EN： The simple past tense (e.g., 'caused') is used to express completed actions that occurred at a specific, known time in the past ('on 26 August 2026').
中文： 简短过去式（例如“caused”）用于表示在过去特定时间点（“on 26 August 2026”）已经完成的动作或事件。
The heavy rainstorm caused severe flooding in the city yesterday.
昨天强烈的暴风雨在城市里引发了严重的洪水。
EN： Prepositional phrases indicating location ('on Langtang Lirung mountain', 'along the Nepal-China border') can modify preceding nouns to add clear spatial context.
中文： 介词短语表示位置（如“on Langtang Lirung mountain”或“along the Nepal-China border”）可用于修饰前方的名词，以提供明确的空间背景信息。
The village along the river was evacuated after the storm.
沿着河流的村庄在暴风雨后进行了疏散。
EN： The Himalayan region, including the area around Langtang Lirung along the Nepal-China border, is highly susceptible to natural hazards such as glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) and ice collapses due to steep topography and climate change impacts.
中文： 喜马拉雅山脉地区（包括尼泊尔与中国边境的朗塘里伦峰周边）由于地势陡峭以及气候变化的影响，极易发生冰川湖溃决洪水（GLOFs）与冰崩等自然灾害。
EN： The past perfect tense ('had + past participle') is used to describe an action that happened before another past action or time. Here, 'had broken away' occurred before the scientists 'determined' it.
中文： 过去完成式（had + 过去分词）用于表示在过去某个时间点或动作「之前」就已经发生的动作。在此句中，冰石「崩落（had broken away）」发生在科学家「确定（determined）」之前。
Rescue teams discovered that the landslide had blocked the main road hours before they arrived.
救援队发现，在他们到达的数小时前，土石流就已经封锁了主要道路。
EN： Present participle phrases (e.g., 'measuring...') can act as reduced relative clauses (short for 'which measured...') to modify a preceding noun directly.
中文： 现在分词短语（如 measuring...）可用作简化的关系子句（即 which measured... 的缩减），直接用来修饰前面的名词。
A chunk of debris weighing nearly five tons fell onto the highway.
一块重达将近五吨的碎片掉落到了高速公路上。
EN： Reduced relative clauses using past participles: A participle phrase (e.g., 'generated by the impact') can modify a noun directly, functioning as a shortened passive relative clause (short for 'which was generated by the impact').
中文： 过去分词作后置修饰（简化关系从句）：过去分词短语（如 generated by the impact）可以直接修饰前面的名词，相当于省略了「关系代词 + be 动词」（原为 which was generated by the impact），用来表示被动意义的修饰。
The heat generated by the sun powers the entire ecosystem.
太阳所产生的热能驱动了整个生态系统。
EN： Compound sentences with coordinating conjunctions: Two independent clauses can be joined by 'and' to show a logical sequence of events or added information.
中文： 对等连接词引导的对等复合句：使用对等连接词 'and' 连接两个完整的独立子句，用以呈现事件的先后顺序或补充说明相关信息。
The heavy rain flooded the streets, and the strong winds knocked down power lines.
暴雨淹没了街道，而强风吹倒了电线。
EN： The relative pronoun 'that' introduces a restrictive relative clause, modifying the noun phrase 'a devastating wall of water and debris' and acting as the subject of the verb 'surged'.
中文： 关系代词「that」引导限定修饰的关系子句，用来修饰前方的名词短语「毁灭性的水墙和碎屑」，并在该子句中担任动词「surged」的主语。
The sudden storm generated a huge wave that swept across the coastal road.
突如其来的暴风雨产生了一股巨浪，横扫了沿海公路。
EN： The preposition 'at' is used before noun phrases indicating rate, speed, or level (e.g., 'at terrifying speed') to describe how fast an action occurs.
中文： 介词「at」常用于表示速率、速度或等级的名词短语前（例如「at terrifying speed」），用来描述动作发生的速度有多快。
The floodwaters advanced toward the village at an unprecedented rate.
洪水以前所未有的速度向村庄推进。
EN： The preposition 'with' followed by a noun (debris) and a present participle ('reaching') forms an absolute construction, used here to add extra descriptive detail or simultaneous circumstances to the main clause.
中文： 使用「with + 名词 (debris) + 现在分词 (reaching)」构成的复合结构（独立分词构句的一种变体），用来为主要从句补充说明伴随发生的状况或详细背景。
The storm passed through the town, with heavy winds causing severe damage to several buildings.
暴风雨席卷了这个城镇，强风对几栋建筑物造成了严重破坏。
EN： Participles can be used as adjectives before nouns. Here, 'reaching' is a present participle functioning as an active verb within the prepositional phrase, while 'flash flood' uses 'flash' as an attributive noun/modifier.
中文： 现在分词（V-ing）可用于主动语态的补充说明，表示该名词正在进行或达成的动作状态。
The train arrived at the station, with passengers rushing to get on.
火车抵达车站，乘客们蜂拥上前准备上车。
EN： The phrase 'as well as' is a additive conjunction used to join two elements, meaning 'in addition to' or 'and also'. Unlike 'and', it places primary emphasis on the first element.
中文： 「as well as」是一个附加连接词，意为「以及」或「还有」。与一般的「and」不同，它通常会将主要焦点放在前面提到的项目上。
The hotel provides free breakfast, as well as access to the gym.
这间饭店提供免费早餐，以及健身房的使用权限。
EN： The past simple tense ('devastated') is used to express a completed action that took place at a specific time in the past.
中文： 过去简单式（如本句中的 devastated）用于表示在过去特定时间点已经完成的动作或发生的事件。
The strong earthquake damaged several historic buildings in the city center.
这场强烈地震损坏了市中心的几座历史建筑。
EN： Rasuwa and Nuwakot are northern districts of Nepal bordering the Tibet Autonomous Region of China. Gyirong County (also spelled Kyirong) is a key cross-border trading hub between Nepal and China. Due to the steep Himalayan topography, natural disasters such as flash floods and landslides in this region often cause cross-border impacts, affecting communities on both sides of the frontier.
中文： 拉苏瓦与努瓦科特是尼泊尔北部邻近中国西藏自治区的地 区，而吉隆县则是尼泊尔与中国之间重要的边境贸易枢纽。由于喜马拉雅山脉地形陡峭，该地区的山洪和滑坡等自然灾害往往会造成跨国界影响，波及边境两侧的社区。
EN： The conjunction 'while' is used to contrast two related facts or situations occurring at the same time or within the same context.
中文： 连词 'while' 用于对比在相同背景或时间下发生的两种相关事实或情况（可译为「而」或「然而」）。
Nepal reported heavy rainfall in the south, while northern regions experienced severe drought.
尼泊尔南部据报有豪雨，而北部地区则遭遇严重干旱。
EN： Passive voice constructions (e.g., 'were confirmed', 'were reported') are commonly used in news reports to focus on the actions or factual results rather than the agent who performed them.
中文： 被动语态结构（如 'were confirmed'、'were reported'）常用于新闻报道中，目的是将焦点放在动作或事实结果上，而非执行动作的主体。
Several survivors were rescued from the debris, while minor injuries were treated at the scene.
几名幸存者从残骸中获救，而轻伤者则在现场接受了治疗。
EN： Ellipsis (omission) of repeated words in parallel structures: When two clauses share the same verb or structure, the repeated elements (here, 'remained missing') are often omitted to avoid repetition, especially in news reporting.
中文： 并列结构中的省略（Ellipsis）：当两个子句共用相同的动词或结构时，后者常会省略重复的词词（此处省略了 'remained missing'），使句子更精炼，常见于新闻报道。
John ordered a coffee and Mary a tea.
约翰点了一杯咖啡，而玛丽点了一杯茶。
EN： Noun clause as direct object after reporting verbs: 'That' introduces a content clause acting as the object of 'stated', reporting what the authorities communicated.
中文： 名词子句作传达动词的直接受词：'that' 引导内容子句，作为主要动词 'stated'（声明/表示）的受词，用来报导当局发布的内容。
Officials reported that thousands of residents were affected by the storm.
官员报告指出有数千名居民受到了暴风雨的影响。
EN： Inversion with Prepositional Phrases: When a prepositional phrase expressing location, position, or category is placed at the beginning of a sentence for emphasis or textual cohesion, the subject and verb (especially 'be' verbs) are inverted (Verb + Subject).
中文： 介系词片语倒装：当表示位置、地点或范畴的介系词片语为了强调或句子衔接而置于句首时，主词与动词（特别是 be 动词）会发生倒装（动词 + 主词）。
Among the survivors were two young children from the local village.
在幸存者之中，有两名来自当地村庄的幼童。
EN： Ellipsis in Adjectival Constructions ('those unaccounted for'): The demonstrative pronoun 'those' is modified by an adjective/participial phrase where 'who were' is omitted (those who were unaccounted for = those unaccounted for).
中文： 形容词结构中的省略（'those unaccounted for'）：指示代名词 'those' 受形容词/分词片语修饰，其中省略了关系代名词与动词 'who were'（those who were unaccounted for 简化为 those unaccounted for），意为「那些下落不明的人」。
All items unaccounted for must be reported to the manager immediately.
所有下落不明的物品都必须立即向经理报告。
EN： Reduced relative clause using a past participle: 'caused by the flood' is a shortened form of 'which was caused by the flood'. It acts as an adjective phrase modifying the noun phrase 'The physical destruction'.
中文： 过去分词省略关系子句：『caused by the flood』是『which was caused by the flood』的简化形式，作为形容词短语，用来修饰前面的名词『The physical destruction』（物质破坏）。
The damage caused by the storm took months to repair.
暴风雨造成的损害花了数月时间才修复完成。
EN： Subject-Verb Agreement with Abstract Nouns: 'destruction' is an uncountable abstract noun, so it takes the singular verb 'was'.
中文： 不可数抽象名词的主语与动词一致性：『destruction』（破坏）为不可数抽象名词，因此搭配单数动词『was』。
The information provided during the seminar was very helpful.
研讨会期间提供的信息非常有帮助。
EN： Present Participle Clauses (-ing forms) can be used to show a result or consequence of the main clause action. Here, 'cutting off...' explains the outcome of the disaster destroying the roads and bridges.
中文： 现在分词子句（-ing 形式）可用于表示主句动作所产生的结果或后果。在此处，『cutting off...』解释了灾害摧毁道路和桥梁后的结果。
Heavy snow blocked the main runway, delaying dozens of flights.
大雪封锁了主跑道，导致数十个航班延误。
EN： The phrasal verb 'cut off' means to block, disconnect, or isolate access to a place or person. In this sentence, 'access' is the direct object following the verb particle combination.
中文： 片语动词『cut off』意思是阻断、切断或使某地/某人孤立。在本句中，『access』作为该动词片语的直接受词。
Rising floodwaters cut off power supplies to the entire city.
上涨的洪水切断了整座城市的电力供应。
EN： The Passive Voice (be + past participle) is used when the focus is on the action or the receiver of the action rather than the agent. Here, 'were completely wiped out' emphasizes the destruction rather than what caused it.
中文： 被动语态（be 动词 + 过去分词）用于将焦点放在动作本身或受动者身上，而非执行者。在此句中，“were completely wiped out”强调的是毁灭的结果，而非发生的原因。
Several historical bridges were completely destroyed during the severe flood.
数座历史悠久的桥梁在严重的洪水期间被彻底摧毁。
EN： A Present Participle Clause (V-ing) is used here to show result. It functions similarly to a relative clause like 'which removed...', providing extra information about the consequence of the main clause.
中文： 现在分词从句（V-ing）在此处用来表示结果，功能类似于关系从句（如“which removed...”），为主要从句的结果提供额外补充说明。
The heavy snowfall blocked the main highway, causing massive traffic delays.
大雪封锁了主要公路，导致严重的交通延误。
EN： The Passive Voice in the Past Simple tense (was/were + past participle) is used when the action happened in the past and the focus is on the object receiving the action rather than who performed it.
中文： 过去简单式的被动语态（was/were + 过去分词）用于动作发生于过去，且重点在于承受动作的对象而非执行者。
The historic bridge was completely destroyed by the sudden flood.
那座历史悠久的桥梁被突如其来的洪水完全摧毁了。
EN： Prepositional phrases starting with 'between' are often used as post-modifiers to define the spatial relationship or connection between two entities.
中文： 由 'between'（在……之间）引导的介词短语常用作后置修饰语，用来界定两个主体之间的空间关系或连结。
The railway line between London and Paris runs through the Channel Tunnel.
连接伦敦与巴黎之间的铁路线穿过英法海底隧道。
EN： Gyirong Port is a major land border crossing and trade corridor connecting Nepal and China (Tibet). Its destruction severely disrupts trans-Himalayan trade and disaster relief logistics between the two countries.
中文： 吉隆口岸是连接尼泊尔与中国（西藏）最重要的陆路边境过境点及贸易通道之一。该口岸的摧毁严重影响了跨喜马拉雅山脉的双边贸易与灾害救援物流。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle) with 'never' is used to express that an action or experience has not occurred at any time up to the present moment.
中文： 现在完成时（have/has + 过去分词）搭配副词「never（从未）」，用来表达从过去到现在这个时间点为止，从未发生过的经验或动作。
She has never visited a foreign country before.
她以前从未去过外国。
EN： In reporting clauses (e.g., 'said a senior official'), Subject-Verb Inversion can occur when the reporting verb ('said') precedes a long or complex subject noun phrase.
中文： 在引述句的主句中（例如 'said a senior official'），当主语是由较长的名词短语组成时，经常会 将动词（said）移至主语前面，形成「动词 + 主语」的倒装结构。
"This is a rare discovery," said the lead scientist.
「这是一个罕见的发现，」首席科学家说道。
EN： The Passive Voice (be + past participle) is used when the focus is on the action or the person/thing affected by it, rather than who performed the action. Here, 'were displaced' and 'were affected' emphasize the condition of the victims.
中文： 被动语态（be 动词 + 过去分词）用于强调受动作影响的人或事物，而非动作的执行者。句中的 'were displaced'（流离失所）与 'were affected'（受到影响）旨在突显灾民所受到的影响。
Thousands of families were evacuated from the city before the storm hit.
风暴来袭前，数千个家庭已从该城市撤离。
EN： The subordinating conjunction 'while' is used to link two contrasting or simultaneously occurring facts within a single sentence.
中文： 从属连词 'while'（而／同时）用于连接同一个句子中具有对比效果或同时发生的两个事实。
Some roads were completely blocked by snow, while others remained open to traffic.
有些道路被大雪完全封锁，而其他道路则保持通行。
EN： Indirect speech or reporting clauses often use 'that' as a conjunction to introduce a noun clause functioning as the direct object of verbs like 'estimate', 'think', or 'believe'.
中文： 名词子句作为宾语：动词（如 estimate、think、believe 等）后面常接由连接词“that”引导的名词子句，用来传达估计、想法或报告的内容。
The report indicated that many families were left homeless after the storm.
报告指出，暴风雨过后许多家庭无家可归。
EN： The phrase 'access to + noun' uses 'access' as an uncountable noun meaning 'the right or opportunity to use or enter something', followed by the preposition 'to'.
中文： 不可数名词短语“access to + 名词”：“access”在此作为不可数名词，表示“使用或取得某物的权利或机会”，后面固定搭配介词“to”。
Residents in rural areas often lack access to modern healthcare.
偏远地区的居民往往缺乏使用现代医疗服务的管道。
EN： A gerund phrase (verb + -ing) can act as the singular subject of a sentence. It takes a singular verb, such as 'has been'.
中文： 动名词短语（动词 + -ing）可作为句子的单数主语。后续接单数动词，例如「has been」。
Providing shelter for the homeless is our top priority.
为无家可归者提供庇护所是我们的首要任务。
EN： The present perfect passive ('has/have been' + past participle) is used to show an action that happened in the past, but its result directly impacts the present situation.
中文： 现在完成被动态（has/have been + 过去分词）用于表示过去发生的动作，且其结果对现在的状况产生直接影响。
Many roads have been closed due to heavy snowfall.
许多道路因大雪而被封闭。
EN： The verb 'begin' can be followed by a gerund (-ing form) to indicate starting an activity. When accompanied by an adverb like 'immediately', it emphasizes the prompt initiation of the action.
中文： 动词「begin」后面可以接动名词（-ing 形式）来表示开始做某个动作。当搭配如「immediately」（立即）等副词时，能强调该行动的迅速启动。
The rescue team immediately started searching for missing passengers after the accident.
事故发生后，救援队立即开始搜寻失踪的乘客。
EN： The infinitive phrase 'to provide...' functions as an adverbial modifier of purpose, explaining the reason for 'coordinating efforts'.
中文： 不定词短语「to provide...」（为了提供……）在此作为目的副词修饰语，用来解释「协调行动」（coordinating efforts）的目的。
Volunteers gathered at the center to distribute warm clothes to the homeless.
志愿者们聚集在中心，以发放御寒衣物给无家可归者。
EN： The phrasal verb 'put [something] at [amount]' is used to estimate a cost, value, age, or quantity.
中文： 动词短语「put [something] at [amount]」用于估计费用、价值、年龄或数量，意思是「将（某事物）估计为（多少金额或数值）」。
Economists put the financial loss at over ten million dollars.
经济学家将经济损失估计为超过一千万美元。
EN： The non-defining relative clause 'which is equivalent to...' provides additional explanation about the preceding monetary amount using the adjective 'equivalent' (meaning equal in value).
中文： 非限定关系从句「which is equivalent to...」用来对前方提到的金额补充说明，其中形容词「equivalent」表示「相等的；等值的」。
He donated 5,000 euros, which is equivalent to nearly six thousand US dollars.
他捐赠了5,000欧元，这相当于将近6,000美元。
EN： Reported speech with 'that'-clause and modal verbs: When introducing indirect speech in the past tense (e.g., 'warned'), the reported clause uses modal verbs like 'could' to express future possibility from a past perspective.
中文： 间接引语与 that 子句及情态动词：当主句动词为过去式（如 warned）时，that 引导的宾语子句常使用情态动词过去形（如 could）来表示从过去时间点来看的未来可能性。
Experts warned that the severe weather could delay the construction project.
专家警告，恶劣的天气可能会延误该施工计划。
EN： Using 'as much as' for emphasis: The structure 'as much as' (or 'as many as' for countable nouns) is used before a numerical value to emphasize how large or surprisingly high the amount is.
中文： 使用「as much as」表示强调：「as much as」（不可数）或「as many as」（可数）放在数量之前，用来强调金额、数量之大或高得令人吃惊（意为「高达…」）。
The repair costs could run as much as ten thousand dollars.
维修费用可能高达一万美元。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense ('have/has + past participle') is used here to describe an action that occurred at an unspecified time in the past and has present relevance or ongoing results.
中文： 现在完成式（have/has + 过去分词）在此用于描述过去发生但时间不特定、且对现在仍具影响或相关性的动作。
Several international organizations have pledged financial support to help rebuild the affected communities.
数个国际组织已经承诺提供资金支持，以协助重建受灾社区。
EN： The subject 'More than 20 countries' uses the quantifier 'more than' followed by a plural countable noun, requiring a plural verb ('have').
中文： 主语「More than 20 countries」使用数量词「more than」加上复数可数名词，因此后续动词须搭配复数动词（have）。
More than 50 volunteers have joined the emergency response team since yesterday.
自昨天以来，已有超过 50 名志工加入紧急应变小组。
EN： In major international disasters, governments and relief agencies use formal pledges ('pledge aid') to commit specific dollar amounts or resources, which are then coordinated by international bodies such as the United Nations during disaster response.
中文： 在重大国际灾害中，各国政府与救援机构会通过正式承诺（pledge aid）来指定捐助金额或资源，随后由联合国等国际组织统筹协调灾难应变与援助工作。
EN： The adjective phrase 'vulnerable to + noun/gerund' is used to describe someone or something that is easily harmed, affected, or damaged by a specific hazard or condition.
中文： 形容词短语「vulnerable to + 名词/动名词」意为「容易受到……伤害或影响的」，常用来描述某人、某物或某地区极易受特定灾害或不良条件威胁。
Coastal cities are particularly vulnerable to rising sea levels.
沿海城市特别容易受到海平面上升的影响。
EN： Past participles can function as adjectives to modify nouns. Here, 'improved' modifies 'early-warning systems' to indicate systems that have been made better.
中文： 过去分词可作为形容词使用，用来修饰名词。在此处，「improved」（经改进的）修饰「early-warning systems」（预警系统），表示该系统已被提升或完善。
We need improved infrastructure to handle the growing traffic.
我们需要改善后的基础设施来应对日益增长的交通量。
EN： The Third Conditional is used to express hypothetical or imaginary situations in the past that did not happen, along with their imagined past results. Structure: 'If + past perfect (had + V3), ... modal verb + have + V3 (could/would/might have + V3)'.
中文： 第三条件句（与过去事实相反的假设）用于讨论过去未曾发生的假想情况及其可能导致的过去结果。句型结构为：「If + 过去完成式（had + 动词第三态），... 情态助动词 + have + 动词第三态（could/would/might have + 动词第三态）」。
If they had checked the weather forecast, they could have avoided the storm.
如果他们当时有查看天气预报，本来就能避开那场暴风雨。
EN： The Passive Voice with Modal Verbs in the Past (e.g., 'could have been saved') is used to express past possibility or ability regarding an action performed on the subject. Structure: 'modal + have + been + past participle'.
中文： 情态助动词的过去被动语态（如 'could have been saved'）用于表达过去某事「本来有可能被进行」或「本来可以被完成」。结构为：「情态助动词 + have + been + 过去分词」。
The mistakes could have been prevented with more careful planning.
如果计划得更周密，这些错误本来是可以被预防的。
重要单词附有 IPA 发音、定义、例句和互动式测验。
在本文中： 冰河、冰川
在本文中： 災難性的、毀滅性的
在本文中： 摩擦力
在本文中： 毀滅性的、破壞力極大的
在本文中： 殘骸、碎片、瓦礫
在本文中： 下落不明的
在本文中： 水力發電的
在本文中： 迫使離開家園的、流離失所的
在本文中： 公共衛生、環境衛生設備
在本文中： 人道主義的、人道救援的
在本文中： 初步的、預備的
在本文中： 承諾、保證（給予援助等）
在本文中： 易受傷害的、脆弱的
片语包含类型标示、双语定义、用法说明和例句。
A sudden and destructive flood that occurs within a very short time, usually caused by heavy rain or rapid ice melting.
山洪、暴涨的洪水
To destroy or remove completely.
彻底摧毁、消灭
To block or stop access to something; to isolate.
阻断、切断（交通或联系）
Material and logistical assistance provided for humanitarian purposes, typically in response to natural disasters or crises.
人道救援（援助）
A set of capacities needed to generate and disseminate timely and meaningful warning information to enable individuals and communities threatened by a hazard to prepare and act appropriately.
早期预警系统