EN： The present perfect tense ('has found') is used with reporting verbs to introduce recent research or investigative findings that have current relevance. It connects the past action to the present state of knowledge.
中文： 现在完成式（has found）常用于报道动词，用来引述具备当前重要性或影响力的近期调查与研究发现，将过去的调查动作与现阶段的认知联系起来。
A new study has shown that sleep quality directly affects memory.
一项新研究显示，睡眠质量会直接影响记忆力。
EN： The conjunction 'that' introduces a noun clause functioning as the direct object of the transitive verb 'found'. Inside the clause, a complete subordinate sentence ('fast ferries often travel...') is embedded.
中文： 从属连词 'that' 引导名词从句，作为及物动词 'found' 的宾语。从句内部包含完整的独立子结构（'fast ferries often travel...'）。
Scientists discovered that the ocean temperatures were rising steadily.
科学家发现海洋温度正在持续上升。
EN： The Guardian is a major British daily newspaper known for its rigorous investigative journalism and environmental reporting. Investigative pieces often hold corporations and governments accountable on ecological crises.
中文： 《卫报》（The Guardian）是英国著名的全国性综合日报，以严谨的调查报告和长期关注气候及生态环境议题著称。此类新闻报道常针对企业运营对濒危野生动物的威胁进行深入追踪。
EN： Reduced relative clause using a past participle: 'run by...' modifies the subject noun 'Ships', functioning as a shorter alternative to 'which were run by...'.
中文： 过去分词短语作后置修饰语：'run by...' 修饰主语名词 'Ships'，等于省略了关系代词与be动词的从句 'which were run by...'，表示「由……运营的」。
Buses operated by the city council run every ten minutes.
由市议会运营的公交车每十分钟一班。
EN： Passive voice in past tense ('were recorded'): used when the focus is on the action being observed/documented rather than who recorded it.
中文： 过去简单式的被动语态（were + 过去分词 recorded）：重点在于航速「被记录」的客观事实，而非记录者本身。
Temperatures were recorded at historic highs last summer.
去年夏天记录到了历史高温。
EN： A 'knot' is a standard unit of speed used in maritime and aviation navigation, equal to one nautical mile per hour (approximately 1.852 km/h or 1.15 mph). In whale conservation zones, vessels are often urged to slow down under 10 knots to drastically reduce fatal strikes.
中文： 「节」（knot）是航海与航空领域常用的速度计量单位，等于每小时一海里（约 1.852 公里/小时）。在鲸鱼保护区内，通常建议船只降速至 10 节以下，以大幅降低致命撞击的几率。
EN： "Even though" is a subordinating conjunction used to introduce a clause of concession or contrast, emphasizing an unexpected contrast between two facts (stronger than 'although').
中文： 「even though」（即使／尽管）为从属连词，用于引导让步状语从句，强调两个事实之间出人意料的强烈对比（语气强于「although」）。
He continued driving even though the road was covered in ice.
尽管路面结了冰，他还是继续开车。
EN： "Which includes..." is a non-defining relative clause set off by a comma. It provides extra, non-essential information about the antecedent "the area".
中文： 「, which includes...」为非限定关系子句，以逗号隔开，用来对先行词「the area」（该区域）补充说明额外信息，抽离后不影响主句结构完整性。
We visited the local museum, which houses many ancient artifacts.
我们参观了当地的博物馆，里面收藏了许多古代文物。
EN： The Pelagos Sanctuary for Mediterranean Marine Mammals is a specially protected marine area covering parts of French, Monegasque, and Italian waters. Designed to safeguard whales and dolphins, it recommends speed limits for maritime traffic, though enforcement is often challenging.
中文： 佩拉戈斯保护区（Pelagos Sanctuary）是地中海海洋哺乳动物特别保护区，横跨法国、摩纳哥和意大利海域。设立初衷是保护鲸鱼与海豚等免受船只撞击与噪音干扰，虽然官方建议降低航速，但因多国管辖与法规限制，实际执行与监督仍面临挑战。
EN： The structure 'be unlikely to + infinitive' is used to express that something has a low probability of happening. 'Likely' or 'unlikely' act as predicative adjectives here.
中文： 句型「be unlikely to + 原形动词」表示「某事不太可能发生」，其中 likely / unlikely 作为形容词，用于表达可能性大小。
The weather is unlikely to improve before tomorrow morning.
天气在明早之前不太可能会好转。
EN： The conjunction 'but' coordinates two independent clauses showing contrast between high-speed collisions and low-speed strikes.
中文： 对等连接词「but」用来连接两个独立子句，表达高速碰撞与低速撞击两者后果之间的对比。
He studied very hard, but he failed to pass the final examination.
他读书非常用功，但期末考依然没有及格。
EN： In maritime contexts, speed is measured in 'knots' (nautical miles per hour, where 1 knot ≈ 1.852 km/h or 1.15 mph). Marine conservation regulations commonly use 10 knots as a crucial safety threshold because scientific studies show whale collision mortality drops significantly below this speed.
中文： 在航海语境中，船速以「节（knots）」计算（每小时1海里，1节约等于时速1.852公里）。海洋保育规范经常将「10节」视为关键安全门槛，因为科学研究证实低于此速度时，船只撞击鲸鱼的致死率会大幅降低。
EN： The present perfect tense ('have been') combined with the adverb 'long' indicates a state or situation that started in the past and continues to be true up to the present moment.
中文： 现在完成式（have been）搭配副词「long」，表示某种状态或情况从过去就开始存在，并一直持续到现在（「长久以来一直……」）。
Plastic pollution has long been a serious threat to marine life.
塑胶污染长久以来一直是海洋生物的严重威胁。
EN： Stacked noun modifiers: 'a leading human cause of death' uses 'leading' (participial adjective meaning principal/major), 'human' (noun functioning as an adjective), and 'cause' to describe the primary factor responsible for fatalities caused by humans.
中文： 复合名词修饰结构：「a leading human cause of death」结合了分词形容词「leading」（主要的）、名词转形容词「human」（人为的）与核心名词「cause」（原因），表示「人为的主要死因」。
Habitat loss is a leading cause of species extinction.
栖息地流失是物种灭绝的主要原因之一。
EN： The Mediterranean Sea is one of the world's busiest shipping corridors, overlapping significantly with critical cetacean feeding and breeding grounds such as the Pelagos Sanctuary. International conservation bodies frequently campaign for mandatory vessel speed restrictions, as ship strikes are globally recognized as a catastrophic threat to recovering whale populations.
中文： 地中海是全球航运最繁忙的海域之一，与佩拉戈斯保护区等鲸豚类核心觅食与繁殖栖息地高度重叠。国际海洋保育组织经常倡议强制船舶限速，因为船只碰撞已被全球公认为阻碍鲸鱼族群复育的最致命人为威胁之一。
EN： Prepositional phrases indicating time (e.g., 'During a recent research trip') often appear at the beginning of a sentence as introductory adverbials, setting the background before the main clause. They are typically set off by a comma.
中文： 表示时间的介词短语（如「During a recent research trip」）常放在句首作为前置副词修饰语，用来交代主句发生的时间背景，其后通常使用逗号隔开。
During the morning meeting, the manager announced the new project guidelines.
在早会期间，经理公布了新项目的指导方针。
EN： The preposition 'with' can introduce a descriptive prepositional phrase functioning as an adjectival post-modifier, meaning 'having' or 'bearing' a specific characteristic (e.g., 'a sperm whale with an injury').
中文： 介词「with」可引导描述性介词短语，作为后置形容词修饰前面的名词，表示「具有」或「带有」某种特征（例如「a sperm whale with an injury」表示「受伤的抹香鲸」）。
The scientist observed a bird with unusual blue feathers.
科学家观察到一只带有罕见蓝色羽毛的鸟。
EN： In English journalism, professions or titles without an article frequently precede personal names (e.g., 'marine biologist Alice Barbarioli' rather than 'the marine biologist...'). This journalistic convention is known as a 'false title' or 'appositive title,' used to introduce sources concisely.
中文： 在英语新闻写作中，专业职衔常不加冠词直接放在人名前（例如「marine biologist Alice Barbarioli」，而非「the marine biologist...」）。这种写作手法被称为「假头衔（false title）」或「称谓式同位语」，目的是简明扼要地向读者介绍消息来源或受访者的身分。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'Given...' means 'taking into account' or 'considering'. Here, it introduces an embedded question clause functioning as its object: 'how precise the mark is' (wh-word + adjective + subject + verb), which preserves normal declarative word order rather than inversion.
中文： 介系词「Given」意为「考虑到」或「鉴于」。在此处它引导名词子句作为受词：「how precise the mark is」（疑问词 + 形容词 + 主词 + 动词）。请注意间接问句需保持直述句语序，不可倒装。
Given how bad the weather is, we should cancel the trip.
考虑到天气如此糟糕，我们应该取消这趟行程。
EN： The phrase 'the result of [noun]' is used to explain causation or the consequence of an event or action.
中文： 片语「the result of [名词]」表示「……的结果」或「由……所造成」，用来解释原因或后果。
His success was the result of years of hard work.
他的成功是多年努力的结果。
EN： In scientific reporting, researchers frequently use hedges like 'probably' or conditional framing ('Given...') rather than stating absolutes. This reflects scientific rigor, ensuring statements remain accurately grounded strictly in observational evidence.
中文： 在科学报道与研究访谈中，科学家常使用「probably（很可能）」或「Given...（考虑到……）」等具审慎语气（hedging）的表达，而非断言绝对的事实。这反映了科学研究的严谨性，确保结论完全立足于当前所观察到的证据。
重要单词附有 IPA 发音、定义、例句和互动式测验。
在本文中： 調查
在本文中： 棲息地
在本文中： 保護區、避難所
在本文中： 碰撞、相撞事故
在本文中： 致命的
在本文中： 瀕臨滅絕的
在本文中： 傷、損傷
在本文中： 精確的、清晰分明的
片语包含类型标示、双语定义、用法说明和例句。
to reduce speed or become less active
减速、放慢速度
a collision between a vessel and a marine animal, especially a whale
船只撞击（海洋生物）
the specific injury, condition, or event that results in death
死因
the outcome, consequence, or effect caused by something
……的结果、由……所导致