语 'let me + 动词' 是一种使役结构，用于主动提供帮助或宣布意图。'Show' 在此使用动词原形（不带 to 的不定式）。
Let me help you with those heavy boxes.
让我来帮你想办法搬那些沉重的箱子吧。
EN： In Western academic and scientific culture, 'hands-on experience' is highly valued. It reflects the educational philosophy that practical application is just as important as theoretical knowledge.
中文： 在西方學術與科學文化中，「動手實踐經驗」(hands-on experience) 被高度重視。這反映了一種教育理念，即實際應用與理論知識同樣重要。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have + past participle) is used here with 'ever' and 'only' to describe a life experience or a state that has existed up until the present moment.
中文： 现在完成时 (have + 过去分词) 在此处与 'ever' 和 'only' 连用，用来描述直到目前为止的人生经历或状态。
I have only ever traveled by train in this country.
在这个国家，我只乘坐过火车旅行。
EN： Inversion in Questions: In the sentence 'Is that a Bunsen burner?', the verb 'is' is placed before the subject 'that' to form a standard yes/no question.
中文： 疑问句中的倒装：在 'Is that a Bunsen burner?' 这个句子中，动词 'is' 被置于主语 'that' 之前，以形成标准的一般疑问句。
Is that your new laboratory coat?
那是你的新实验服吗？
EN： A Bunsen burner is a common piece of laboratory equipment that produces a single open gas flame. In many modern or less specialized schools, electric hot plates are preferred for safety reasons to avoid open flames.
中文： 本生燈是實驗室中常見的設備，會產生單一的開放式瓦斯火焰。在許多現代化或非專業實驗室的學校中，出於安全考慮，通常偏好使用電熱板以避免明火。
EN： The use of 'will' (contracted as 'll') to express necessity or requirements in a future or upcoming task. It indicates what is essential for the activity to proceed.
中文： 使用 'will'（缩写为 'll'）来表达在即将来临的任务中的必要性或需求。它指出了活动开展所必需的物品。
You'll need a valid passport for your international flight.
你的国际航班将需要一本有效护照。
EN： The Oxford Comma (Serial Comma): In English, when listing three or more items, a comma is placed after each item except the last one, which is preceded by 'and'.
中文： 牛津逗号（列举逗号）：在英语中列举三个或更多项目时，除了最后一个项目（前面接 and）之外，每个项目后都会加上逗号。
Please buy apples, oranges, and bananas.
请买苹果、橘子和香蕉。
EN： In a laboratory setting, clear communication about equipment is vital for safety. Using specific terms like 'beaker' instead of 'glass' or 'cup' is standard scientific practice.
中文： 在實驗室環境中，清楚溝通器材名稱對於安全至關重要。使用專業術語如 'beaker'（燒杯）而非 'glass'（玻璃杯）或 'cup'（杯子）是標準的科學規範。
EN： The modal verb 'should' is used here to ask for advice or instructions. In an alternative question (A or B), it is often repeated in both clauses to maintain formal clarity.
中文： 情态动词 'should' 在此用于征求建议或指示。在选择性疑问句（A 还是 B）中，通常在两个分句中都会重复使用，以保持语意清晰与正式。
Should we start the meeting now, or should we wait for the manager?
我们应该现在开始会议，还是应该等经理来？
EN： The coordinating conjunction 'or' connects two independent clauses. When the subject is the same, the second 'I' could technically be omitted, but keeping it emphasizes the two distinct choices.
中文： 并列连词 'or' 用于连接两个独立分句。当主语相同时，第二个 'I' 语意上可以省略，但保留它可以强调两个不同的选择方案。
Should I call him, or should I send an email?
我应该打电话给他，还是应该发电子邮件？
EN： In academic and laboratory settings, asking for clarification before proceeding is highly valued as it demonstrates a commitment to safety and precision.
中文： 在學術和實驗室環境中，在進行下一步之前尋求確認是被高度重視的，因為這展現了對安全和精準度的重視。
EN： Imperative Mood: This sentence uses the imperative mood, which is used to give commands, instructions, or directions. In this structure, the subject 'you' is implied and omitted, starting the sentence directly with the base form of the verb (Measure).
中文： 祈使句：此句子使用祈使语气，用于给予命令、指示或说明。在这种结构中，主语“you”被省略，直接以动词原形（Measure）开头。
Add two drops of indicator to the flask.
向烧瓶中加入两滴指示剂。
EN： Prepositional Phrase 'into each of': This phrase indicates distribution and direction. 'Into' shows movement toward the inside of a container, while 'each of' specifies that the action applies individually to every member of the group.
中文： 介词短语“into each of”：此短语表示分配与方向。“Into”显示朝向容器内部的动作，而“each of”则明确表示该动作分别作用于群体中的每一个成员。
Pour the milk into each of the four glasses.
将牛奶倒入这四个玻璃杯中。
EN： In academic and scientific settings, professors often use positive reinforcement like 'Excellent question' to encourage students to think critically and participate actively.
中文： 在學術和科學環境中，教授經常使用「Excellent question」（問得好）等正面鼓勵，以激勵學生進行批判性思考並積極參與。
EN： Present Perfect Tense (have + past participle): Used here to indicate a completed action in the past that has a direct result or relevance to the current moment in the lab.
中文： 现在完成时 (have + 过去分词)：这里用来表示过去已经完成的动作，且该动作与实验当下的状态有直接关联（溶液已经准备好了）。
I have finished the report, so we can discuss it now.
我已经写完报告了，所以我们现在可以讨论它。
EN： Modal Verb 'Should': Used to ask about expectations, instructions, or the correct way to proceed within a specific procedure.
中文： 情态动词 'Should'：用于询问预期目标、指令，或是在特定流程中正确的操作方式。
What time should we meet at the station?
我们应该几点在车站碰面？
EN： Ellipsis (Omission): In English, when the same verb or noun is repeated in a list, it is often omitted to avoid redundancy. Here, 'heat' and 'beaker' are omitted in the second and third clauses.
中文： 省略句 (Ellipsis)：在英语中，当同一个动词或名词在列举项中重复出现时，通常会被省略以避免冗余。在此句中，第二和第三个分句省略了 'heat' 和 'beaker'。
I ate the red apple, he the green.
我吃了红苹果，他吃了绿色的。
EN： Imperative Mood: The sentence starts with a base verb ('Heat') to give a direct command or instruction. This is common in scientific procedures.
中文： 祈使句 (Imperative Mood)：句子以动词原形（Heat）开头，用于发出直接指令或进行教学。这在科学实验步骤中非常常见。
Add two drops of acid to the solution.
向溶液中加入两滴酸。
EN： In scientific contexts, precision is key. The use of 'the first', 'the second', and 'the third' helps maintain a clear sequence in multi-step procedures.
中文： 在科學語境中，精確度是關鍵。使用 'the first'、'the second' 和 'the third' 有助於在多步驟程序中保持清晰的順序。
EN： The Present Continuous tense (am/is/are + verb-ing) is used here to describe an action happening right now at the moment of speaking.
中文： 现在进行时 (am/is/are + 动词-ing) 在此用于描述说话当下正在发生的动作。
The water is boiling in the pot right now.
水现在正在锅里沸腾。
EN： The superlative adjective 'hottest' is used to compare three or more things, indicating the one with the highest degree of heat.
中文： 最高级形容词 'hottest' 用于比较三个或更多事物，表示热度最高的那一个。
This is the hottest day of the summer so far.
这是今年夏天到目前为止最热的一天。
EN： In academic and scientific settings, expressing enthusiasm (e.g., 'This is amazing!') is common when students observe theoretical concepts being proven in practice.
中文： 在學術與科學環境中，當學生親眼觀察到理論概念在實踐中得到證實時，表達熱情（例如：'This is amazing!'）是很常見的反應。
EN： The sentence uses the Imperative Mood (Command Form), which starts with a base verb (record) to give instructions or directions. It is common in scientific or instructional contexts.
中文： 本句使用了祈使句（命令语气），以动词原形 (record) 开头，用于给予指令或指示。这在科学实验或说明步骤中非常常见。
Measure the liquid carefully before adding it to the flask.
在将液体倒入烧瓶之前，请仔细测量。
EN： The word 'including' is a present participle used as a preposition here to introduce additional information or components that are part of a whole.
中文： 单词 'including' 是现在分词，在此处作为介词使用，用来引出属于整体一部分的补充信息或组成部分。
The price is fifty dollars, including tax.
价格是五十美元，包含税费。
EN： In academic and scientific settings, precision is highly valued. The use of words like 'exact' and 'each' reflects the rigorous nature of laboratory work where every variable must be accounted for.
中文： 在學術與科學環境中，精確度被高度重視。使用如 'exact' (確切的) 和 'each' (每個) 等詞彙，反映了實驗室工作嚴謹的本質，即每個變數都必須被記錄。
EN： Passive Voice (be + past participle): This structure is used when the focus is on the action or the receiver of the action (the hypothesis) rather than the performer (the results).
中文： 被动语态 (be + 过去分词)：此结构用于强调动作本身或动作的承受者（假设），而非动作的执行者（结果）。
The theory was supported by new evidence.
这项理论得到了新证据的支持。
EN： Emphatic 'do/does/did': Using 'do' before a base verb in an affirmative sentence adds emphasis to the action, often to confirm a truth or contrast a doubt.
中文： 强调助动词 'do/does/did'：在肯定句的动词原形前加上 do，用来强调该动作，通常用于确认事实或对比先前的怀疑。
She really does enjoy studying chemistry.
她确实非常喜欢学习化学。
EN： In academic and scientific contexts, using the passive voice (e.g., 'was confirmed') is common to maintain objectivity, focusing on the data rather than the person who performed the experiment.
中文： 在學術與科學語境中，使用被動語態（如 'was confirmed'）非常常見，這能保持客觀性，將焦點放在數據上而非進行實驗的人。
EN： Perfect Participle Phrase: 'Having + past participle' is used to indicate that one action was completed before another action in the main clause. It functions as an adverbial phrase showing time or reason.
中文： 完成分词短语：使用“Having + 过去分词”结构来表示一个动作在主句动作之前已经完成。它在句中充当状语，表示时间或原因。
Having finished the report, he turned off the computer.
完成了报告后，他关掉了电脑。
EN： Modal Verb 'Should': Used here to express a logical expectation or a recommendation based on the current situation.
中文： 情态动词 'Should'：在此处用于表达逻辑上的预期，或是根据现状提出的建议（应该）。
You have practiced hard, so you should pass the exam.
你练习得很刻苦，所以你应该会通过考试。
EN： In academic settings, professors often use positive reinforcement like 'Well done' or 'You should feel proud' to encourage students, especially after their first successful practical application of theory.
中文： 在學術環境中，教授經常使用「做得好」或「你應該感到自豪」等正面鼓勵，來激勵學生，特別是在學生第一次成功將理論應用於實踐之後。
重要单词附有 IPA 发音、定义、例句和互动式测验。
在本文中： 程序、步骤，指在实验室中必须遵守的一系列安全规定。
在本文中： 腐蚀性的，指化学物质会损坏或毁坏与其接触的其他物质。
在本文中： 危险、隐患，指可能造成伤害或危险的事物。
在本文中： 假设，指在科学实验中根据有限证据提出的初步推论。
在本文中： 加速、促进，指使某个过程或反应的速度加快。
在本文中： 实际操作的、亲身实践的。
在本文中： 设备、器材，指进行实验所需的工具或仪器。
在本文中： 证实、确认，指实验结果与之前的假设相符。
片语包含类型标示、双语定义、用法说明和例句。
To feel pleased and excited about something that is going to happen.
期待、盼望
To fasten something (like hair) so that it does not fall forward.
扎起来、系在脑后
The speed at which a chemical reaction takes place.
反应速率
To prepare or arrange something for use.
设置、准备、架设
A liquid mixture in which a solute is uniformly distributed within a solvent.
化学溶液
A portable laboratory heating device with a flat surface.
电热板
A process that involves the rearrangement of the molecular or ionic structure of a substance.
化学反应