EN： The Present Participle (V-ing) as a Resultative Clause: The phrase 'pushing up...' acts as a participle phrase that describes the result or consequence of the main action (using 22% of electricity).
中文： 现在分词 (V-ing) 作为结果状语：短语「pushing up...」作为分词短语，用来描述主句动作（消耗 22% 电力）所产生的结果或后果。
The heavy rain lasted for hours, causing floods in the city.
大雨持续了数小时，导致城市淹水。
EN： Possessive Nouns: 'Ireland's' uses an apostrophe followed by 's' to indicate ownership or belonging to the country of Ireland.
中文： 所有格名词：「Ireland's」使用撇号加「s」来表示所有权，意指属于爱尔兰这个国家的。
The company's profits increased this year.
这家公司的利润今年有所增长。
EN： Ireland has become a major hub for European datacentres due to its cool climate and favorable tax laws. However, this has led to significant strain on the national power grid, sparking public debate about energy equity.
中文： 由於涼爽的氣候和優惠的稅法，愛爾蘭已成為歐洲數據中心的主要樞紐。然而，這對國家電網造成了巨大壓力，引發了關於能源公平性的公眾辯論。
EN： The Present Perfect Continuous tense (have/has been + verb-ing) is used to describe an action that started in the past and has continued up to the present moment, often emphasizing the duration or ongoing nature of the activity.
中文： 现在完成进行时 (have/has been + V-ing) 用于描述从过去开始并持续到现在的动作，通常强调动作的持续性或过程。
The company has been developing new software for three years.
这家公司三年来一直在开发新软件。
EN： The word 'that' functions here as a conjunction introducing a noun clause, which serves as the direct object of the reporting verb 'says'. It connects the main statement to the specific information being reported.
中文： 这里的 'that' 作为连接词引导名词从句，作为动词 'says' 的宾语。它连接主句与所报道的具体内容。
The weather forecast says that it will rain tomorrow.
天气预报说明天会下雨。
EN： Ireland has become a major hub for global technology companies' datacentres due to favorable tax laws and its cool climate, which helps reduce cooling costs for servers. However, as this sentence highlights, the high energy demand of these facilities is now causing public debate regarding energy costs for ordinary citizens.
中文： 由於優惠的稅法和涼爽的氣候（有助於降低伺服器冷卻成本），愛爾蘭已成為全球科技公司數據中心的中心。然而，正如本句所強調的，這些設施的高能源需求現在引發了關於普通公民能源成本的公眾辯論。
EN： The Present Participle ('growing') used as an adjective: The word 'growing' is the -ing form of the verb 'grow'. Here, it functions as an adjective to describe the continuous increase in the number of datacentres.
中文： 现在分词（growing）作为形容词：'growing' 是动词 'grow' 的 -ing 形式。在这里，它充当形容词，用来描述数据中心数量「不断增长」的持续状态。
The growing demand for electric cars is changing the industry.
对电动汽车不断增长的需求正在改变这个行业。
EN： Possessive Nouns with 's: To show ownership or relationship, we add 's to a noun. In this sentence, 'Ireland's' and 'country's' indicate that the number and the electricity belong to Ireland.
中文： 名词所有格 's：为了表示所有权或关系，我们在名词后加上 's。在本句中，「Ireland's」和「country's」表示该数量和电力属于爱尔兰。
The company's profit increased significantly last year.
这家公司的利润在去年显著增长。
EN： Ireland has become a major hub for global technology companies due to favorable tax laws and its strategic location. This has led to a massive concentration of datacentres, which are energy-intensive, sparking national debates about energy security and environmental impact.
中文： 由於優惠的稅收政策和戰略位置，愛爾蘭已成為全球科技公司的主要樞紐。這導致了數據中心的大量集中，而這些設施是耗能大戶，引發了全國關於能源安全和環境影響的辯論。
EN： The comparative structure 'more than' is used to compare two quantities. In this context, 'this' (the electricity used by datacentres) is compared to the total electricity used by homes.
中文： 比较级结构「more than」（比...更多）用于比较两个数量。在此语境中，「this」（数据中心使用的电力）与所有住宅使用的总电量进行比较。
The cost of the repair was more than the price of a new phone.
维修费用比买一支新手机的价格还要贵。
EN： The past participle 'combined' acts as a post-positive modifier, meaning 'when added together'. It follows the noun phrase 'all homes in Irish cities' to indicate a total sum.
中文： 过去分词「combined」作为后置修饰语，意为「加总起来」。它接在名词短语「all homes in Irish cities」（爱尔兰城市里的所有住宅）之后，用以表示总和。
Their combined income is enough to buy a house.
他们的总收入（加总起来的收入）足以买下一栋房子。
EN： The mention of 'Irish cities' highlights the significant concentration of population and energy use in urban areas like Dublin, Cork, and Galway, making the comparison with datacentre energy consumption even more striking.
中文： 提到「愛爾蘭城市」凸顯了都柏林、科克和高威等城市地區人口與能源使用的高度集中，這使得與資料中心耗電量的對比顯得更加驚人。
EN： The phrase 'In comparison' is a transitional adverbial phrase used to introduce a statement that contrasts with what was previously mentioned. It is often followed by a comma.
中文： 短语「In comparison」是一个过渡性的状语短语，用于引出与上文形成对比的陈述。通常在句首使用，后面接逗号。
In comparison, the new model is much more energy-efficient.
相比之下，这款新机型更加节能。
EN： Compound Subject: When two or more nouns (United States and the United Kingdom) are joined by 'and', they form a plural subject, requiring a plural verb form ('use' instead of 'uses').
中文： 复合主语：当两个或多个名词（美国、英国）由「and」连接时，它们构成复数主语，因此需要使用复数动词形式（使用「use」而非「uses」）。
Coffee and tea are popular drinks worldwide.
咖啡和茶是全球受欢迎的饮料。
EN： The sentence highlights a significant disparity in energy consumption. While Ireland is a major hub for tech giants due to tax incentives, the sheer scale of energy use by datacentres there (22%) is vastly disproportionate compared to larger economies like the United States and the United Kingdom (6%), reflecting Ireland's unique position in the global digital infrastructure.
中文： 這句話凸顯了能源消耗的顯著差異。雖然愛爾蘭因稅收優惠成為科技巨頭的主要樞紐，但其數據中心的能源消耗比例（22%）與美國和英國等較大經濟體（6%）相比極不成比例，這反映了愛爾蘭在全球數位基礎設施中的特殊地位。
EN： Passive Voice (be + past participle): Used when the action is more important than the person performing it. In this sentence, 'was commissioned' indicates the report received the action.
中文： 被动语态（be 动词 + 过去分词）：当动作本身比执行者更重要时使用。在本句中，「was commissioned」表示这份报告是「被委托」的对象。
The new bridge was built by a famous architect.
这座新桥是由一位著名的建筑师建造的。
EN： The preposition 'by' in passive sentences: It is used to introduce the agent (the person or organization) that performed the action.
中文： 被动句中的介词「by」：用于引出执行该动作的代理人（个人或组织）。
The book was written by Jill McArdle.
这本书是由吉尔·麦卡德尔撰写的。
EN： The organizations mentioned, 'Friends of the Earth Ireland' and 'Beyond Fossil Fuels', are prominent environmental advocacy groups in Europe. Their involvement suggests the report focuses on the environmental and economic sustainability of energy policies.
中文： 文中所提到的組織「愛爾蘭地球之友」和「超越化石燃料」是歐洲著名的環保倡議團體。他們的參與顯示該報告的重點在於能源政策的環境與經濟永續性。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have + past participle) is used here to describe an action that started in the past and has continuing effects or relevance to the present moment.
中文： 现在完成时（have + 过去分词）在此处用于描述一个从过去开始，并对现在产生持续影响或具有相关性的动作。
The company has invested millions in renewable energy since last year.
自去年以来，该公司已在可再生能源方面投资了数百万美元。
EN： The 'that' clause functions as a noun clause acting as the direct object of the verb 'found', reporting the specific information or discovery of the report.
中文： that 引导的从句作为名词从句，担任动词「found」的直接宾语，用来转述报告中的具体资讯或发现。
Scientists found that the ice caps are melting faster than expected.
科学家发现冰帽融化的速度比预期的要快。
EN： The term 'drained' is used metaphorically here to suggest that the energy consumption of datacentres is acting like a leak or a siphon, taking wealth and resources away from the broader Irish economy.
中文： 「drained」（排乾、耗盡）一詞在此處被隱喻式地使用，暗示數據中心的能源消耗就像漏水或虹吸一樣，將財富和資源從更廣泛的愛爾蘭經濟中抽走。
EN： The phrase 'because of' is a compound preposition used to introduce a reason. It must be followed by a noun or a noun phrase, not a full clause with a subject and verb.
中文： 短语「because of」是一个复合介词，用于引出原因。其后必须接名词或名词短语，而不能接包含主语和动词的完整从句。
The flight was delayed because of the heavy rain.
由于大雨，航班延误了。
EN： The preposition 'by' is used here to indicate the amount or degree of change. It often follows verbs like 'increase', 'decrease', or 'rise' to show the specific difference.
中文： 介词「by」在此处用于表示变化的幅度或程度。它通常接在「increase」（增加）、「decrease」（减少）或「rise」（上升）等动词之后，用来显示具体的差异数值。
The price of bread rose by 10 percent this month.
这个月面包的价格上涨了百分之十。
EN： The term 'infrastructure' in this context specifically refers to datacentres, which are a major part of Ireland's modern economy but also a source of public debate due to their high energy demands.
中文： 在此語境下，「infrastructure」（基礎設施）特指數據中心。數據中心是愛爾蘭現代經濟的重要組成部分，但由於其極高的能源需求，也成為了公眾爭論的焦點。
EN： Present Perfect Continuous Tense: Formed with 'have/has been + verb-ing', this tense is used to describe an action that started in the past and is still continuing in the present, emphasizing the duration.
中文： 现在完成进行时：由「have/has been + 现在分词 (V-ing)」构成，用来描述一个从过去开始并持续到现在的动作，强调动作的持续性。
The company has been developing new software for three years.
这家公司三年来一直在开发新软件。
EN： Noun Clauses with 'that': The word 'that' introduces a subordinate clause that functions as the object of the verb 'argued'. It provides the specific content of what was argued.
中文： that 引导的名词从句：单词 'that' 在此引导一个从属从句，作为动词 'argued' 的宾语，用来提供「主张」的具体内容。
Scientists argued that climate change requires immediate action.
科学家主张气候变化需要立即采取行动。
EN： The term 'hidden tax' is often used in political and economic discussions to describe costs that are passed on to consumers indirectly, rather than being explicitly labeled as a government tax. In this context, it refers to how increased energy infrastructure costs for datacentres are reflected in higher residential electricity prices.
中文： 「隱藏稅收」(hidden tax) 一詞常用於政治和經濟討論中，用來描述間接轉嫁給消費者的成本，而非政府明確標註的稅收。在此情境下，它指的是數據中心增加的能源基礎設施成本，如何反映在更高的居民電價中。
EN： Reported Speech with 'that' clause: This structure is used to report what someone said. The verb 'said' is followed by a 'that' clause which functions as the object of the sentence, containing the reported information.
中文： 使用 'that' 从句的间接引语：此结构用于转述某人的话。动词 'said' 后面接一个 'that' 引导的从句，该从句作为句子的宾语，包含所转述的内容。
He said that the meeting was canceled.
他说会议被取消了。
EN： Modal verb 'should': Used here to express a recommendation or a strong probability that something serves as a lesson or example.
中文： 情态动词 'should'：在此处用于表达建议，或是表达某事应该作为教训或范例的强烈可能性。
This experience should be a lesson for everyone.
这次经历应该成为每个人的教训。
EN： The mention of 'Europe' in this context highlights Ireland's role as a major hub for global tech companies within the European Union, making its domestic energy issues a potential precedent for other member states.
中文： 在此背景下提到「歐洲」，突顯了愛爾蘭作為歐盟內全球科技公司主要樞紐的角色，使其國內的能源問題成為其他成員國潛在的前車之鑑。
EN： The gerund phrase 'letting big technology companies expand datacentres without controls' acts as the subject of the noun clause. A gerund (verb + -ing) functions as a noun, allowing an entire action to be treated as a single conceptual entity.
中文： 动名词短语「letting big technology companies expand datacentres without controls」在名词从句中担任主语。动名词（动词 + -ing）具有名词的功能，使整个动作可以被视为一个单一的概念实体。
Eating healthy food improves your energy levels.
吃健康的食物能提升你的体力。
EN： The verb 'explain' is followed by a 'that' clause, which functions as the direct object. This structure is commonly used in reported speech to convey information or reasons provided by a speaker.
中文： 动词「explain」（解释）后面接一个由「that」引导的从句，该从句担任直接宾语。这种结构常用于间接引语中，用来传达说话者提供的资讯或理由。
He explained that the project would be delayed by two weeks.
他解释说该项目将延期两周。
EN： In this context, 'the continent' refers specifically to mainland Europe, excluding the islands of Ireland and the United Kingdom. This is a common British and Irish English usage where 'the Continent' signifies the rest of Europe.
中文： 在此語境中，「the continent」（這塊大陸）特指歐洲大陸，不包括愛爾蘭和英國等島嶼。這是英式和愛爾蘭英語中的常見用法，用「the Continent」來指代歐洲的其他部分。
EN： The phrase 'combined with' acts as a prepositional phrase meaning 'together with' or 'in addition to'. It provides extra information about the subject but does not change the subject from singular to plural. Therefore, the verb 'is' remains singular to agree with 'this situation'.
中文： 短语 'combined with'（加上/结合）作为介词短语使用，表示「与...一起」或「除...之外」。它为主语提供额外信息，但不会将主语从单数变为复数。因此，动词 'is' 保持单数形式，以与主语 'this situation'（这种情况）保持一致。
High inflation, combined with low wages, is causing financial stress.
高通胀加上低薪资正在造成财务压力。
EN： The relative clause 'who are already struggling' uses the relative pronoun 'who' to provide more information about the noun 'people'. This is a defining relative clause that identifies which specific group of people is being discussed.
中文： 关系从句 'who are already struggling'（那些已经在苦苦挣扎的人）使用关系代词 'who' 来提供关于名词 'people'（人们）的更多信息。这是一个限定性关系从句，用来界定正在讨论的是哪一群特定的人。
EN： The mention of 'fossil gas' (often called natural gas) reflects current environmental debates in Europe. As the continent tries to transition to renewable energy, the continued use of fossil fuels is a sensitive political and economic issue, especially when it impacts the cost of living for average citizens.
中文： 提到「化石氣體」（通常稱為天然氣）反映了歐洲目前的環境辯論。隨著歐洲大陸試圖轉向再生能源，繼續使用化石燃料是一個敏感的政治和經濟問題，特別是當它影響到普通公民的生活成本時。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have + past participle) is used here to describe an action that occurred at an unspecified time in the past and has relevance to the current situation.
中文： 现在完成时（have + 过去分词）在此用于描述过去某个不确定时间点发生的动作，且该动作与现况有所关联。
Scientists have discovered a new species of frog in the Amazon.
科学家在亚马逊雨林发现了一种新的青蛙物种。
EN： The preposition 'from' is used to indicate the origin or the group that the 'representatives' belong to or come from.
中文： 介词「from」在此用于表示「代表」的来源或其所归属的群体。
The manager received a complaint from a regular customer.
经理收到了一位常客的投诉。
EN： In formal news reporting, 'disputed' is a common professional term used when one party disagrees with a claim or data presented by another, often indicating a conflict between economic interests and environmental concerns.
中文： 在正式的新聞報導中，「disputed」（質疑/爭議）是一個常用的專業術語，用於當一方不同意另一方提出的主張或數據時，這通常反映了經濟利益與環保考量之間的衝突。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (has + past participle) is used here to describe an action that started in the past and has a result or relevance in the present. In this context, 'has boosted' emphasizes the ongoing impact on the economy.
中文： 现在完成时（has + 过去分词）在此用于描述从过去开始并对现在产生结果或关联的动作。在此语境中，「has boosted」强调了对经济持续产生的影响。
The new policy has improved the city's air quality.
新政策改善了城市的空气质量。
EN： A Noun Clause starting with 'that' functions as the direct object of the verb 'said'. It allows the speaker to report a statement or fact.
中文： 由「that」引导的名词从句作为动词「said」的直接宾语。这允许说话者转述一项陈述或事实。
She said that the project was a success.
她说该项目很成功。
EN： In business and economic contexts, 'the sector' is a common way to refer back to a specific industry previously mentioned (in this case, the datacentre industry). The phrase 'boosted the economy' is a standard journalistic expression used to describe positive financial impact.
中文： 在商業與經濟語境中，「the sector」是提及先前所述特定產業（此處指數據中心產業）的常用方式。「boosted the economy」（推動經濟）是描述正面財務影響的標準新聞用語。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle) is used here to describe an action that started in the past and continues to be relevant or true in the present. In this context, it shows the government's ongoing stance.
中文： 现在完成时（have/has + 过去分词）在此用于描述从过去开始并持续到现在，或对现状仍具影响的动作。在此语境中，它展现了政府持续至今的立场。
The company has recently expanded its operations to Europe.
这家公司最近已将其业务扩展到欧洲。
EN： Adverb Placement: The adverb 'broadly' is placed between the auxiliary verb 'has' and the main verb 'welcomed' to modify the degree of the action.
中文： 副词位置：副词「broadly」（广泛地）被放置在助动词「has」与主要动词「welcomed」之间，用以修饰动作的程度。
The new policy was broadly accepted by the public.
这项新政策受到大众的广泛接受。
EN： Ireland has become a major hub for European datacentres due to its cool climate and favorable tax laws. This has led to a complex debate between economic growth and energy sustainability, as reflected in the government's supportive stance mentioned in the sentence.
中文： 由於涼爽的氣候和優惠的稅法，愛爾蘭已成為歐洲資料中心的主要樞紐。這引發了經濟增長與能源永續性之間的複雜辯論，正如句子中所提到的政府支持立場。
EN： The verb 'call' is used here in a complex transitive structure: 'call + object + object complement'. The object complement (a core part...) renames or describes the object (datacentres).
中文： 动词「call」在此处用于复合及物结构：「call + 宾语 + 宾语补足语」。宾语补足语（a core part...）用来重新命名或描述宾语（datacentres）的身份或特征。
The critics called the movie a masterpiece.
影评人称这部电影为杰作。
EN： The Present Perfect tense (have + past participle) is used to describe an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past or has continuing relevance to the present.
中文： 现在完成时（have + 过去分词）用于描述发生在过去某个不特定时间，或与现在仍有相关联的动作。
Scientists have discovered a new planet.
科学家们发现了一颗新行星。
EN： Ireland has become a major hub for European datacentres due to its favorable corporate tax rates and temperate climate, which helps reduce cooling costs. This has led to a significant debate regarding energy consumption versus economic benefits.
中文： 由於優惠的企業稅率和溫和的氣候（有助於降低冷卻成本），愛爾蘭已成為歐洲數據中心的主要樞紐。這引發了關於能源消耗與經濟利益之間權衡的重大辯論。
EN： The verb 'deny' is followed by a 'that-clause' which functions as the direct object. This structure is used to state that something is not true.
中文： 动词「deny」（否认）后面接「that 从句」作为直接宾语。这种结构用于声明某事并非事实。
The company denies that it leaked the customer data.
该公司否认泄露了客户数据。
EN： The word 'hidden' is a past participle used as an adjective to describe the noun 'tax', meaning something that is not immediately visible or obvious.
中文： 「hidden」是过去分词当形容词使用，用来修饰名词「tax」（税收），意指隐藏的、不明显的事物。
There are many hidden costs when buying a new car.
购买新车时有许多隐藏成本。
EN： In political and economic contexts, a 'hidden tax' refers to costs that are passed on to consumers indirectly, such as through higher utility prices, rather than being a direct government levy.
中文： 在政治與經濟語境中，「隱形稅收」(hidden tax) 指的是間接轉嫁給消費者的成本（例如透過調高公用事業價格），而非政府直接徵收的稅款。
重要单词附有 IPA 发音、定义、例句和互动式测验。
在本文中： 数据中心，存放大量电脑服务器以处理、存储或分发数据的设施。
在本文中： 委托（某人或机构）做某事，如进行研究或撰写报告。
在本文中： 耗尽、排干；在此指大量消耗（经济资源或资金）。
在本文中： 基础设施，指国家或组织运作所需的基础结构或设备。
在本文中： 资助、补贴，指支付部分费用以减轻他人的负担。
在本文中： 洲、大陆；在此指欧洲大陆。
在本文中： 奋斗、挣扎；在此指在经济上陷入困境，难以维持生活。
在本文中： 对...表示异议、争论，不认同某种说法。
在本文中： 增强、提高、推动发展。
在本文中： 扩张、扩展，指规模或数量的增加。
片语包含类型标示、双语定义、用法说明和例句。
The amount of money a family must pay for services like electricity, gas, and water.
家庭开支账单
Natural gas used as fuel, which is a non-renewable energy source.
化石气体（天然气）
An indirect cost that people have to pay, which is not officially called a tax but functions like one.
隐形税收
To cause something, such as prices or costs, to increase rapidly.
推高（价格等）