EN： The phrasal verb 'stand to' is used to indicate that someone is in a position where they are likely to gain or lose something. It often precedes a verb like 'gain', 'lose', 'benefit', or 'save'.
中文： 动词短语「stand to」用于表示某人处于很可能获得或失去某物的处境。它通常接在「gain」（获得）、「lose」（失去）、「benefit」（获益）或「save」（节省）等动词之前。
Investors stand to make a significant profit if the merger goes through.
如果合并成功，投资者有望获得巨额利润。
EN： The use of 'but' as a coordinating conjunction connects two independent clauses, creating a contrast between the potential benefit (saving money) and the current reality (landlord inaction).
中文： 使用「but」作为并列连词，连接两个独立分句，在潜在利益（省钱）与现状（房东不作为）之间建立对比。
The technology is available, but the high cost prevents widespread adoption.
这项技术已经问世，但高昂的成本阻碍了广泛应用。
EN： The noun 'inaction' uses the prefix 'in-' to denote the absence of action. In formal contexts, it often carries a negative connotation, implying a failure to act when action is necessary.
中文： 名词「inaction」使用前缀「in-」来表示缺乏行动。在正式语境中，它通常带有负面含义，暗示在必要的时候未能采取行动。
The government was criticized for its inaction during the economic crisis.
政府因在经济危机期间的不作为而受到批评。
EN： The 'split incentive' mentioned in the context is a common issue in Australian real estate. Since tenants pay electricity bills, landlords have little financial reason to invest in energy-efficient infrastructure, leading to a policy debate about mandatory standards for rental properties.
中文： 文中提到的「拆分激勵」(split incentive) 是澳洲房地產市場中的常見問題。由於電費由租客支付，房東缺乏投資節能設施的經濟動力，這引發了關於租賃物業強制性標準的政策辯論。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses (using 'who') provide additional information about a noun that is already clearly identified. They are separated by commas and cannot use 'that'.
中文： 非限定性定语从句（使用 'who'）为已经明确识别的名词提供额外信息。这类从句前后须加上逗号，且不能用 'that' 来替换。
The CEO, who joined the company last year, announced a new sustainability initiative.
去年加入公司的首席执行官宣布了一项新的可持续发展倡议。
EN： The adverb 'collectively' is used to describe an action performed by a group as a whole, often used in financial or statistical contexts to show a combined total.
中文： 副词 'collectively' 用于描述由一群人或事物共同执行的行动，常用于财务或统计背景中，以表示总计或共同的结果。
The employees collectively decided to donate their bonuses to charity.
员工们共同决定将他们的奖金捐给慈善机构。
EN： The modal verb 'could' followed by 'save' expresses a strong possibility or potential outcome based on specific conditions or projections.
中文： 情态动词 'could' 后接 'save' 表达了基于特定条件或预测下，极有可能的潜在结果或可能性。
With better insulation, the building could reduce its carbon footprint by 30%.
通过更好的保温措施，这栋建筑可以减少 30% 的碳足迹。
EN： The sentence highlights a significant socio-economic issue in Australia: the high proportion of renters and the financial strain of energy costs. In Australian public discourse, the 'split incentive' problem is a major hurdle for climate policy, as landlords often lack the motivation to improve energy efficiency for properties they do not live in.
中文： 這句話凸顯了澳洲一個重要的社會經濟問題：租客比例高以及能源成本帶來的財務壓力。在澳洲的公共討論中，「誘因分裂」(split incentive) 問題是氣候政策的主要障礙，因為房東通常缺乏動力去改善他們並非自住物業的能源效率。
EN： The phrasal verb 'hinge on' is used to indicate that an outcome or situation is entirely dependent on a specific factor. It is more formal and emphatic than 'depend on'.
中文： 动词短语「hinge on」用于表示某个结果或情况完全取决于某个特定因素。它比「depend on」更正式且更具强调意味，字面意思是「以...为铰链（转轴）」。
The success of the peace talks hinges on both parties' willingness to compromise.
和平谈判的成功取决于双方妥协的意愿。
EN： The conjunction 'whether' introduces a noun clause acting as the object of the preposition 'on'. It presents two possibilities (willing or not willing), often used in formal contexts to discuss conditions or uncertainties.
中文： 连接词「whether」引导一个名词从句，作为介词「on」的宾语。它呈现了两种可能性（愿意或不愿意），常用于正式语境中讨论条件或不确定性。
We are still debating whether we should relocate the headquarters.
我们仍在争论是否应该搬迁总部。
EN： The preposition 'across' is used here to mean 'throughout' or 'in every part of' a particular group or area, indicating that the action applies to the entire category of rental properties.
中文： 介词「across」在此处意指「遍及」或「在...各处」，表示该行动适用于所有类别的租赁物业。
The government is implementing new safety standards across all public schools.
政府正在所有公立学校推行新的安全标准。
EN： The sentence highlights a specific economic issue in Australia known as the 'split incentive.' In the Australian rental market, most energy bills are paid by tenants, giving landlords little financial reason to invest in energy-efficient infrastructure, even though Australia has one of the highest potentials for solar energy in the world.
中文： 這句話凸顯了澳洲一個特定的經濟問題，稱為「分配激勵不一致」（split incentive）。在澳洲租賃市場中，大多數能源帳單由租客支付，這使得房東缺乏財務動力去投資節能基礎設施，儘管澳洲擁有世界上最高的太陽能開發潛力之一。
EN： The present perfect tense ('has identified') is used here to describe a past action that has significant relevance or results in the present context, common in academic or news reporting to introduce findings.
中文： 现在完成时（has identified）在此用于描述过去发生的动作，且该动作在目前语境中具有重大关联或结果。这在学术或新闻报道中常用于介绍研究发现。
Recent studies have identified a strong link between sleep and cognitive function.
最近的研究已确定睡眠与认知功能之间存在强大联系。
EN： The phrase 'identify A as B' is a standard structure used to categorize or define something. 'As' functions as a preposition introducing the role or status of the object.
中文： 短语「identify A as B」是用以分类或定义某事物的标准结构。「As」作为介词，引出宾语的角色或地位。
The committee identified the lack of funding as the project's biggest risk.
委员会将资金缺乏确定为该计划最大的风险。
EN： The adjective 'so-called' is used to introduce a term that may be technical, jargon, or one that the writer wants to distance themselves from, often implying it is a named concept in a specific field.
中文： 形容词「so-called」（所谓的）用于引入一个可能是技术性、术语或作者想要保持距离的词汇，通常暗示这是特定领域中的一个既定概念。
The so-called 'glass ceiling' still prevents many women from reaching executive positions.
所谓的「玻璃天花板」仍然阻碍许多女性达到高管职位。
EN： The 'split incentive' is a classic problem in environmental economics and urban planning. It highlights a market failure where the interests of a landlord (who pays for upgrades) and a tenant (who pays for utilities) are not aligned, hindering energy efficiency progress globally.
中文： 「拆分激勵」（split incentive）是環境經濟學和城市規劃中的一個經典問題。它突顯了一種市場失靈現象：房東（支付升級費用）和租客（支付能源帳單）的利益不一致，這阻礙了全球能源效率的進步。
EN： Appositives are nouns or noun phrases that rename or provide additional information about another noun right next to it. In this sentence, 'a well-documented concept in behavioral economics' is an appositive phrase explaining 'The split incentive'.
中文： 同位语（Appositives）是指紧跟在另一个名词之后，用来重新命名或提供额外信息的名词或名词短语。在本句中，「a well-documented concept in behavioral economics」是一个同位语短语，用来解释「The split incentive」（分配不均的诱因）。
Mr. Smith, a renowned expert in renewable energy, will give a speech tomorrow.
史密斯先生是一位著名的可再生能源专家，他明天将发表演讲。
EN： The relative pronoun 'one' is used as a substitute for a previously mentioned noun to avoid repetition. Here, 'the one' refers back to 'the party'.
中文： 代词「one」被用来替代前面提到的名词以避免重复。在此句中，「the one」指的是前面的「the party」（参与方/当事人）。
The blue car is faster than the red one.
这辆蓝色的车比那辆红色的快。
EN： The verb 'arises' is an intransitive verb meaning to happen or occur, often used with abstract nouns like 'problems', 'situations', or 'concepts'. It should not be confused with the transitive verb 'arouse'.
中文： 动词「arises」是一个不及物动词，意为「发生」或「出现」，通常与抽象名词如「问题」、「情况」或「概念」连用。请注意不要将其与及物动词「arouse」（引起/唤起）混淆。
A new difficulty has arisen in the negotiations.
谈判中出现了一个新的困难。
EN： The 'split incentive' is a classic problem in environmental policy and real estate. It explains why energy efficiency often lags in rental markets: landlords pay for upgrades but don't save on bills, while tenants save on bills but don't own the property to make upgrades. This is a key focus for climate policy in countries with high rental populations like Australia.
中文： 「分配不均的誘因」（split incentive）是環境政策和房地產領域的一個經典問題。它解釋了為什麼租賃市場的能源效率往往滯後：房東支付升級費用卻無法節省電費，而租客雖然能節省電費卻沒有物業權來進行升級。對於像澳洲這樣租房人口比例較高的國家來說，這是氣候政策的一個核心焦點。
EN： The sentence uses the 'It is... who/that...' cleft sentence structure to emphasize the subject (tenants). This structure shifts focus to a specific part of the sentence to highlight a contrast or provide new information.
中文： 本句使用了「It is... who/that...」的分裂句结构来强调主体（租客）。这种结构将焦点转移到句子的特定部分，用以强调对比或提供新信息。
It is the government that must take responsibility for the housing crisis.
必须为住房危机承担责任的是政府。
EN： The conjunction 'yet' is used here as a coordinating conjunction similar to 'but', but it carries a stronger sense of surprise or logical contrast, often used in formal writing to link two independent clauses.
中文： 连词「yet」在此作为并列连词使用，类似于「but」，但它带有更强烈的惊讶感或逻辑对比，常用于正式写作中连接两个独立分句。
The technology is expensive, yet it is essential for long-term sustainability.
这项技术很昂贵，然而对于长期可持续发展来说却是必不可少的。
EN： The present participle 'resulting' acts as an adjective modifying 'reduction'. It indicates that the reduction is a direct consequence of the previously mentioned 'upgrades'.
中文： 现在分词「resulting」作为形容词修饰「reduction」（减少）。它表示这种减少是前文提到的「升级」所导致的直接结果。
The heavy rain and the resulting floods caused widespread damage.
暴雨及其导致的洪水造成了广泛的破坏。
EN： The sentence describes the 'split incentive' problem common in many Western rental markets, including Australia. It highlights a systemic barrier where economic benefits and costs are misaligned, a frequent topic in climate change and housing policy debates.
中文： 這句話描述了包括澳洲在內的許多西方租賃市場中常見的「分裂激勵」問題。它強調了一種經濟利益與成本不一致的系統性障礙，這是氣候變遷和住房政策辯論中的常見話題。
EN： The verb 'emphasize' is often followed by a 'that' clause to report a key point or finding. In formal reporting, this structure is used to introduce a complete thought or a factual assertion.
中文： 动词「emphasize」后接「that」从句，用于报告关键观点或发现。在正式报告中，此结构用于引入一个完整的想法或事实陈述。
The report emphasized that immediate action is required to mitigate climate change.
报告强调，需要立即采取行动以缓解气候变化。
EN： The use of 'effectively' as an adverb here means 'in effect' or 'for all practical purposes.' It suggests that while something might not be literally true in every sense, its result or impact is as described.
中文： 副词「effectively」在此表示「实际上」或「在所有实际用途上」。它暗示虽然某事在字面上可能不完全如此，但其结果或影响正如所述。
The new law effectively bans smoking in all public parks.
新法律实际上禁止了在所有公共公园吸烟。
EN： The structure 'motivation for [someone] to [do something]' identifies the reason or incentive driving a specific actor toward a specific action.
中文： 结构「motivation for [某人] to [做某事]」指出了推动特定行为者采取特定行动的理由或动机。
There is little motivation for students to study if the exams are canceled.
如果考试取消，学生就几乎没有动力去学习了。
EN： The term 'split incentive' mentioned in the context is a classic problem in environmental policy. It highlights a market failure where the person who pays for a green upgrade (the landlord) doesn't benefit from the lower utility bills, which go to the tenant instead. This is a significant hurdle for climate goals in rental-heavy markets like Australia.
中文： 文中提到的「利益不一致」（split incentive）是環境政策中的一個經典問題。它凸顯了一種市場失靈：支付綠色升級費用的人（房東）無法從降低的電費中獲益，因為受益者是租客。這對於像澳洲這樣租賃市場龐大的國家實現氣候目標來說，是一個重大障礙。
EN： The use of the adverb 'starkly' to modify 'illustrates' adds a high-register, emphatic tone. In formal English, 'starkly' is often used to describe contrasts or evidence that is impossible to ignore.
中文： 副词「starkly」用来修饰「illustrates」，增添了正式且强调的语气。在正式英语中，「starkly」常用于描述无法忽视的对比或证据。
The recent data starkly contrasts with the previous findings.
最近的数据与之前的发现形成了鲜明的对比。
EN： The noun phrase 'solar adoption rates' follows the compound noun structure (Noun + Noun + Noun), where 'solar' and 'adoption' act as modifiers for the head noun 'rates'.
中文： 名词短语「solar adoption rates」遵循复合名词结构（名词 + 名词 + 名词），其中「solar」和「adoption」作为中心名词「rates」的修饰语。
The government is monitoring the technology adoption rates in rural areas.
政府正在监控农村地区的技术采用率。
EN： In the context of Australian housing, the 'solar adoption gap' is a significant socio-economic issue. It highlights the divide between homeowners who can reduce their costs through green investment and renters who are stuck with high bills due to the 'split incentive' problem mentioned in the text.
中文： 在澳洲住房背景下，「太陽能採用差距」是一個重要的社會經濟問題。它凸顯了可以透過綠色投資降低成本的屋主，與因文中提到的「分配激勵」問題而受困於高額帳單的租客之間的鴻溝。
EN： The use of 'compared with' is a common structure for contrasting two statistics or data points. It functions as a prepositional phrase to introduce a comparison, often highlighting a significant disparity.
中文： 「compared with」的用法是用于对比两个统计数据或数据点的常见结构。它作为介词短语来引入比较，通常用来强调显著的差异。
The company's revenue grew by 20 percent this year, compared with only 5 percent last year.
该公司今年的营收增长了 20%，而去年仅增长了 5%。
EN： The past perfect tense ('had installed') is used here because the action of installing the panels occurred before the 'revealing' of the research results, establishing a clear chronological sequence in past events.
中文： 此处使用过去完成时（had installed），是因为安装太阳能板的动作发生在研究结果「显示（revealed）」之前，从而建立过去事件中清晰的先后顺序。
By the time the inspectors arrived, the factory had already implemented the new safety protocols.
在检查员到达之前，工厂已经执行了新的安全协议。
EN： The adjective 'mere' is used to emphasize how small or insignificant a quantity or amount is. It carries a subjective tone of surprise or criticism regarding the low figure.
中文： 形容词「mere」用于强调数量或金额是多么微小或微不足道。它带有一种对于低数据感到惊讶或批评的主观语气。
He lost the election by a mere 50 votes.
他仅以 50 票之差输掉了选举。
EN： In Australia, the term 'owner-occupier' is a standard classification in the housing market, distinguishing those who live in the home they own from 'investors' or 'landlords' who rent properties out. This distinction is crucial in policy discussions regarding energy efficiency because the incentives for upgrades differ significantly between these groups.
中文： 在澳洲，「owner-occupier」（自住業主）是住房市場中的標準分類，用以區分居住在自己房產中的人與將房屋出租的「投資者」或「房東」。這種區分在有關能源效率的政策討論中至關重要，因為不同群體對於升級設備的動機有顯著差異。
EN： The sentence uses an inverted conditional structure ('Were landlords to...') instead of 'If landlords were to...'. This is a formal way to express a hypothetical or unlikely future situation (Second Conditional).
中文： 本句使用了倒装条件句结构（Were landlords to...），取代了常见的「If landlords were to...」。这是一种正式用法，用来表达对将来情况的假设或可能性较低的推测（第二类条件句）。
Were the government to increase taxes, public unrest would likely follow.
倘若政府提高税收，很可能引发公众动荡。
EN： The phrase 'well beyond' is an intensifier used to indicate that something significantly exceeds a certain limit or expectation.
中文： 短语「well beyond」是一个加强语气的用法，用来表示某事远远超过了特定的界限或预期。
The success of the project went well beyond our initial expectations.
该项目的成功远远超出了我们最初的预期。
EN： The verb 'undertake' is a formal synonym for 'do' or 'carry out', typically used with tasks, responsibilities, or projects.
中文： 动词「undertake」是「执行」或「从事」的正式同义词，通常用于任务、责任或大型计划。
The university will undertake a major research project on climate change.
这所大学将着手进行一项关于气候变化的重要研究项目。
EN： The sentence addresses the 'split incentive' problem common in many Western rental markets, including Australia. It highlights a policy challenge where the person paying for infrastructure (the landlord) doesn't benefit from the lower running costs, which go to the tenant.
中文： 這句話探討了包括澳洲在內許多西方租賃市場中常見的「拆分激勵」（split incentive）問題。它凸顯了一個政策挑戰：支付基礎設施費用的人（房東）無法從降低的營運成本中獲益，因為受益者是租客。
EN： The use of 'suggested that' in academic and formal reporting introduces a finding or conclusion with a degree of professional caution, rather than stating it as an absolute, undeniable fact.
中文： 在学术和正式报告中使用 'suggested that' 来引导研究结果或结论，这展现了一种专业上的谨慎态度，而非将其陈述为绝对、不可否认的事实。
Recent data suggested that the market would stabilize by the end of the quarter.
近期数据显示，市场将在季度末趋于稳定。
EN： The modal verb 'could' is used here to express possibility or potential outcome based on specific conditions (the combination of upgrades), which is a hallmark of predictive modeling.
中文： 情态动词 'could' 在此处用于表达基于特定条件（升级设备的组合）可能产生的结果或潜力，这是预测模型分析的典型特征。
Implementing these changes could improve overall productivity by twenty percent.
实施这些改变可能会提高百分之二十的整体生产力。
EN： The phrase 'a combination of A, B, and C' acts as a singular collective subject, emphasizing that the synergy of these elements is what leads to the result.
中文： 短语 'a combination of A, B, and C' 作为单数集合主语，强调这些要素的协同作用才是导致结果的原因。
A combination of hard work and luck led to his success.
努力与运气的结合促成了他的成功。
EN： The term 'rooftop solar' reflects Australia's high adoption rate of residential solar energy, driven by its sunny climate and government incentives, making it a common point of discussion in local energy policy.
中文： 「屋頂太陽能」(rooftop solar) 一詞反映了澳洲住宅太陽能的高普及率。由於陽光充足的氣候和政府的激勵措施，這已成為當地能源政策討論中的常見焦點。
EN： The present participle phrase 'Looking further ahead' acts as a sentence adverbial, providing a temporal or logical perspective for the main clause. It is often used in formal writing to transition to future implications.
中文： 现在分词短语「Looking further ahead」作为句子状语，为句子的主句提供时间或逻辑上的视角。这在正式写作中常用于过渡到对未来的影响分析。
Looking further ahead, the company plans to expand into the European market.
展望未来，该公司计划扩张至欧洲市场。
EN： The use of the present participle 'outweighing' creates a resultative or descriptive clause that modifies the preceding main clause. It indicates a consequence or a simultaneous state that provides more detail about the 'savings'.
中文： 使用现在分词「outweighing」形成了一个结果性或描述性的从句，用以修饰前面的主句。它表示一种结果或同时发生的状态，为「节省金额」提供更多细节。
The benefits of the new policy are significant, outweighing the potential risks.
新政策的益处非常显著，超过了潜在的风险。
EN： The past participle 'required' is used as a reduced relative clause (which is required) to modify the noun phrase 'initial capital investment'.
中文： 过去分词「required」被用作缩略的定语从句（即 which is required），用来修饰名词短语「initial capital investment」（初始资本投资）。
The time required for the project was underestimated.
该项目所需的时间被低估了。
EN： The mention of 'Australian renters' and '$107 billion' reflects the significant economic scale of the housing and energy crisis in Australia. In Australian public discourse, the 'split incentive' problem is a major policy hurdle, as the country has one of the highest rates of solar uptake in the world for homeowners, but very low rates for the rental sector.
中文： 提到「澳洲租客」和「1070 億美元」反映了澳洲住房和能源危機的重大經濟規模。在澳洲的公共輿論中，「利益不一致」（split incentive）問題是一個主要的政策障礙，因為澳洲是世界上房主安裝太陽能比例最高的國家之一，但租賃市場的安裝率卻非常低。
EN： The phrase 'given that' is a subordinating conjunction used to introduce a fact or circumstance that should be considered when making a judgment or statement. It is synonymous with 'considering that' or 'in view of the fact that'.
中文： 短语「given that」是一个从属连词，用于引入在做出判断或陈述时需要考虑的事实或情况。它与「considering that」或「in view of the fact that」同义，中文常译为「鉴于」或「考虑到」。
Given that the patient's condition is stable, we can proceed with the surgery.
鉴于病人的情况稳定，我们可以进行手术。
EN： The phrasal verb 'account for' means to form a particular amount or part of something. In formal contexts, it is frequently used to describe statistical proportions or components of a total.
中文： 短语动词「account for」意为「占（比例或部分）」。在正式语境中，它常用于描述统计比例或总体中的组成部分。
Electronic goods account for over 30% of our total exports.
电子产品占我们总出口额的 30% 以上。
EN： The verb 'carry' is used here in a figurative sense meaning 'to involve as a consequence' or 'to have as an attribute'. When paired with 'implications', it suggests that the subject has far-reaching consequences or importance.
中文： 动词「carry」在此处为比喻用法，意为「带来（后果）」或「具有（属性）」。当与「implications」连用时，表示主语具有深远的影响或重要性。
The decision to raise interest rates carries significant risks for the housing market.
提高利率的决定对房地产市场具有重大风险。
EN： The sentence reflects a global shift in policy discussions where environmental impact is increasingly linked to economic data. Terms like 'carbon reduction targets' are standard in international climate agreements (like the Paris Agreement), emphasizing the pressure on governments to regulate private sectors, including the rental market.
中文： 這句話反映了全球政策討論中的一種轉變，即環境影響與經濟數據的聯繫日益緊密。「減碳目標」等術語是國際氣候協議（如《巴黎協定》）中的標準用語，強調了政府在監管包括租賃市場在內的私營部門方面所面臨的壓力。
EN： The present participle phrase 'leaving...' acts as a result clause, indicating a consequence of the main action ('the split incentive will persist').
中文： 现在分词短语「leaving...」在此作为结果状语，用来表示主句动作（拆分激励问题将持续存在）所导致的后果。
The storm damaged the power lines, leaving the city in total darkness.
暴风雨破坏了输电线路，导致整个城市陷入一片漆黑。
EN： The verb 'compelling' is a present participle modifying 'regulation'. It functions as a reduced relative clause (regulation that compels).
中文： 动词「compelling」是现在分词，修饰前面的「regulation」。它的功能等同于缩略的定语从句（即 regulation that compels）。
There is a new law compelling companies to reduce plastic waste.
有一项新法律强制要求公司减少塑料废弃物。
EN： The use of 'shouldering' (to shoulder) is a metaphorical use of a body part as a verb, meaning to take on a heavy responsibility or cost.
中文： 「shouldering」（肩扛）是身体部位用作动词的比喻用法，意指承担沉重的责任或成本。
Small businesses are shouldering the burden of increased taxes.
小企业正肩扛着税收增加的负担。
EN： The 'split incentive' is a common term in environmental policy and economics. It describes a market failure where the person who pays for an energy efficiency upgrade (the landlord) does not receive the financial benefit (lower utility bills), which instead goes to the tenant. This is a significant policy challenge in countries like Australia with high rental populations.
中文： 「拆分激勵」（split incentive）是環境政策和經濟學中的常見術語。它描述了一種市場失靈現象：支付能源效率升級費用的人（房東）無法獲得經濟利益（較低的電費），而利益卻由租客獲得。在像澳洲這樣租房人口比例較高的國家，這是一個重大的政策挑戰。
重要单词附有 IPA 发音、定义、例句和互动式测验。
在本文中： 构成，组成
在本文中： 取决于，视...而定
在本文中： 隔热设备，绝缘材料
在本文中： 获得（好处），收割（成果）
在本文中： 差异，不平等
在本文中： 明显地，鲜明地
在本文中： 支出，花费
在本文中： 累积的，渐增的
在本文中： 比...更重要，大于
在本文中： 强迫，强制
在本文中： 持续存在，坚持
在本文中： 承担（责任、费用或负担）
片语包含类型标示、双语定义、用法说明和例句。
A situation where the costs and benefits of a transaction are not shared equally between the parties involved.
分配激励不一致（拆分激励）
Fixed, one-time expenses incurred on the purchase of land, buildings, construction, and equipment.
资本支出 / 初始投资成本
People who own the home they live in.
自住业主
Costs for essential services like electricity, gas, water, and sewage.
公共事业费用（水电燃气费）
Specific goals set by governments or organizations to decrease the amount of greenhouse gases emitted.
减碳目标