EN： The sentence uses the present perfect passive voice ('has been' + past participle 'launched'). This structure indicates an action that was completed recently by an unspecified agent, focusing on the result and its relevance to the present.
中文： 本句使用了现在完成式的被动语态（'has been' + 过去分词 'launched'）。此结构用于表示一项动作刚在最近完成（发起者未特定说明），强调动作的结果以及其对当前的影响与关联。
A new library has been opened in our neighborhood.
我们社区新开了一座图书馆。
EN： The infinitive of purpose ('to study...') expresses the aim or intention of the main action ('has been launched'). It answers the question 'Why was the project launched?'.
中文： 不定词表目的（'to study...'）用来说明主要动作（'has been launched'）的目的或意图，回答了「为什么要启动这项计划？」的问题。
She traveled abroad to study marine biology.
她出国留学是为了研读海洋生物学。
EN： In marine biology and conservation, 'vulnerable' is a specific category on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, indicating a high risk of endangerment in the wild. Additionally, the plural noun 'waters' typically refers to the sea or ocean area belonging to or bordering a specific country.
中文： 在海洋生物学与保育领域中，「vulnerable（易危）」是国际自然保护联盟（IUCN）濒危物种红色名录中的专业分类级别，代表面临较高的野外灭绝风险。此外，名词复数形态的「waters」通常专指属于某国家或地区邻近的领海或管辖海域。
EN： The present perfect tense ('has received') is formed by 'have/has + past participle'. In news contexts, it is commonly used to announce recent events or achievements that have relevance to the present.
中文： 现在完成式（has received）由「have/has + 过去分词」构成。在新闻英语中，常用来宣布最近刚发生、且其影响或重要性延续至现在的事件或成果。
The research team has secured a major grant to develop new clean energy technologies.
该研究团队已获得一笔重大资助，用以开发新型清洁能源技术。
EN： Compound adjectives with hyphens: When a number and a singular noun combine with a hyphen (e.g., 'three-year'), they function together as an adjective modifying a noun ('investigation'). The noun inside the hyphenated modifier remains singular.
中文： 复合形容词（连字号用法）：当数字与名词用连字号连接（如 three-year）时，整体作为形容词修饰后面的名词（investigation。连字号内的计量名词必须保持单数形式，不可加 -s。
She enrolled in a four-week intensive training course.
她报名参加了一门为期四周的密集培训课程。
EN： Natural England is an executive non-departmental public body sponsored by the UK Government's Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra). It is responsible for protecting England's natural environment and biodiversity.
中文： 英格兰自然署（Natural England）是受英国政府环境、食品暨乡村事务部（Defra）资助的非部会公共机构，专门负责英格兰当地的自然环境保护与生物多样性维护。
EN： The modal auxiliary 'will' is combined with the base verb 'work' to express future plans or intentions. 'Work together with [someone]' is a common phrasal construction meaning to collaborate with someone.
中文： 情态助动词「will」后接原形动词「work」，用来表达未来的计划或意图。「Work together with + 对象」是常见的片语结构，意为「与……携手合作」。
Our team will work together with international researchers to complete the survey.
我们的团队将与国际研究人员携手合作以完成这项调查。
EN： The infinitive phrase 'to learn more about...' functions as an adverbial infinitive of purpose, indicating why the scientists will work together.
中文： 不定词片语「to learn more about...」在此作目的副词修饰语，用来表示科学家们合作的目的（「为了进一步了解……」）。
She attended the lecture to learn more about environmental conservation.
她参加了这场讲座，以进一步了解环境保护。
EN： In the UK, recreational anglers often play a vital role in citizen science initiatives. The Angling Trust represents game, coarse, and sea anglers in England, regularly partnering with marine research institutions to collect ecological data.
中文： 在英国，休闲钓鱼者在「公民科学」倡议中扮演关键角色。英国钓鱼信托基金会代表英格兰的钓鱼爱好者，经常与海洋科研机构合作提供实地回报数据以协助生态保护。
EN： The conjunction 'that' introduces a noun clause (that-clause) functioning as the direct object of the verb 'realize'. It connects the main clause with the fact being realized or overlooked.
中文： 连接词「that」引导名词子句（that 子句），作为主要动词「realize」的宾语，用来说明意识到或忽视的具体事实内容。
Scientists discovered that some whales can live for more than a century.
科学家发现某些鲸鱼可以活超过一个世纪。
EN： The phrase 'more than' acts as a comparative quantifier meaning 'greater in number or amount than'. It modifies numerals or quantities such as 'forty different shark species'.
中文： 片语「more than」作为比较数量词，意为「超过、多于」，用来修饰后方的数字或数量词（如「forty different shark species」）。
There are more than fifty varieties of birds in this park.
这座公园里有超过五十种鸟类。
EN： The term 'waters' in the plural often refers to the territorial seas or maritime zones belonging to a specific nation or geographical area (e.g., 'British waters', 'international waters'). People generally associate sharks with tropical seas, so the presence of over 40 species in British waters is surprising to the general public.
中文： 单词「waters」使用复数形式时，通常指特定国家或地理区域管辖的「海域、领海」（例如「British waters 英国海域」、「international waters 公海」）。大众通常误以为鲨鱼只栖息在热带海域，因此英国海域拥有超过四十种鲨鱼的事实常令人感到惊讶。
EN： The pattern 'range from A to B' is used to express the limits, diversity, or variety within a specific group or spectrum. Here, 'A' and 'B' are noun phrases indicating the extremes or different examples within the range.
中文： 句型「range from A to B」（范围从小/少/低……到大/多/高……不等）常用于表达特定群体或光谱内部的多样性与极限。在此句中，A 与 B 均为名词短语，用来呈现范围内的不同范例。
Prices range from five dollars to fifty dollars.
价格从五美元到五十美元不等。
EN： Multiple adjectives can precede a noun to provide detailed descriptions. In 'large migratory blue sharks', 'large' (size) precedes 'migratory' (characteristic/behavior), which precedes 'blue' (color/species name), following natural adjective ordering before the head noun.
中文： 名词前可并列多个形容词进行修饰。例如在「large migratory blue sharks」中，「large」（尺寸/大小）置于「migratory」（特征/习性）之前，再接「blue」（品种/颜色），符合形容词修饰名词时的自然语序。
We spotted a rare migratory gray whale off the coast.
我们在沿海发现了一只罕见的迁徙性灰鲸。
EN： The 'basking shark' (Cetorhinus maximus) is the second-largest living shark after the whale shark, reaching lengths of over 10 meters. Despite their formidable size, they are harmless filter feeders commonly observed around the British coastline in spring and summer.
中文： 「姥鲨」（basking shark）是仅次于鲸鲨的现存第二大鲨鱼，体长可超过10米。虽然体型极其庞大，但它们实际上是温和的滤食性动物，以浮游生物为食，常在春夏时节于英国沿海一带出没，在英国海洋生态中极具代表性。
EN： The adverb 'surprisingly' is used to modify the quantifier/determiner 'little', forming an adverbial modifier that emphasizes that the small amount or degree is unexpected. 'Little' here functions as a pronoun meaning 'not much'.
中文： 副词「surprisingly」（令人惊讶地）用来修饰代词／量词「little」（少许、几乎没有），强调「所知甚少」的程度出乎意料。
We have surprisingly little time left before the exam starts.
考试开始前，我们剩下的时间少得令人惊讶。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'about most of these animals' functions as an adverbial complement to 'know'. 'Most of' is followed by a definite determiner ('these') plus a plural noun, meaning 'the majority of'.
中文： 介系词片语「about most of these animals」作为动词「know」的补语。其中「most of + 限定词（these）+ 复数名词」表示「这些……中的大多数」。
Most of these books were written in the nineteenth century.
这些书中的大多数都是在十九世纪写成的。
EN： The verb 'aim' is commonly followed by a to-infinitive ('aim to do something') to express purpose, goal, or intention.
中文： 动词“aim”后面常接不定词“to + 原形动词”（aim to do sth），用来表达目标、宗旨或意图，意为“旨在……”或“目标是……”。
The government aims to reduce carbon emissions by thirty percent.
政府旨在减少百分之三十的碳排放。
EN： Prepositional phrases often act as post-modifiers to nouns. Here, 'of marine biodiversity' describes what kind of 'understanding' is meant, and 'around Britain's coastline' describes the location of the biodiversity.
中文： 介词短语常作为名词的后位修饰语，句中“of marine biodiversity”修饰“understanding”，说明理解的内容；而“around Britain's coastline”则修饰“biodiversity”，界定该生物多样性的地理范围。。
We need to protect the natural habitats of endangered animals in this forest.
我们需要保护这座森林中濒危动物的自然栖息地。
EN： British coastal waters are home to rich but often under-researched marine ecosystems, including more than 40 species of sharks. Public awareness and conservation projects often focus on protecting these cold-water habitats around the British Isles.
中文： 英国周边海域拥有丰富但常被忽视的海洋生态系统，其中包含超过 40 种鲨鱼。近年来英国公众与保育机构更加重视保护这些围绕不列颠群岛的温带与冷水海域生态。
EN： An appositive is a noun or noun phrase placed next to another noun to explain or identify it. Non-restrictive appositives are set off by commas and provide extra information without changing the core meaning of the sentence.
中文： 同位语（Appositive）是指紧随在另一个名词或代名词之后，用来解释或补充说明的名词或名词短语。非限定同位语通常用逗号与主句隔开，提供额外补充信息，若删除也不会影响句子的主要结构与基本意义。
Mr. Davis, our science teacher, organized the school trip.
戴维斯先生是我们的自然老师，他组织了这次的外出教学。
EN： The prefix 'co-' means 'together' or 'jointly'. Attached to verbs or nouns (such as 'co-lead', 'co-author', 'co-founder'), it indicates shared responsibility or action between two or more people.
中文： 前缀「co-」表示「共同」或「联合」。接在动词或名词前（例如 co-lead 共同主持、co-author 共同撰写、co-founder 共同创办人），用来表示两人或多人分担责任或一同进行某项行动。。
Two senior researchers will co-lead the investigation next year.
两位资深研究员明年将共同领导这项调查。
EN： In academic and news contexts, researchers with a PhD or an MD are commonly addressed with the title 'Doctor' (Dr.) to signify their professional credentials. Additionally, academic ranks such as 'associate professor' reflect seniority and are standard designations within university faculties globally.
中文： 在学术界与新闻报道中，拥有博士学位（PhD）的研究人员常被尊称为「Doctor」（博士），以突显其专业资格此外，「associate professor」（副教授）是各国大学通行的学术职级名称，用来标识其在学术界的资历与身份。
EN： The transitive verb 'express' takes a direct object ('her enthusiasm') followed by a prepositional phrase introduced by 'about' to indicate the subject or topic of that feeling or thought.
中文： 及物动词 express（表达）后面接直接宾语（her enthusiasm），并常与介词 about 引导的短语连用，用来指明该情感或想法所针对的主题或事物。
He expressed his concern about the new policy.
他对这项新政策表达了关切。
EN： The use of the simple past tense ('expressed') indicates a completed action in the past, standard in news reporting for actions and statements that occurred during an event or interview.
中文： 使用简单过去式（expressed）表示在过去某个特定时间点已完成的动作，这是新闻报道中描述受访者言论或反应时的标准时态。
The director praised the team for their hard work.
主任称赞了团队的辛勤工作。
EN： In academic and formal news reporting, phrases like 'expressed enthusiasm' or 'welcomed the initiative' are standard journalistic conventions used to summarize an expert's positive attitude without relying excessively on direct quotes.
中文： 在学术与正式新闻报道中，常用「expressed enthusiasm」（表达热忱）或「welcomed the initiative」（对该倡议表示欢迎）等客观概述用语，用来简洁归纳受访专家或官方的正面态度，避免过度依赖冗长的直接引语。
EN： Non-defining relative clause: 'which looks like...' uses 'which' preceded by a comma to give extra descriptive information about 'the porbeagle'. It does not define or restrict the noun.
中文： 非限定关系子句：逗号后面的「which looks like...」引导非限定关系代名词子句，用来对先行词「the porbeagle（鼠鲨）」补充说明特征，而非限制其范围。。
He admires the blue shark, which travels vast distances across the ocean.
他很钦佩大青鲨，牠们能跨越大洋长途迁徙。
EN： Dummy 'it' structure: 'It is amazing that...' uses 'it' as a preparatory subject to introduce an extraposed noun clause ('that we share the water...'), placing the heavy content at the end.
中文： 虚主语结构：「It is amazing that...」使用代名词「it」作为形式主语，真正的主语是由「that」引导的名词子句，以避免句子头重脚轻。。
It is fortunate that divers can observe these gentle creatures safely.
潜水员能够安全地观察这些温和的生物，真是太幸运了。。
EN： In the UK, public perception often associates sharks exclusively with tropical regions or dangerous attacks (often fueled by media depictions of great white sharks). Dr. Hawkes deliberately humanizes and demystifies British sharks by playfully comparing the porbeagle (Lamna nasus) to a 'baby great white shark,' promoting ocean coexistence rather than fear.
中文： 在英国，大众常误以为鲨鱼只栖息在热带水域或极具攻击性（多受大白鲨的影视形象影响）。霍克斯博士特意将英国水域常见的鼠鲨形容为「小大白鲨」，透过生动亲切的比喻消除恐惧，鼓励大众以欣赏的态度看待海洋生物的共存。
EN： The conjunction 'even though' introduces an adverbial clause of concession, meaning 'despite the fact that'. It is used to contrast a surprising or unexpected reality with another fact.
中文： 连字号「even though」用于引导让步副词子句，意为「即使；尽管」，用来对比虽然存在某种事实，但主句的情况依然成立。。
He decided to go swimming, even though the water was freezing.
尽管水很冰冷，他还是决定去游泳。
EN： The phrase 'be dangerous to' indicates that something poses a threat or risk to a specific person or thing. Here, 'humans' is the prepositional complement specifying who is at risk.
中文： 片语「be dangerous to」表示「对……有危险性」，后方接受词（名词或代名词）以指明受威胁的对象。。
These chemicals are dangerous to small children.
这些化学品对幼童是有危险的。
EN： Porbeagle sharks resemble smaller versions of great white sharks, which often causes alarm among beachgoers and surfers in coastal areas of the UK. Marine scientists frequently communicate with the public to dispel fears, as porbeagles feed primarily on small fish and pose virtually no threat to humans.
中文： 鼠鲨在外型上神似缩小版的大白鲨，因此常在英国沿海冲浪者或泳客间引发恐慌。海洋学家经常向公众宣传以消除恐惧，因为鼠鲨主要以小型鱼类为食，对人类几乎没有威胁。
EN： The infinitive of purpose ('to gather...') is used here to explain why the subject performs the action ('will use several methods'). It answers the question 'why?' or 'for what purpose?'.
中文： 「不定词表目的（to + 原形动词）」在此句中用来表达进行主句动作（使用数种方法）的原因或目的，相当于「为了……」。
Scientists set up cameras in the forest to observe nocturnal animals.
科学家在森林里架设相机，以观察夜行性动物。
EN： The modal auxiliary 'will' expresses future intention or plans, followed by the base form of the main verb ('use').
中文： 情态助动词 'will' 用于表示未来的计划、预测或意图，后方必须接原形动词（此处为 'use'）。
The committee will announce the competition results tomorrow.
委员会将于明天公布比赛结果。
EN： The verb 'plan' is commonly followed by an infinitive ('to + verb') to express future intentions or goals.
中文： 动词「plan」后面常接不定词（to + 原形动词），用来表达未来的打算或计划。
We plan to visit the marine biology museum next weekend.
我们计划下周末参观海洋生物博物馆。
EN： The past participle 'reported' functions as a reduced relative clause (short for 'which were reported'), modifying the noun 'sightings'.
中文： 过去分词「reported」在此作为后位修饰语，修饰名词「sightings」（目击情况），相当于省略了「which were」的形容词子句，表示被动关系。
The data collected by local volunteers was very helpful.
当地志工所收集的数据非常有帮助。
EN： In Britain, 'angling' specifically refers to recreational rod-and-line fishing, distinguished from commercial net fishing. Citizen science projects frequently rely on recreational anglers to contribute valuable ecological observation data.
中文： 在英国，「angling」特指使用钓竿与钓线的休闲垂钓，有别于大规模的商业捕捞。现代海洋公民科学计画经常仰赖休闲钓客（recreational anglers）回报钓获与目击资讯，为生态保育提供珍贵的一手数据。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses are set off by commas and provide extra, non-essential information about a noun. They must use 'which' (never 'that') when referring to things.
中文： 非限定关系子句（Non-defining relative clause）前后会用逗号隔开，提供关于先行词的补充、非必要资讯。修饰事物时，必须使用关系代名词 'which'，不可用 'that' 替换。
The town library, which was built in 1920, will undergo major renovations next month.
这座市立图书馆建于 1920 年，下个月将进行大规模翻修。
EN： The phrasal verb 'go back to' combined with a present participle (-ing) acts as a reduced relative clause (which goes back to...) functioning as an adjective to express origin in past time.
中文： 片语动词 'go back to' 意为「追溯至……」。在此句中以现在分词短语（going back to...）作后位修饰语，修饰前面的名词 'catches' 或 'records'，相当于简化的关系子句（which go back to...）。
We found old letters going back to the eighteenth century.
我们找到了可追溯至十八世纪的旧信件。
EN： In the UK, recreational sea angling records—such as the Pat Smith Database—represent valuable citizen-science assets. Because formal marine biological surveys began much later, historical recreational catch logs from the mid-20th century offer modern researchers irreplaceable baseline data on past fish populations.
中文： 在英国，休闲海钓纪录（如帕特·史密斯资料库）是极具价值的「公民科学」资源。由于现代正规的海洋生物调查起步较晚，20 世纪中叶钓鱼爱好者所保留的历史捕获日志，为现今研究人员提供了无可取代的过去鱼类族群基准数据。
EN： The conjunction 'while' can be followed directly by a present participle (-ing form) when the subject of both clauses is the same, effectively shortening an adverbial time clause (e.g., 'while fishing' instead of 'while they are fishing').
中文： 当从属子句的主词与主要子句相同时，连接词「while」后面可以直接接现在分词（-ing 形式），形成分词构句以简化句子（例如用「while fishing」代替「while they are fishing」）。
Please wear protective gloves while handling these chemicals.
处理这些化学品时，请戴上防护手套。
EN： The subordinate conjunction 'Because' introduces an adverbial clause of cause and effect. When placed at the beginning of the sentence, a comma separates it from the main clause.
中文： 从属连接词「Because」用来引导表示原因的副词子句。当原因子句置于句首时，通常会用逗号与后面的主要子句隔开。
Because the weather was severe, the ferry service was temporarily suspended.
因为天气恶劣，渡轮服务暂时中止。
EN： In the UK, recreational sea angling is a popular pastime with a strong community that frequently participates in 'citizen science' initiatives. Anglers collaborate with scientific organizations by reporting catches and tagging fish to aid wildlife monitoring.
中文： 在英国，休闲海钓是一项非常普及的户外活动，钓客社群经常积极参与「公民科学（citizen science）」计划。钓客透过回报捕获纪录或协助标记鱼类，成为科学机构进行野生动物监测的重要协力者。
EN： The verb 'hope' is followed by a to-infinitive ('to discover'), which here takes an embedded interrogative clause (wh-clause) introduced by 'where and when' as its direct object.
中文： 动词「hope」后面常接不定词（to-infinitive，如 to discover），在此处不定词动词后面又带有由疑问词「where and when」引导的名词子句（间接问句），作其受词介。
Researchers want to know how and why the birds migrate each winter.
研究人员想知道这些鸟类每年冬天是如何以及为何迁徙的。
EN： Parallel structure with present participles: When listing multiple ongoing actions connected by conjunctions, the forms should match grammatically ('feeding, mating, and migrating').
中文： 现在分词的平行结构（Parallel Structure）：在列举由对等连接词连接的多个进行中动作时，词性与形式必须保持一致（如 feeding、mating 与 migrating 皆为 -ing 形式）。
The students spent the afternoon reading, discussing, and writing essays.
学生们花了整个下午阅读、讨论和撰写文章介。
EN： The sentence uses an embedded question (noun clause) acting as the direct object of the verb 'monitor': 'how shark populations have been changing...'. In English, indirect questions follow normal statement word order (Subject + Verb), not question inversion.
中文： 本句使用由疑问词引导的名词从句（间接问句）“how shark populations have been changing...”作为动词“monitor”的宾语。英文中的间接问句需采用陈述句语序（主语 + 动词），不可倒装。
Researchers want to determine how climate factors affect animal migration.
研究人员想要确定气候因素如何影响动物迁徙。
EN： The phrase 'in terms of' is an idiomatic prepositional expression meaning 'with regard to' or 'concerning'. It is used to specify the particular aspect or criterion being discussed.
中文： 短语“in terms of”为惯用介词短语，意思是“就……而言”或“在……方面”，用于指明讨论时所依据的特定角度、标准或层面。
The project was successful in terms of both speed and quality.
这项专案无论在速度还是品质方面都非常成功。
EN： The passive structure 'be expected to + verb' is frequently used in news and formal writing to express anticipation, projection, or likelihood based on current knowledge.
中文： 被动语态结构“be expected to + 原形动词”常用于新闻与正式书面语中，表示根据现有信息所作出的“预计、可望”等预期或推测。
The new policy is expected to create thousands of jobs next year.
这项新政策预计明年将创造数千个工作岗位。
EN： The verb 'help' can be followed by a bare infinitive (help do something) or a full infinitive (help to do something). Here, 'help protect' and the coordinated '(help) support' are joined by 'and' to share the subject and auxiliary structure.
中文： 动词“help”后接可省略 to 的原形不定词（help do）或保留 to 的不定词（help to do）。本句中“help protect”与后方的“support”通过对等连接词“and”构成平行结构，共用前面的助动词与主要结构。
Regular exercise can help reduce stress and improve sleep quality.
规律运动有助于减轻压力并提升睡眠品质。
EN： The term 'British coastline' highlights the United Kingdom's extensive island geography. Despite being known for cold and often turbid waters, Britain's surrounding seas host a surprisingly rich variety of marine megafauna, including several species of sharks that migrate through or inhabit regional waters.
中文： 「英国海岸线」（British coastline）凸显了英国身为岛国的地理特征。尽管英国周边海域常给人寒冷浑浊的印象，但实际上孕育着丰富的大型海洋生物群，包括多种在该海域栖息或进行长途迁徙的鲨鱼物种。
重要单词附有 IPA 发音、定义、例句和互动式测验。
在本文中： 啟動、發起（專案或計畫）
在本文中： 易受傷害的；（物種）脆弱、瀕危的
在本文中： 調查；研究審查
在本文中： 遷徙的、有洄游習性的
在本文中： 熱情、熱忱
在本文中： 消遣的、休閒娛樂的
在本文中： 偶遇、相遇
在本文中： （自然資源、動植物等的）保護、保育
在本文中： 監測、持續觀察
在本文中： 分佈、散佈
片语包含类型标示、双语定义、用法说明和例句。
to include a variety of different things between two extremes
范围从……到……都有
the variety of plant and animal life living in the sea
海洋生物多样性
with regard to the particular aspect or subject being discussed
就……而言；在……方面
to have existed since a particular time in the past
追溯到；始于