EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle) is used to describe an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past and has a direct result or relevance to the present.
中文： 现在完成时（have/has + 过去分词）用于描述过去某个未明确指出的时间发生的动作，且该动作对现在仍有直接影响或关联。
The company has updated its privacy policy to protect user data.
该公司已经更新了隐私政策以保护用户数据。
EN： Nouns can be used as possessive modifiers by adding 's (e.g., Elon Musk's) or joined in apposition to give extra information about a noun phrase (e.g., social media platform X).
中文： 名词可通过加上 's 形成所有格修饰语（如 Elon Musk's），也可使用同位语结构来为名词短语提供额外补充信息（如 social media platform X）。
Chef Ramsay's new restaurant Bistro 9 has opened downtown.
主厨拉姆齐的新餐厅 Bistro 9 已经在市中心开业了。
EN： The term 'the kingdom' in news contexts usually refers specifically to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia when mentioned alongside Saudi figures or policy. Additionally, 'geoblocking' refers to technology that restricts access to internet content based on the user's geographic location, often employed to comply with local laws or government takedown requests.
中文： 新聞語境中的「the kingdom」（該王國）在提及沙烏地阿拉伯相關人物或政策時，特指「沙烏地阿拉伯王國」。此外，句中提及的「地理封鎖」（geoblocking）是指根據使用者的地理位置限制網路內容存取的技術，常被社群平台用來配合當地法律或政府的要求。
EN： The Present Perfect Passive Voice ('have been + past participle') is used to describe an action that began in the past and continues to affect the present, where the focus is on the receiver of the action rather than the performer.
中文： 现在完成时的被动语态（have/has been + 过去分词）用于描述从过去开始并持续影响现在的动作，且焦点在动作的承受者而非执行者。
Several new laws have been passed since the beginning of the year.
自今年年初以来，已通过了几项新法律。
EN： The object complement structure 'make + object + adjective' means to cause someone or something to enter a particular state. In the passive voice, it becomes 'object + be made + adjective'.
中文： 宾语补足语结构「make + 宾语 + 形容词」表示“使某人/某物处于某种状态”。在被动语态中，会变为「宾语 + be made + 形容词」。
The document was made available to all employees yesterday.
该文件已于昨天开放给所有员工查阅。
EN： The past participle 'called' is used as a reduced relative clause (short for 'which is called') to post-modify the noun 'method'.
中文： 过去分词「called」在此用作简化定语从句（原为「which is called」），放在名词「method」之后作后置定语，意思是“被称为……的”。
They bought a new product called 'SmartHome'.
他们购买了一款名为「SmartHome」的新产品。
EN： The non-defining relative clause introduced by 'which' adds extra information about 'geoblocking'. The pattern 'prevent someone from V-ing' means to stop someone from doing an action.
中文： 由「which」引导的非限制性定语从句用来补充说明前面的「geoblocking（地理封锁）」。句中的句型「prevent someone from doing」表示“阻止某人做某事”。
The heavy rain prevented us from going to the concert.
大雨阻止了我们去看演唱会。
EN： The Passive Voice (be + past participle) is used when the focus is on the action or the receiver of the action rather than the doer. Here, 'was taken' emphasizes 'this action'.
中文： 被动语态（be 动词 + 过去分词）用于将焦点放在动作本身或接受动作的对象上，而非执行者。在此处，'was taken' 强调了“这一行动”。
The decision was made after a long discussion.
这个决定是在长时间讨论之后做出的。
EN： The preposition 'after' can be used as a conjunction followed by a full clause (subject + verb) to indicate time order.
中文： 介词 'after'（在……之后）可以作为连词，后面接一个完整的从句（主语 + 动词），用来表示事件发生的时间顺序。
She left the office after her boss finished the presentation.
在她老板结束简报之后，她离开了办公室。
EN： The pattern 'the only [noun] that...' uses a relative clause introduced by 'that' to specify or limit the noun. When 'the only' modifies the head noun, 'that' is preferred over 'which'.
中文： 「the only + 名词 + that...」句型中使用由「that」引导的定语从句来限定该名词。当先行词前有「the only（唯一的）」修饰时，关系代词通常优先使用「that」而非「which」。
She is the only person that understood my explanation.
她是唯一理解我解释的人。
EN： The Present Perfect tense ('has followed') is used here to describe an action that occurred at an unspecified time in the past and has relevance to the present situation.
中文： 现在完成时（has + 过去分词，如 has followed）在此用于描述过去发生且与现在仍有紧密关联的动作或状态。
Our company has followed international safety standards for years.
我们公司多年来一直遵循国际安全标准。
EN： The past perfect tense ('had + past participle') is used to describe an action that was completed before another action or point in the past. Here, 'had blocked' happened before 'reports showed'.
中文： 过去完成时（had + 过去分词）用于表示在过去某个时间点或动作“之前”已经完成的动作。在本句中，“封锁账号（had blocked）”发生在“报道指出（reports showed）”之前。
She realized that she had left her keys at home.
她意识到自己把钥匙忘在家里了。
EN： A noun clause introduced by 'that' functions as the direct object of the main verb 'showed', expressing the fact or content being reported.
中文： 由「that」引导的名词性从句在此作为主句动词「showed」的直接宾语，用来说明报道的具体内容。
Research shows that exercise improves mental health.
研究显示运动能改善心理健康。
EN： The reported speech pattern 'claimed that...' is used to state what someone said or alleged, often requiring tense backshifting (using past continuous 'were violating' to report an action happening at that past time).
中文： 间接引语结构「claimed that...」（声称……）常用于转述他人的说法。在此句中，主句动词为过去式，因此从句中使用过去进行时（were violating）来表示当时正在发生的动作（时态一致）。
The company claimed that they were working on a solution.
该公司声称他们当时正在寻求解决方案。
EN： The past continuous tense (were + -ing) is used here within a subordinate clause to describe an ongoing action taking place at the time of the main verb's action.
中文： 过去进行时（were + 动词-ing）在此处用于从句中，描述在主句动作发生时正在进行的持续性动作。
Police said the suspect was breaking the law.
警方表示该名嫌疑人当时正在违法。
EN： Government censorship and geoblocking are frequently used by authorities in authoritarian states to restrict access to foreign social media accounts belonging to political dissidents and human rights activists.
中文： 政府審查制度與地理封鎖（geoblocking）常被專制國家當局用來限制該國民眾存取海外異議人士及人權活動家之社群帳號。
EN： The Present Perfect tense ('has raised') is used here to describe an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past and has an ongoing relevance or effect in the present.
中文： 现在完成时（has raised）在此用于描述过去某个不确定时间发生的动作，且该动作对现在仍有持续影响或关联。
The recent policy change has raised many questions among employees.
最近的政策变化在员工中引发了许多疑问。
EN： Prepositional phrases ('of censorship', 'on social media', 'among human rights organisations', 'around the world') are used sequentially to modify nouns, providing specific details about 'the issue' and 'concerns'.
中文： 介词短语（如 of censorship、on social media 等）接连使用来修饰名词，为“问题（the issue）”和“担忧（concerns）”提供具体细节补充。
The lack of resources in local schools has caused concern among parents across the country.
当地学校资源的匮乏已引发全国家长之间的担忧。
EN： Social media censorship has become a contentious international topic. Tech companies often face a dilemma between adhering to local government legal demands and upholding universal free speech standards. In authoritarian contexts, platforms geoblocking content can severely impact activists and dissidents who rely on social media as their primary platform for advocacy.
中文： 社群媒體審查制度已成為熱門的國際議題。科技公司常夾在「遵守當地政府法律要求」與「捍衛普世言論自由標準」的兩難之中。在極權環境下，平台若採取地理封鎖（geoblocking）等審查手段，將嚴重影響依賴社群媒體作為主要發聲管道的異議人士與活動家。
EN： The past perfect tense ('had + past participle') is used to express an action completed before another past event or time in the past.
中文： 过去完成时（had + 过去分词）用于表示在过去某个特定时间点或事件“之前”就已经完成的动作。
She had already left when I arrived at the office.
当我到达办公室时，她已经离开了。
EN： The phrase 'believe in' means to feel certain about the value, truth, or effectiveness of something, often followed by a gerund (-ing form) when expressing an action.
中文： 短语「believe in」表示“相信……的价值或重要性”，如果后面接动词，需使用动名词（V-ing）形式。
Our company believes in encouraging young talent.
我们公司相信鼓励年轻人才至关重要。
EN： The past perfect tense ('had + past participle') is used to describe an action completed before another past action or a specific point in the past. Here, 'had not taken' shows the non-action occurred prior to the main reporting verb 'said'.
中文： 过去完成时（had + 过去分词）用于表示在过去某个时间点或另一个过去动作之前就已经完成（或未完成）的动作。在此句中，'had not taken' 表示在主句动词 'said'（说）之前，该平台尚未采取行动。
She said she had already finished her homework before the movie started.
她说在电影开始之前，她就已经做完作业了。
EN： The conjunction 'when' introduces a time clause indicating two events happening at or around the same time in the past.
中文： 连词 'when' 用来引导时间状语从句，表示在过去某个特定时间点或事件发生时，另一个动作同时或紧接着发生。
The train had just left when we arrived at the station.
当我们到达车站时，火车刚好开走了。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense ('has changed') is used with 'since then' to describe an action or state that began in the past and continues to be relevant or true up to the present.
中文： 现在完成时（has + 过去分词）常与副词短语「since then」（自那时以来）连用，表示从过去某一时间点开始，一直持续到现在或对现在仍有重要影响的动作或状态。
He moved to Tokyo last year, and his life has changed significantly since then.
他去年搬到了东京，从那时起他的生活发生了显著变化。
EN： The adverb 'significantly' is used to modify the verb 'changed', indicating the degree or extent of the change (meaning 'to an important or noticeable degree').
中文： 程度副词（Adverb of Degree）如「significantly」（显著地），在此用来修饰动词「changed」，说明变化的幅度和程度非常明显。
The company's profits have increased significantly this quarter.
该公司本季度的利润大幅增加。
EN： Compound adjectives can be formed using a noun + a past participle (e.g., 'London-based'). This functions as a single adjective modifying the noun that follows.
中文： 复合形容词可以由“名词 + 过去分词”构成（例如：London-based），在句中充当一个整体形容词，用来修饰后面的名词。
She works for a New York-based technology firm.
她在一家总部位于纽约的科技公司工作。
EN： Past participle phrase as a reduced relative clause: 'called ALQST' is a shortened form of 'which is called ALQST', used to provide additional information about the noun.
中文： 过去分词短语用作简化定语从句：「called ALQST」是「which is called ALQST」的缩略形式，用来补充说明前面的名词。
The girl called Sarah is my best friend.
那个名叫莎拉的女孩是我最好的朋友。
EN： ALQST is an independent human rights organization founded in 2014 to document and promote human rights in Saudi Arabia. Based in London, it operates outside the jurisdiction of the Saudi government to advocate for political prisoners and dissidents freely.
中文： ALQST 是一個創立於 2014 年的獨立人權組織，旨在記錄與推廣沙烏地阿拉伯的人權狀況。其總部位於倫敦，因而能在沙烏地阿拉伯政府的管轄範圍之外運作，自由地為政治犯與異議人士倡議。
EN： Inversion with Prepositional Phrases: When a prepositional phrase (e.g., 'Among those affected') is placed at the beginning of a sentence for emphasis, the subject and the verb swap places. Here, 'are' (verb) comes before 'well-known Saudi activists' (subject).
中文： 介词短语倒装：当介词短语（如 'Among those affected'）为了强调而放在句首时，主语和谓语的位置会互换。在此句中，谓语 'are' 出现在主语 'well-known Saudi activists' 之前。
Among the guests was a famous actor.
在宾客之中有一位著名的演员。
EN： Relative Clause with 'Who': The relative pronoun 'who' introduces a relative clause ('who now live in exile') that provides essential information about the noun phrase 'well-known Saudi activists'.
中文： 使用 'Who' 的定语从句：关系代词 'who' 引导定语从句（'who now live in exile'），用来修饰并补充说明主要名词短语 'well-known Saudi activists'。
She supports artists who live in rural areas.
她支持居住在乡村地区的艺术家。
EN： The term 'exile' refers to being barred from one's native country, often for political reasons. Many Saudi activists live abroad (e.g., in the UK or USA) to continue their advocacy work without facing imprisonment or government suppression in Saudi Arabia.
中文： 「流亡」（exile）指的是因政治等原因被禁止返回母國或被迫離開。許多沙烏地阿拉伯異議人士與活動家選擇居住於國外（例如英國或美國），以便在不受沙烏地阿拉伯政府拘禁或壓制的情況下繼續發聲。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses provide extra, non-essential information about a noun (separated by commas). We use 'who' for people and cannot replace it with 'that'.
中文： 非限制性定语从句（用逗号隔开）用于提供名词的补充信息。描述人时使用「who」，且此处不可替换为「that」。
My brother, who lives in New York, is a doctor.
我哥哥住在纽约，他是一名医生。
EN： The causative structure 'have + object + past participle' is used when something is done to someone's property or body, often by an outside force or authority.
中文： 使役结构「have + 宾语 + 过去分词（p.p.）」常用于表示某人的财产或身体“遭遇了某事”（通常由他人或权威机构执行）。
She had her passport stolen while traveling.
她在旅行时护照被偷了。
EN： ALQST is a London-based independent human rights organization advocating for human rights in Saudi Arabia. In recent years, social media platforms have faced increasing legal and political pressure from governments in the Middle East to censor or block regional dissidents, leading to debates over global free speech versus local law enforcement.
中文： ALQST 是一個總部位於倫敦的獨立人權組織，致力於倡導沙烏地阿拉伯的人權狀況。近年來，社群媒體平台面臨來自中東政府日益增加的法律與政治壓力，要求審查或封鎖該地區的異議人士，這引發了全球言論自由與遵守地方法律之間的激烈爭議。
EN： An appositive is a noun or noun phrase that sits next to another noun to rename or describe it. Here, 'a United States-based critic of Saudi human rights violations' explains who Abdullah Alaoudh is.
中文： 同位语（Appositive）是一个紧跟在另一个名词旁的名词或名词短语，用来重新命名或补充说明该名词。在此处，『a United States-based critic of Saudi human rights violations』是用来解释阿卜杜拉·阿拉乌德的身份。
Elon Musk, the owner of X, made an important decision.
X 的所有者伊隆·马斯克做出了一个重要决定。
EN： The present perfect passive voice ('has/have been' + past participle) is used to show that an action was performed on the subject in the past, and the result is relevant to the present.
中文： 现在完成时的被动语态（has/have been + 过去分词）用于表示主语在过去遭受了某个动作，且该动作的结果对现在仍有影响。
Many users have been affected by the new policy.
许多用户已经受到了新政策的影响。
EN： The phrasal verb 'belong to' means to be owned by someone or to be a member/part of a particular group. It is followed by a noun or pronoun.
中文： 动词短语 'belong to' 意为“属于……”或“归……所有”，后面接名词或代词作宾语。
These historical documents belong to the national library.
这些历史文献属于国家图书馆。
EN： Past participles (e.g., 'blocked', 'exiled') can function as adjectives to describe nouns, expressing a passive meaning (having been acted upon).
中文： 过去分词（如 'blocked'、'exiled'）可作形容词使用，用来修饰名词，带有被动含义（表示“已被……的”）。
The stolen car was found near the station.
那辆被偷的汽车在车站附近被找到了。
EN： The pattern 'share one's view on [topic]' is used to express an opinion or perspective about a specific subject or situation.
中文： 动词短语「share one's view on [主题]」意为“分享/表达某人关于……的看法”，介词 on 用来引出所讨论的具体话题或情况。
The expert shared her view on the future of artificial intelligence.
这位专家分享了她对人工智能未来的看法。
EN： Prepositional phrases indicating context or manner (e.g., 'in a recent statement') often appear at the end of a sentence to add specific detail to the main action.
中文： 介词短语（如「in a recent statement」）常放在句尾，用来补充说明主句动作发生的背景、方式或地点。
The company announced its new policy in an official press release.
该公司在一份官方新闻稿中宣布了其新政策。
EN： In modern human rights discourse and political activism, issuing a official 'statement' (often to media or human rights groups) is a standard method for exiled dissidents to call attention to government censorship and rights violations.
中文： 在現代人權議題與政治行動中，發表「官方聲明」（statement，通常透過媒體或人權組織）是流亡異議人士吸引國際社會關注政府審查與侵犯人權行為的標準方式。
EN： Indirect Speech (Reported Speech) with a Noun Clause: When reporting what someone said in the past, a 'that'-clause is used as the direct object of the reporting verb (e.g., 'said'). The tense in the dependent clause usually shifts back to match the past reporting verb (e.g., 'is' becomes 'was').
中文： 间接引语（转述语气）与名词性从句：当转述某人过去所说的话时，常用包含 that 的名词性从句作为转述动词（如 said）的直接宾语。从句中的动词时态通常要退后一个时态以与主句动词保持一致（例如：is 变成 was）。
She said that the decision was unfair to the employees.
她说这个决定对员工不公平。
EN： Correlative Conjunction 'both ... and ...': Used to join two parallel words, phrases, or clauses, emphasizing that two items are equally involved or applicable.
中文： 关联连词「both ... and ...」（既……又……）：用于连接两个语法结构对等的词、短语或从句，强调两者同时成立或都适用。
The company operates both in Europe and in Asia.
该公司在欧洲和亚洲都有业务。
EN： In human rights contexts, 'in exile' refers to individuals forced to live outside their native country due to political persecution or safety threats. 'At home' refers to those remaining inside the country, often facing direct legal or physical suppression. Social media plays a critical role for political dissidents as one of the few available tools for public expression.
中文： 在人權議題背景下，「in exile」（流亡海外）指因政治迫害或安全脅迫而被迫生活於祖國之外的人士；「at home」（國內）則指留在國內、經常面臨直接法律或實體壓制的異議人士。對政治異議人士而言，社群媒體是極少數能對外公開發聲的重要工具。
EN： The phrasal verb 'point out' means to direct attention to a specific fact or information. It is often followed by a 'that' clause acting as the direct object.
中文： 动词短语「point out」意为“指出、提及”某个具体事实或信息，后面常接由「that」引导的名词性从句作直接宾语。
She pointed out that the meeting time had been changed.
她指出会议时间已经改了。
EN： The past perfect tense ('had violated') is used here to indicate an action that happened before another past action ('did not say').
中文： 过去完成时（had + 过去分词，如「had violated」）用于表示在另一个过去动作（如「did not say」）之前就已经发生或未发生的动作。
He realized that he had forgotten his keys at home.
他意识到自己把钥匙忘在家里了。
EN： The Passive Voice (was carried out) is used when the focus is on the action being performed rather than the person or entity performing it. It is formed using a form of the verb 'to be' followed by the past participle.
中文： 被动语态（was carried out）用于当焦点放在“动作本身”而非“执行动作的人或单位”时。其结构为“be 动词 + 过去分词”。
The investigation was carried out by an independent committee.
这项调查是由一个独立委员会执行的。
EN： The phrasal verb 'carry out' means to perform, execute, or complete a task, order, or action.
中文： 短语动词「carry out」意为“执行”、“实施”或“完成”某项任务、命令或行动。
The doctors need to carry out further tests to confirm the diagnosis.
医生需要进行进一步检查以确认诊断。
EN： 'Geoblocking' under state 'jurisdiction' refers to the legal and technical compliance where global tech companies restrict content locally to abide by national laws, balancing international human rights norms against local legal obligations.
中文： 在國家「管轄權（jurisdiction）」下實施的「網路地理封鎖（geoblocking）」，是指跨國科技公司為了遵守當地法律，而在特定國家/地區屏蔽內容的合規作為。這往往涉及國際人權標準與在地法律義務之間的衝突與拉鋸。
EN： The noun phrase 'questions about' is often followed by a noun clause introduced by a question word (here, 'how'). This clause functions as the object of the preposition 'about' and maintains normal statement word order (Subject + Verb).
中文： 名词短语「questions about」（关于……的问题）后面常接由疑问词（此处为 how）引导的名词性从句。该从句作介词「about」的宾语，句序需保持陈述句语序（主语 + 谓语）。
We discussed how technology affects our daily lives.
我们讨论了科技如何影响我们的日常生活。
EN： The verb 'raise' is a transitive verb meaning 'to bring up or cause to arise'. It requires a direct object, such as 'questions', 'concerns', or 'issues'.
中文： 动词「raise」为及物动词，意为“提出、引起或引发”，后面必须接直接宾语，常见搭配名词如「questions」（问题）、「concerns」（担忧）或「issues」（议题）。
The new policy raised many concerns among employees.
新政策在员工中引发了许多担忧。
EN： This sentence reflects the global debate over state censorship versus freedom of speech on major social media platforms. Global tech companies often face legal and ethical dilemmas when authoritarian governments demand the removal of content or blocking of political dissidents.
中文： 這句話反映了全球對於國家審查與主要社群媒體平台上言論自由之間的爭議。當威權政府要求移除內容或封鎖政治異議人士時，全球科技公司往往面臨法律與倫理上的雙重困境。
重要单词附有 IPA 发音、定义、例句和互动式测验。
在本文中： 持不同政见者、异见人士
在本文中： 防止、阻止
在本文中： 官方、当局
在本文中： 违反、违背
在本文中： 审查制度、言论审查
在本文中： 关切、忧虑
在本文中： 捍卫、保护
在本文中： 显著地、相当大程度地
在本文中： 流亡、亡命
在本文中： 司法管辖权、管辖范围
片语包含类型标示、双语定义、用法说明和例句。
The practice of restricting access to internet content based on the user's geographical location.
地理封锁
To direct attention to a fact or detail.
指出、提醒
To perform, conduct, or execute a task or instruction.
执行、实施
The basic rights and freedoms that belong to every person in the world.
人权