EN： Compound adjectives are formed by joining two or more words with a hyphen (e.g., 'record-breaking'). They function as a single adjective to modify a noun. 'Record-breaking' combines the noun 'record' and the present participle 'breaking' to describe something that surpasses all previous achievements or limits.
中文： 复合形容词（Compound adjectives）是由两个或多个单词用连字符（-）连接而成，在句中作为单一形容词来修饰名词。例如“record-breaking”（创纪录的）结合了名词“record”（记录）与现在分词“breaking”（打破），用来形容超越以往所有记录的事物。
The company announced record-breaking profits for the third quarter.
该公司宣布了第三季度创纪录的利润。
EN： Time expressions indicating 'when' something happened (like 'in late June this year') are typically placed at the end of the sentence in English, or sometimes at the very beginning for emphasis. 'Late' is used here as an adjective meaning near the end of a period.
中文： 表示时间点的副词短语（如“in late June this year”，意为“在今年六月下旬”）在英文中通常放在句尾，有时为了强调也会放在句首。这里的“late”用作形容词，表示某个时期的“晚期”或“下旬”。
EN： In recent years, Europe has experienced increasingly frequent and severe summer heatwaves due to climate change. Because many European homes and public transport systems historically did not require air conditioning, these sudden extreme temperatures pose significant infrastructure challenges and health risks to the population.
中文： 近年来，由于气候变化，欧洲夏季出现越来越频繁且严重的热浪。由于历史上许多欧洲住宅和公共交通系统并不需要安装冷气（空调），这些突如其来的极端高温给当地的基础设施和居民健康带来了重大挑战。
EN： When listing multiple items in a series, English uses commas to separate them, with the coordinating conjunction 'and' preceding the final item. This is known as a parallel structure, where all listed items must belong to the same grammatical category (in this case, proper nouns representing countries).
中文： 当在英文中列出多个项目时，会使用逗号将它们隔开，并在最后一个项目之前加上并列连词“and”。这被称为平行结构（Parallel Structure），其中所有列出的项目必须属于相同的语法类别（在此例中，皆为代表国家的专有名词）。
Italy, Greece and Portugal are popular summer destinations.
意大利、希腊和葡萄牙是热门的夏季旅游目的地。
EN： The word 'all' is used as a pre-determiner or adverb to emphasize that every member of the group experienced the action. In this sentence, 'all' is placed immediately before the main verb 'experienced' to modify the compound subject.
中文： 单词“all”（全部/都）在此用作副词，用以强调该群体中的每一个成员都经历了该动作。在此句子中，“all”被置于主要动词“experienced”之前，用来修饰这个复合主语。
The students all passed the final exam.
学生们全都通过了期末考试。
EN： In English, country names like 'the United Kingdom' and 'the Netherlands' always require the definite article 'the' because they contain plural nouns or political terms (Kingdom). In contrast, 'France', 'Spain', 'Belgium', 'Switzerland', and 'Germany' do not use articles.
中文： 在英语中，像“the United Kingdom”（英国）和“the Netherlands”（荷兰）这样的国家名称，前面必须加上定冠词“the”，因为它们包含复数名词或政治体制名称（Kingdom）。相比之下，“France”（法国）、“Spain”（西班牙）、“Belgium”（比利时）、“Switzerland”（瑞士）和“Germany”（德国）则不需要加冠词。
EN： The Past Perfect Tense ('had + past participle') is used to describe an action that was completed before another action in the past. In this sentence, 'had never faced' happened before the reporting ('reported').
中文： 过去完成时（had + 过去分词）用于描述在过去某个动作或时间点之前已经完成的动作。在本句中，“从未面临过”（had never faced）发生在“报告”（reported）这个过去动作之前。
She realized that she had lost her keys.
她意识到她把钥匙弄丢了。
EN： The noun clause starting with 'that' acts as the direct object of the reporting verb 'reported'. It contains a complete sentence structure (subject + verb + object) to show what was reported.
中文： 由“that”引导的名词性从句作为报告动词“reported”的直接宾语。它包含一个完整的句子结构（主语 + 动词 + 宾语），用来表示报告的具体内容。
The scientist proved that the theory was correct.
科学家证明了该理论是正确的。
EN： Present Perfect Tense (has + past participle): Used here to describe an action that started in the past and has a direct result or relevance to the present moment.
中文： 现在完成时（has + 过去分词）：在此处用于描述一个始于过去、且对现在有直接影响或关联的动作。
The heavy rain has already stopped.
大雨已经停了。
EN： Adverb Placement (also): The adverb 'also' is placed after the auxiliary verb 'has' and before the main verb 'reached' to add information to the subject.
中文： 副词位置（also）：副词“also”（也）放在助动词“has”之后、主要动词“reached”之前，用以对主语补充说明信息。
She has also visited that museum.
她也去过那家博物馆。
EN： In English, country names that are plural or represent a union of states (like 'the United States' or 'the United Kingdom') must be preceded by the definite article 'the'. Note that 'the' is not capitalized unless it starts a sentence.
中文： 在英文中，国名若为复数形式或表示联邦政体（如“the United States”或“the United Kingdom”），前面必须加上定冠词“the”。请注意，除非位于句首，否则其中的“the”不需要大写。
EN： The Present Continuous Tense (be + verb-ing) is used here to describe an ongoing state or action happening around the present time. In this context, 'are living' emphasizes the temporary, current situation of experiencing heat warnings.
中文： 现在进行时（be 动词 + 现在分词）在此处用于描述目前正在发生或持续中的状态与动作。在这个语境中，“are living（正生活于……）”强调了目前正处于高温预警影响下的暂时性现状。
Many cities are currently experiencing unusually high temperatures this week.
许多城市本周目前正经历异常的高温。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'under heat warnings' uses 'under' to indicate being subject to or affected by a particular condition, rule, or official classification (such as weather alerts or pressure).
中文： 介词短语“under heat warnings”中使用介词“under（在……之下）”，用来表示正承受或受制于某种特定状况、规则或官方发布的警报（例如天气预警或压力）。
The coastal areas are under a hurricane watch until tomorrow morning.
沿海地区在明天早上之前都处于飓风观察预警之下。
EN： In the United States, 'heat warnings' (specifically Excessive Heat Warnings) are official alerts issued by the National Weather Service when extremely hot temperatures are expected to pose a serious risk to human health. This reflects the growing impact of climate change on North American weather patterns.
中文： 在美国，“heat warnings（高温预警，具体为极端高温警告）”是国家气象局在预计极端高温将对人体健康构成严重威胁时发布的官方警报。这反映了气候变化对北美天气形态日益严重的影响。
EN： The passive voice structure 'be expected to + verb' is used to express what is anticipated or predicted to happen based on current information or schedules.
中文： 被动语态结构“be expected to + 动词原形”用于表示根据目前信息或计划，预计或预期将会发生的事情。
The train is expected to arrive in ten minutes.
火车预计将在十分钟内抵达。
EN： The non-defining relative clause starting with ', which is...' is used to add extra, non-essential information about the preceding noun phrase (the temperature range in Fahrenheit). It is separated from the main clause by a comma.
中文： 以“, which is...”引导的非限制性关系从句，用于对前面的名词短语（华氏温度范围）补充说明非必要的额外信息。它与主句之间用逗号隔开。
He bought a new laptop, which is much faster than his old one.
他买了一台新笔记本电脑，这比他的旧电脑快得多。
EN： The United States is one of the few countries that still primarily uses Fahrenheit for temperature measurement, whereas most of the world, including Europe, uses Celsius. News reports covering international weather often provide conversions between both scales to ensure clarity for global audiences.
中文： 美国是世界上少数仍主要使用华氏度（Fahrenheit）进行温度测量的国家之一，而世界上大多数其他地区（包括欧洲）则使用摄氏度（Celsius）。报道国际天气的新闻通常会提供这两种温标的换算，以确保全球读者都能清楚理解。
EN： The noun clause (or content clause) introduced by 'that' functions as the direct object of the reporting verb 'say'. The conjunction 'that' is often omitted in informal speech but is kept here for clarity.
中文： 由“that”引导的名词性从句（或称为内容从句）在此句中作为报道动词“say”的直接宾语。在口语中“that”经常被省略，但在此处保留以使结构更清晰。
Experts believe that climate change is accelerating.
专家相信气候变化正在加速。
EN： The collocation 'put strain on [something/someone]' means to place worry, difficulty, or pressure on something or someone. The adjective 'enormous' (meaning extremely large) modifies 'strain' to emphasize the intensity of the pressure.
中文： 短语“put strain on [something/someone]”意为给某事或某人带来担忧、困难或压力。形容词“enormous”（意为极大的）修饰“strain”以强调压力的强度。
The heavy snow put a strain on the power grid.
大雪给电网带来了压力。
EN： Zero Conditional: This structure is used to talk about general truths, scientific facts, or situations that always happen under certain conditions. It uses the pattern 'When/If + present simple, present simple'.
中文： 零类条件句（Zero Conditional）：此结构用于描述普遍真理、科学事实或在特定条件下必然会发生的情况。其句型结构为“When/If + 一般现在时，一般现在时”。
When water reaches 100 degrees Celsius, it boils.
当水达到摄氏100度时，它就会沸腾。
EN： The verb 'struggle' followed by an infinitive ('to + verb') means to experience difficulty while trying to do something.
中文： 动词“struggle”后接不定式（to + 动词），表示在努力尝试做某事时感到吃力或面临困难。
EN： In Europe, many residential buildings historically do not have air conditioning because summers were traditionally mild. Consequently, when temperatures stay above 30 degrees Celsius (86 degrees Fahrenheit) during the day and do not drop at night, it presents a significant health hazard, as indoor environments remain extremely hot.
中文： 在欧洲，许多住宅建筑历史上并未安装空调，因为传统上当地的夏天相当温和。因此，当白天温度持续高于摄氏 30 度（华氏 86 度）且夜晚无法降温时，会造成严重的健康威胁，因为室内环境会维持在极度闷热的状态。
EN： Compound Subject: When multiple noun phrases are joined by commas and the conjunction 'and' to form a single subject, they take a plural verb (in this case, 'are').
中文： 复合主语：当多个名词短语用逗号和连接词“and”连接形成单一主语时，它们需要搭配复数动词（在此句中为“are”）。
Apples, bananas, and oranges are rich in vitamins.
苹果、香蕉和橙子富含维生素。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'at risk' functions as a subject complement after the linking verb 'be' (are), meaning 'in a situation where something bad or harmful could happen'.
中文： 介词短语“at risk”在系动词“be”（此处为 are）后面担任主语补足语，意思是“处于可能发生坏事或有害情况的危险中”。
Without proper gear, hikers are at risk in the mountains.
没有适当的装备，登山客在山区会面临风险。
EN： The verb 'adapt' is commonly followed by the preposition 'to' when indicating the thing or environment that someone is adjusting to. The structure is 'adapt to + noun/gerund'.
中文： 动词“adapt”（适应）后面通常会接介词“to”，用来表示某人正在适应的事物或环境。其结构为“adapt to + 名词/动名词”。
It takes time to adapt to a new school.
适应新学校需要时间。
EN： The phrase 'over time' is an adverbial phrase meaning gradually or as time passes. It is used to describe changes that happen slowly rather than all at once.
中文： 短语“over time”是一个副词短语，意思是“随着时间的推移”或“渐渐地”。它用来描述缓慢发生而非一次性发生的变化。
Her English skills improved over time.
她的英文能力随着时间的推移而进步。
EN： Appositives (同位語) are nouns or noun phrases that follow another noun to explain or identify it. In this sentence, 'a physician at the University of Augsburg in Germany' is an appositive phrase that provides more information about 'Professor Claudia Traidl-Hoffmann'. It is set off by commas.
中文： 同位语（Appositives）是紧跟在另一个名词后面的名词或名词短语，用于解释或说明该名词。在本句中，“a physician at the University of Augsburg in Germany”是一个同位语短语，用来提供关于“克劳迪亚·特赖德尔-霍夫曼教授”的更多信息。它通常用逗号隔开。
Mr. Green, a talented musician from London, teaches us piano.
格林先生是一位来自伦敦的才华横溢的音乐家，他教我们弹钢琴。
EN： Prepositional phrases (介系詞短語) starting with 'at' and 'in' are used here to indicate location. 'At' is used for a specific institution ('at the University of Augsburg'), while 'in' is used for a larger geographical area ('in Germany').
中文： 以“at”和“in”开头的介词短语（Prepositional phrases）在此处用于表示地点。“At”用于特定的机构（“在奥格斯堡大学”），而“in”则用于较大的地理区域（“在德国”）。
She works at a hospital in New York.
她在纽约的一家医院工作。
EN： Noun Clause as Object: The word 'that' introduces a noun clause ('that the human body can adapt') which functions as the direct object of the reporting verb 'said'. In informal English, 'that' is often omitted, but it is kept here for clarity.
中文： 名词性从句作宾语：单词“that”引导一个名词性从句（that the human body can adapt），在句中作为间接引语动词“said”的直接宾语。在非正式英语中，“that”常被省略，但在此处保留以使结构更清晰。
He believes that technology can solve many environmental problems.
他相信科技可以解决许多环境问题。
EN： Relative Clause (Adjective Clause): The relative pronoun 'who' introduces a relative clause ('who are continuously exposed to heat') that modifies the noun 'people'. This clause provides essential information about which people have stronger adaptations.
中文： 关系从句（定语从句）：关系代词“who”引导一个关系从句（who are continuously exposed to heat），用来修饰名词“people”（人们）。该从句提供了关于哪些人的适应能力更强的必要信息。
Students who study regularly usually get better grades.
规律学习的学生通常会取得更好的成绩。
EN： The adverb 'also' is used to add information. In sentences with the verb 'to be' (am, is, are, was, were), 'also' is placed directly after the 'be' verb.
中文： 副词“also”（也）用于补充信息。在含有 be 动词（am, is, are, was, were）的句子中，“also”必须放在 be 动词之后。
She is also a talented musician.
她也是一位有才华的音乐家。
EN： The preposition 'of' is used to show belonging, connection, or categorization. In the phrase 'the director of the Institute', 'of' indicates that the director belongs to or leads that specific institute.
中文： 介词“of”用于表示隶属、关联或类别。在短语“the director of the Institute”（该研究所的所长）中，“of”表示该所长隶属于或领导该特定机构。
He is the manager of the new department.
他是新部门的经理。
EN： The 'Institute of Environmental Medicine at Helmholtz Munich' is a prominent research institution in Germany. Helmholtz Munich is part of the Helmholtz Association, Germany's largest scientific organization, which focuses on health, energy, and environmental research. This highlights the high academic standing of the expert mentioned in the news.
中文： “慕尼黑亥姆霍兹中心环境医学研究所”是德国著名的研究机构。慕尼黑亥姆霍兹中心隶属于德国最大的科学组织“亥姆霍兹联合会”，该联合会专注于健康、能源与环境研究。这突显了新闻中所提及专家的崇高学术地位。
EN： Present Perfect Continuous Tense (has/have been + V-ing) is used to describe an action that started in the past and is still continuing in the present, emphasizing the duration or ongoing nature of the activity.
中文： 现在完成进行时（has/have been + 现在分词）用于描述一个从过去开始、目前仍在进行的动作，强调该活动的持续时间或进行状态。
They have been living in this city for ten years.
他们在这个城市已经住了十年了。
EN： The preposition 'for' followed by a period of time (e.g., 'for many years') is used to indicate the duration of an action or state.
中文： 介词“for”后面接一段时间（例如“for many years”），用来表示某个动作或状态持续的时间长度。
EN： The phrase 'focus on' is a phrasal verb meaning to give all your attention to something. It is followed by a noun or a gerund (verb-ing). In this sentence, 'treating' is a gerund acting as the object of the preposition 'on'.
中文： 动词短语“focus on”（专注于）后面必须接名词或动名词（V-ing）。在本句中，“treating”（治疗）是一个动名词，作为介词“on”的宾语。
Our team focuses on developing eco-friendly products.
我们的团队专注于开发环保产品。
EN： This sentence uses nested relative clauses (adjective clauses) to modify nouns. 'Who suffer...' is a relative clause modifying 'patients', and 'that are caused...' is another relative clause nested inside, modifying 'illnesses'.
中文： 本句使用了嵌套的关系从句（形容词性从句）来修饰名词。“who suffer...”是修饰“patients”（患者）的关系从句，而“that are caused...”则是嵌套在内、修饰“illnesses”（疾病）的另一个关系从句。
I know a teacher who helps students that have learning difficulties.
我认识一位专门帮助有学习困难学生的老师。
重要单词附有 IPA 发音、定义、例句和互动式测验。
在本文中： 极端的，偏激的，超出寻常范围的
在本文中： 强烈的，极度的
在本文中： 压力，重负，拉紧
在本文中： 艰难地奋斗，挣扎，吃力地应对
在本文中： 恢复，康复，复原
在本文中： 适应，习惯（新环境或情况）
在本文中： 持续不断地，连续地
在本文中： 暴露于…的，接触到…的
在本文中： 环境的，自然环境的
在本文中： 遭受（痛苦、疾病等），受折磨
片语包含类型标示、双语定义、用法说明和例句。
A period of unusually hot weather that typically lasts for several days.
热浪
To place pressure, stress, or great demand on someone or something.
对……造成压力或负担
In a situation where you are in danger of being harmed, damaged, or lost.
处于危险之中，面临风险
To experience physical or mental pain, illness, or loss.
受……之苦，患有（疾病）
Long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns, mainly caused by human activities.
气候变化