EN： The Present Perfect tense ('has/have + past participle') is used here to report recent news or events that have relevance to the present. The verb 'set' has irregular past and participle forms: set - set - set.
中文： 现在完成式（has/have + 过去分词）在此用于报道刚发生的新闻事件，强调该事件对现今的影响或关联。动词「set」为不规则变化（set - set - set）。
Electric vehicle sales have reached a historic high this month.
电动车的销量在该月份达到了历史新高。
EN： The collocation 'set a record' means to achieve a new best result or performance that has not been reached before. Modifiers like 'new' or 'world' often precede 'record'.
中文： 常见搭配词「set a record」表示「创下纪录」，指达到前所未有的最佳成果或表现。名词「record」前常加上「new」（新）或「world」（世界）等修饰词。
The athlete set a new record in the 100-meter sprint.
这位运动员在百米短跑中创下了新纪录。
EN： Australia has one of the highest uptakes of household rooftop solar panels in the world, largely due to its vast sunlight and government renewable targets, making renewable energy records frequent news topics.
中文： 澳大利亚是全球家用屋顶太阳能普及率最高的国家之一，这得益于其丰沛的日照资源与政府的能源转型政策，因此可再生能源发电比例创新高常成为当地的重要新闻话题。
EN： Compound subjects consist of two or more nouns or noun phrases joined by a conjunction (like 'and'). Here, 'solar power' and 'wind generation' act together as the plural subject followed by the adverb 'together' to emphasize their combined effect.
中文： 复合主语（Compound Subject）是由两个或多个名词（短语）经由连接词（如 'and'）组合而成。在此句中，「solar power」与「wind generation」共同构成主语，后接副词「together」强调两者结合的整体效果。
Apples and oranges together provide a rich source of essential vitamins.
苹果与柳橙加在一起提供了丰富的必需维生素来源。
EN： Percentages followed by 'of + noun phrase' denote proportions of an amount or quantity (e.g., '80.4% of the electricity demand'). In such structures, the verb agrees with the true subject/quantity or the noun following 'of' depending on countability.
中文： 「百分比 + of + 名词短语」结构用于表达某数量的比例（例如「80.4% of the electricity demand」）。此句中作为及物动词 provided 的直接宾语，明确指涉特定总量中的一部分。
The company completed nearly 70% of the construction project before winter.
该公司在入冬前完成了将近 70% 的建筑工程。
EN： Australia's 'main power grid' refers to the National Electricity Market (NEM), which spans across the eastern and southern states. Due to Australia's abundant sunshine, rooftop solar adoption per capita is among the highest in the world, frequently allowing renewables to set generation records.
中文： 澳洲的「主要电网」指的是国家电力市场（National Electricity Market, NEM），涵盖东部与南部各州。澳洲日照充足，家户屋顶太阳能板普及率位居全球前列，因此再生能源常在天气晴朗时创下发电占比新高。
EN： The verb 'mean' is followed by a 'that-clause' acting as the direct object (noun clause), explaining the implication or conclusion drawn from the subject.
中文： 动词「means」后面接由「that」引导的名词子句作为受词，用来说明主词所代表的含义、结果或推论。
The latest report indicates that global temperatures are continuing to rise.
最新报告指出全球气温正持续上升。
EN： Past participle used as a post-positive modifier: 'used' comes after the noun phrase 'the total power' to describe the power that was consumed (short for 'which was used').
中文： 过去分词后置修饰：分词「used」放在名词短语「the total power」之后作后置修饰，相当于「which was used」（所消耗/使用的总电力）。
Please turn off all the equipment used during the experiment.
请关闭实验期间所使用的所有设备。
EN： Australia has historically relied heavily on coal and gas for base-load electricity generation. Reaching an 80% renewable share, even temporarily, is considered an extraordinary shift in the country's energy transition debate.
中文： 澳大利亚历史上极度依赖煤炭与天然气提供基载电力。因此，即便只是暂时达到 80% 以上由再生能源供电，在澳洲能源转型议题中都是极具指标意义的重大里程碑。
EN： The adverb 'alone' placed immediately after a noun phrase means 'only' or 'exclusively by themselves', emphasizing that nothing else was needed to achieve this result.
中文： 副词「alone」置于名词片语后方，表示「光是……」、「单单……」，用以强调不需要其他事物介入，单凭该主体就能达成某种结果。。
The ticket sales alone covered the entire cost of the event.
光是门票销售就涵盖了整场活动的全部成本。
EN： The relative clause 'that was used on the national electricity market' is a defining (restrictive) relative clause modifying the noun 'power', introduced by the relative pronoun 'that' and using the passive voice ('was used').
中文： 「that was used on the national electricity market」为限定关系子句，修饰先行词「power」。此处关系代名词「that」在子句中作主词，，并搭配被动语态「was used」（被使用）。
He answered all questions that were asked during the interview.
他回答了面试期间被问到的所有问题。
EN： In Australia, residential rooftop solar has seen world-leading adoption rates, with over one in three freestanding homes equipped with solar panels. The 'National Electricity Market' (NEM) operates an interconnected power grid covering Australia's eastern and southern states, where small-scale rooftop solar has increasingly outpaced utility-scale fossil generators during midday hours.
中文： 澳洲的住宅屋顶太阳能普及率位居全球前列，超过三分之一的独立住宅安装了太阳能板。「国家电力市场」（NEM）运营着涵盖澳洲东部及南部各州的互联电网；在正午阳光充沛时，分散式屋顶太阳能发电量已多次超过大型化石燃料电厂的总出力。
EN： The preposition 'for' is used followed by a duration of time (e.g., 'for about 30 minutes') to indicate how long an action or state lasts.
中文： 介系词「for」后面接时间长度（如「for about 30 minutes」），用来表示某个动作或状态持续了多久（时间长度）。
We waited for about twenty minutes before the bus arrived.
我们在公车到达前等了大约二十分钟。
EN： The preposition 'around' is used here to indicate an approximate point in time (e.g., 'around lunchtime' means approximately at lunchtime).
中文： 介系词「around」在此处表示「大约在某个时间点」（例如「around lunchtime」表示大约在午餐时间左右）。
I will meet you around five o'clock.
我会在五点左右和你碰面。
EN： In solar energy generation, 'around lunchtime' (typically between 11:30 AM and 1:30 PM) represents peak solar irradiance when rooftop and utility-scale solar output reaches its maximum daily potential.
中文： 在太阳能发电领域，「lunchtime」（午餐时间，约上午 11:30 至下午 1:30）是一天中日照最强烈的时段，屋顶太阳能板及大型太阳能发电厂的发电量通常会在此刻达到全日最高峰。
EN： A relative clause beginning with 'which' is used here to define and give essential information about the noun 'grid' (defining relative clause). Because 'grid' is a singular noun, the verb inside the relative clause takes third-person singular form ('supplies').
中文： 此处使用由关系代词「which」引导的关系从句（限定修饰），用来说明先行词「grid（电网）」的具体功能与范围。由于先行词为单数名词，从句中的动词须使用第三人称单数形式「supplies」。
This is the pipeline which carries water to the desert region.
这是将水输送到沙漠地区的管线。
EN： Parallel structure in listing: When listing multiple items in a series ('the eastern states', 'South Australia', and 'the Australian Capital Territory'), items share the same grammatical role as direct objects of the verb 'supplies'. A comma is placed before the coordinating conjunction 'and' (known as the Oxford comma).
中文： 对等并列结构：在列举多个项目时（「the eastern states」、「South Australia」与「the Australian Capital Territory」），各项均作为动词「supplies」的宾语，并在对等连接词「and」前使用牛津逗号（Oxford comma）以清楚区分项目。
The company serves Tokyo, Osaka, and the surrounding prefectures.
该公司为东京、大阪及周边各县提供服务。
EN： Australia's National Electricity Market (NEM) is one of the world's longest interconnected power systems, spanning around 5,000 kilometers along the eastern and southern coasts. Notably, Western Australia and the Northern Territory are not connected to this grid due to extreme geographical distances.
中文： 澳洲的「国家电力市场」（NEM）是全球覆盖范围最长、相连互通的电力网络之一，沿着东部与南部海岸绵延约 5,000 公里。值得注意的是，由于地理距离遥远，西澳州与北领地并未接入此全国主要电网，而是拥有各自独立的供电系统。
EN： The phrasal verb 'contribute to' means to be one of the causes of something or to help bring about a result. The preposition 'to' is followed by a noun, pronoun, or gerund (-ing form), not a base verb.
中文： 动词短语「contribute to」表示「促成、对……有所贡献或造成某结果」。其中的「to」是介系词，后面必须接名词、代名词或动名词（V-ing），不可接原形动词。
Regular exercise contributes to better cardiovascular health.
规律运动有助于促进心血管健康。
EN： When listing three or more items in a series, separate them with commas and place the coordinating conjunction 'and' before the last item (e.g., 'A, B, and C').
中文： 当列举三个或三个以上的项目时，项目之间以逗号隔开，并在最后一个项目之前加上对等连接词「and」（例如：A, B, and C）。
Apples, bananas, and oranges are available at the market.
市场上有卖苹果、香蕉和柳橙。
EN： In English, large installations for renewable energy are called 'farms' (such as 'wind farms' and 'solar farms') because they occupy extensive tracts of rural land, similar to agricultural farms.
中文： 在英文中，大型可再生能源发电场常被称为「farm」（例如「wind farms」风力发电厂、「solar farms」太阳能发电厂），因为这类设施通常座落于广阔的乡村土地上，形貌与传统农场类似个。。
EN： Reported Speech with Past Backshift: When reporting statements using past tense verbs like 'said', the verbs in the subordinate clause shift back into past tenses (e.g., 'means' → 'meant', 'is powering' → 'was powering').
中文： 间接引语与时态呼应（Reported Speech）：当主要子句使用过去式动词（如 said）进行转述时，名词子句中的动词通常需呼应退回过去时态（例如 means 变为 meant，is powering 变为 was powering）。
The scientist stated that the new technology was helping many communities.
该科学家表示这项新技术正在帮助许多社区个。
EN： Comparative Construction 'more ... than ever before': Used to emphasize that the current degree or quantity of something exceeds any previous level in history.
中文： 比较级结构「more ... than ever before」（比以往任何时候都更……）：用来强调某事物的程度或数量超越了过去所有的纪录或经历个。
The company produced more electric cars this year than ever before.
该公司今年生产的电动车比以往任何时候都多个。
EN： In Australian politics, the energy portfolio is often titled 'Climate Change and Energy', underscoring the nation's rapid transition from traditional coal power to wind and solar resources.
中文： 在澳洲政坛中，能源部长的全称通常为「气候变化与能源部长（Minister for Climate Change and Energy）」，这凸显了澳洲从传统燃煤发电转型为风力与太阳能等再生能源的政策核心重点。
EN： The reporting verb 'added' introduces a nominal 'that'-clause functioning as the direct object. Inside this noun clause, the modal verb 'should' expresses a reasonable expectation or probability rather than strict obligation.
中文： 转述动词「added」（补充说）引导一个由「that」带领的名词子句，作为主要子句的受词。子句内的助动词「should」在此处表示合理推测或期待（「应该会……」），而非义务或命令。
The spokesperson added that prices should return to normal by next month.
发言人补充说，物价下个月前应该会恢复正常。
EN： The conjunction 'because' introduces an adverbial clause of reason, explaining why the expectation is justified. The phrasal verb 'work on' means to spend time and effort improving or developing something.
中文： 连接词「because」引导原因副词子句，用来解释为什么会有上述的预期。片语动词「work on」表示「致力于、从事」某项工作或发展。
We are confident because the team is working on innovative solutions.
我们很有信心，因为团队正在致力于创新的解决方案。
EN： In modern climate policy discussions, 'energy transition' refers to the global shift from fossil fuel-based energy production (coal, oil, gas) to renewable, carbon-neutral sources like wind and solar. In Australia, this is a major subject of national public debate and policy planning.
中文： 在当前气候与环保政策中，“energy transition”（能源转型）特指从依赖化石燃料（煤炭、石油、天然气）转变为以太阳能、风能等可再生能源为主的过程。在澳大利亚，这是一项备受瞩目的重大国家政策与公共议题。
EN： An 'appositive' is a noun phrase placed next to another noun to rename or describe it. Here, 'an energy systems researcher at the University of New South Wales' is an appositive set off by commas, describing who 'Doctor Dylan McConnell' is.
中文： “同位语”（appositive）是指放在另一个名词旁边、用来说明或补充该名词身份的名词短语。在此句中，由逗号隔开的“an energy systems researcher at the University of New South Wales”即为同位语，用来详细介绍“狄伦·麦康奈尔博士”的专业头衔与所属单位。
Professor Jane Smith, a leading climate scientist at Oxford, published a new paper.
牛津大学顶尖气候学家珍·史密斯教授发表了一篇新论文。
EN： The pattern 'describe + [something] + as + [noun phrase/adjective]' is used to state what you think someone or something is like, or to give a particular characterization to it.
中文： “describe + [受词] + as + [名词短语/形容词]”结构表示“将……描述/形容为……”，用来表达对某人或某事物的定性或看法。
The manager described the new project as a major opportunity for the team.
经理将这个新项目形容为团队的重大机会。
EN： In news and academic reporting, experts are frequently introduced with their full academic title ('Doctor' or 'Professor'), followed immediately by an appositive clause specifying their specific discipline and institution. This establishes authority and credibility (ethos) for general readers.
中文： 在英语新闻与学术报道中，专家初次登场时常使用完整尊称（如 Doctor 或 Professor），并紧跟以逗号隔开的同位语来说明其具体研究领域与所属大学／机构。这种写法能迅速向读者建立消息来源的专业度与公信力。
EN： The verb 'explain' is followed by a noun clause introduced by the conjunction 'that'. The noun clause functions as the direct object of 'explained'. When the main clause is in the past tense ('explained'), the subordinate clause typically follows the sequence of tenses rule and uses a past tense verb ('created').
中文： 动词「explain」（解释）后接由从属连接词「that」引导的名词子句，作为「explained」的受词。主要子句使用过去式（explained）时，子句动词通常配合时态一致原则（sequence of tenses），采用过去式（created）。
She mentioned that the heavy rain caused severe traffic delays.
她提到暴雨引发了严重的交通延误。
EN： When a preposition like 'for' is followed by an action or activity, the verb must take the gerund form (-ing). Here, 'generating' is a gerund acting as the object of the preposition 'for'.
中文： 介系词（如 for）后面若接动作或行为，该动词须使用动名词形式（-ing）。在此例中，「generating」是动名词，作介系词「for」的受词，表示「为了发电／用于发电」。
This equipment is designed for testing water quality.
这项设备是用来检测水质的。
EN： The conjunction 'because' introduces an adverbial clause of reason (subordinate clause), explaining the cause of the situation described in the main clause ('demand for electricity was low').
中文： 从属连词「because」引导原因状语从句，用来解释主句（「demand for electricity was low」）发生的原因。
He walked to work because the bus was delayed.
他走路去上班，因为公交车误点了。
EN： The phrase 'At the same time' is a transitional prepositional phrase functioning as a sentence adverbial, signaling that two events or conditions are occurring concurrently.
中文： 短语「At the same time」（与此同时）是介词短语作为转折副词使用，表示两个事件或情况正同时发生，常用于句首作语义衔接。
Prices increased; at the same time, wages remained stagnant.
物价上涨了；与此同时，薪资却停滞不前。
EN： In energy grid management, periods of mild, sunny weather during spring or autumn are known as 'shoulder seasons'. Because neither air conditioning (cooling) nor heaters (heating) are heavily used, electricity demand reaches annual lows while solar generation is at its peak.
中文： 在能源电网管理中，春季或秋季气温温和宜人的时期常被称为“过渡季（shoulder season）”。由于此时既不需要大量使用冷气（cooling）也不需要开暖气（heating），用电需求常降至全年的低点，恰好碰上晴天太阳能发电充沛，便容易创下绿能比例新高。
EN： The phrasal verb 'lead to' (past tense: 'led to') means to cause something to happen or to result in a particular outcome. It is followed by a noun, noun phrase, or gerund.
中文： 动词短语“lead to”（过去式为“led to”）意思是“导致、造成、促成”某种结果，后面接名词、名词短语或动名词。
Hard work and dedication led to their eventual success.
努力与奉献促成了他们最终的成功。
EN： Compound adjectives can be formed by combining a noun with a present participle (noun + verb-ing), such as 'record-breaking'. These hyphenated adjectives describe a noun by highlighting an action it performs or embodies.
中文： 复合形容词常以“名词 + 现在分词（V-ing）”的形式构成，例如“record-breaking”（破纪录的）。中间通常带有连字符，用来修饰其后的名词。
The athlete set a record-breaking time in the 100-meter race.
这名运动员在百米赛跑中创造了打破纪录的成绩。
EN： The verb 'predict' is often followed by a that-clause functioning as the direct object. In reported speech or past narratives, the auxiliary verb 'would' is used instead of 'will' to express the future in the past (backshifting).
中文： 动词「predict」（预测）常接 that 引导的名词子句作为宾语。在间接叙述或过去式语境中，原本代表未来的「will」会转化为过去形式「would」，此语法现象称为「过去未来式」或时态呼应（backshifting）。
Scientists predicted that the storm would arrive by midnight.
科学家预测这场暴风雨会在午夜前抵达。
EN： Here, 'last' is used as an intransitive verb meaning 'to continue in existence or keep state'. It is often paired with time expressions or adverbs such as 'long', 'two hours', or 'a week'.
中文： 在此句中，「last」作为不及物动词使用，意思是「持续存在」或「维持」。常与时间副词或时间段搭配使用，例如「long」（很久）、「two hours」（两小时）等。
The battery did not last very long during the cold weather.
在寒冷的天气里，电池并未持续运作很久。
EN： Indirect Speech with Modal Backshift: When reporting speech in the past tense ('He said'), the future auxiliary 'will' shifts back to 'would' in the that-clause (even when 'that' is omitted).
中文： 间接引语中的情态动词时态后移：当引述动词为过去式（He said）时，名词子句中的未来式助动词「will」通常需后移变为「would」（即使省略了连接词 that）。
She said the flight would arrive on time.
她说航班会准时到达。
EN： Passive Voice with Modal Auxiliary: The structure 'would + be + past participle (broken)' is used to focus on the action happening to the subject ('they', referring to the records) rather than who breaks them.
中文： 情态助动词的被动态：结构为「助动词 would + be + 过去分词（broken）」，重点在于主语（they，指记录）所承受的动作，而非由谁打破记录。
The problem will be solved soon.
这个问题很快就会被解决。
EN： In everyday English, 'a couple of' strictly means two, but idiomatically it often means 'a few' (around two to three). In news and casual speech, 'in the next couple of weeks' is commonly used to indicate a near, relatively indefinite timeframe.
中文： 在日常英语中，'a couple of' 严格来说指「两个」，但习惯用法上常等同于「几个、两三个」（a few）。在新闻报道与日常口语中，'in the next couple of weeks' 常被用来表示近期但未确切指定具体日期的时间范围。
EN： The structure 'This is because...' introduces a clause that explains the cause or reason behind a previously mentioned statement or situation.
中文： 句型「This is because...」（这是因为……）后面接一个子句，用来解释前文所提情况或事实的原因。
He was late for work; this is because the train was delayed.
他上班迟到了；这是因为火车延误了。
EN： The present perfect continuous tense ('have been coming') indicates an ongoing action that started in the past and continues into the present, especially one happening repeatedly over time.
中文： 现在完成进行式（have/has been + V-ing，此处为 have been coming）表示从过去某时开始、一直持续进行到现在的动作，常用于表达这段时间内反复或持续发生的过程。
Several new features have been rolling out over the past few months.
在过去的几个月中，好几项新功能一直在陆续推出。
EN： In energy, infrastructure, and technology industries, 'come online' is an idiomatic phrase meaning to become operational, connected, or ready to supply power/services. It does not literally mean browsing the internet.
中文： 在能源、基础设施及科技产业中，「come online」是一个常用惯用语，意指「正式启用、并网运转、投入营运」，并非指一般人日常生活中的「上网浏览」。
EN： Adverbial clauses of time introduced by 'when': When describing a general fact, trend, or future condition, the dependent clause introduced by 'when' uses the simple present tense ('are added') rather than a future tense.
中文： 由「when」引导的时间副词子句：在表达普遍事实、常态趋势或未来条件时，从属子句中习惯使用现在简单式（如 'are added'），而非未来式。
When new electric vehicles enter the market, charging demand increases.
当新的电动车进入市场时，充电需求便会增加大约
EN： Passive Voice in subordinate clauses: 'are added' uses the passive structure (be + past participle) to emphasize the action received by the subject ('solar and wind farms') without needing to specify who performs the action.
中文： 从属子句中的被动语态：「are added」采用被动语态结构（be动词 + 过去分词），用以强调主词（'solar and wind farms'）所接受的动作，而无需赘述由谁来执行该动作大约
When fresh ingredients are added to the soup, the flavor improves.
当新鲜食材被加入汤中时，风味便会提升大约
EN： In energy discussions, 'the grid' refers to the interconnected network for delivering electricity from producers to consumers. In Australia, the 'National Electricity Market' (NEM) covers most eastern and southern states, making phrases like 'added to the grid' central to discussions about Australia's rapid renewable energy transition.
中文： 在能源领域中，「the grid」（电网）指将电力从生产端输送至消费端的互联电网系统。在澳洲，其主要电网为「国家电力市场」（NEM），涵盖东部与南部多数州份，因此「added to the grid」（并网）常出现在当地有关再生能源转型的新闻讨论中。
EN： The structure 'more [noun] than was needed' uses 'than' as a pseudo-relative pronoun introducing a comparative clause where the subject is omitted because it refers back to the noun being compared.
中文： 「more [名词] than was needed」结构中，than 作为准关系代词引导比较从句，从句中省略了主语（指代前述的名词），表示「超过所需之量」。
There was more food on the table than was necessary for the guests.
餐桌上的食物比客人所需要的还要多。
EN： Passive Voice in the Past Simple ('was stored') is formed with 'was/were + past participle'. It emphasizes the action and the object affected rather than who performed the action.
中文： 过去简单式的被动语态（was stored）由「was/were + 过去分词」构成，重点在于动作本身以及承受动作的对象，而非执行动作的主体。
The harvested crops were stored in a dry warehouse.
收割下来的农作物被存放在干燥的仓库里。
EN： In countries with rapid renewable energy adoption like Australia, 'curtailment' (turning off generators when supply exceeds demand) or storing energy in big batteries and pumped hydro has become an essential topic in modern energy policy.
中文： 在像澳洲这样快速普及再生能源的国家，当发电量超过用电需求时，如何透过大型电池储能或抽蓄水力储存电力（避免弃光、弃风），已成为当前能源政策的核心议题。。
重要单词附有 IPA 发音、定义、例句和互动式测验。
在本文中： 可再生的（指能源能自然补充、取之不尽）
在本文中： （电能等的）产生、发电
在本文中： （电力、资源的）需求量
在本文中： 输电网、电力网络
在本文中： 里程碑、重大事件或转折点
在本文中： 转型、过渡转变过程
在本文中： 预测、预料
在本文中： 因素、要素
在本文中： 份额、比例
在本文中： 储存、储备（能量或物资）
片语包含类型标示、双语定义、用法说明和例句。
Natural fuels such as coal or gas, formed in the geological past from the remains of living organisms.
化石燃料
Surpassing a previous best result or highest level.
破纪录的
To become operational, active, or connected to a system or network.
投入运转、上线启用
An interconnected network for delivering electricity from producers to consumers.
输电网、电力网
To establish a new best or highest level of achievement.
创下纪录