EN： The present participle phrase 'amounting to...' is used as an adjective clause reduction (which amounts to...) to modify the noun 'environmental damage'. It expresses a total that reaches a specific figure.
中文： 现在分词短语“amounting to...”用作形容词从句的简化（原为 which amounts to...），用以修饰名词“environmental damage”（环境破坏）。此结构用于表示总额达到某个特定数字。
The unpaid taxes, amounting to millions of dollars, were never recovered.
高达数百万美元的未缴税款从未被追回。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'according to' is used to introduce the source of information or opinion, establishing credibility. It is commonly placed at the beginning or the end of a sentence in journalistic writing.
中文： 介词短语“according to”（根据）用于引出信息或观点的来源，以建立公信力。在新写作中，它通常置于句首或句尾。
According to the latest weather forecast, a typhoon is approaching.
根据最新的天气预报，台风正在逼近。
EN： The noun phrase 'ten percent' functions as the head of the subject. When followed by 'of the global population' (a singular collective noun), the verb 'generates' agrees in the singular form.
中文： 名词短语“ten percent”（百分之十）作为主语的核心。当后面接“of the global population”（单数集合名词）时，动词“generates”需使用单数形式以达成主谓一致。
Only ten percent of the energy is converted into light.
只有百分之十的能量被转化为光。
EN： The term 'landmark study' is frequently used in academic and journalistic contexts to refer to a research paper that significantly alters the understanding of a particular field or provides groundbreaking data. In environmental discourse, quantifying ecological damage in monetary terms (like trillions of dollars) is a modern strategy to make the abstract concept of climate change tangible to policymakers and the general public.
中文： 「landmark study」（里程碑式的研究）常用於學術和新聞語境中，指代顯著改變某一領域認知或提供突破性數據的研究報告。在環境議題的討論中，將生態破壞以貨幣形式（如數兆美元）進行量化，是近年來的一種重要策略，旨在讓決策者和公眾更具體地感受氣候變遷的嚴重性。
EN： The sentence begins with a past participle phrase ('Published by...'), which functions as an adjective modifying the main subject ('the findings'). This is a reduced relative clause, shortened from 'Which were published by...'. It is a common feature of formal and academic writing to pack information efficiently at the beginning of a sentence.
中文： 句子开头使用过去分词短语（'Published by...'）作为形容词修饰主语（'the findings'）。这是关系从句的简化，由'Which were published by...'缩减而来。在正式与学术写作中，这种结构常用于在句首高效地补充背景信息。
Written by a team of environmental scientists, the report details the devastating effects of global warming.
这份由环境科学家团队撰写的报告，详细阐述了全球变暖带来的毁灭性影响。
EN： The verb 'underscore' is followed by a noun clause starting with the question word 'how' ('how consumption patterns... have reached...'). This noun clause functions as the direct object of the verb, explaining the specific content or mechanism of what is being highlighted.
中文： 动词'underscore'（凸显）后面接了一个由疑问词'how'引导的名词从句（'how consumption patterns... have reached...'）。此名词从句作为该动词的直接宾语，用以解释被强调的具体内容或机制。
The presentation demonstrated how renewable energy solutions can reduce operational costs.
该简报展示了可再生能源解决方案如何能降低运营成本。
EN： The present perfect tense ('have reached') is used here to describe an action or state that began in the past and has continuing relevance or has reached a cumulative peak in the present, emphasized by the adjective 'unprecedented'.
中文： 此处使用现在完成时（'have reached'）来描述一个始于过去、并持续影响至今，或在目前达到累积高峰的动作或状态，并通过形容词'unprecedented'（前所未有的）加以强调。
Global temperatures have reached record highs over the past decade.
在过去十年间，全球气温已达到历史新高。
EN： The mention of the 'University of Oxford' and the 'University of Leiden' lends high academic credibility to the findings. In Western academic contexts, collaborative research between prestigious institutions across different nations (the UK and the Netherlands) is highly valued and often indicates a study of significant global scale and rigorous peer review.
中文： 提及「牛津大學」與「萊頓大學」為這些研究發現賦予了極高的學術公信力。在西方學術界，跨國（英國與荷蘭）頂尖機構之間的合作研究備受重視，通常意味著該研究具有重大的全球規模並經過了嚴格的同行評審。
EN： The preposition 'except' is used to introduce the only thing or person that a statement does not apply to. It can be followed by nouns, pronouns, or prepositional phrases. In formal contexts, 'except for' is also common, but 'except' is preferred when following words like 'every', 'all', 'no', or 'any'.
中文： 介词“except”用于引入陈述中唯一不适用的事物或人。其后可接名词、代词或介词短语。在正式语境中，“except for”也很常见，但在紧跟“every”、“all”、“no”或“any”等词之后时，通常更偏好使用“except”。
The museum is open every day except Monday.
这家博物馆除了星期一以外，每天都开放。
EN： The verb 'surpass' is a transitive verb meaning to exceed, be greater than, or go beyond a limit, standard, or amount. It is highly appropriate for formal, academic, or economic registers to describe quantitative or qualitative superiority.
中文： 动词“surpass”是一个及物动词，意为超越、多过或超出某个限制、标准或数量。在正式、学术或经济语境中，非常适合用来描述数量或品质上的超越。
The company's annual revenue is expected to surpass last year's record.
该公司的年收入预计将超越去年的纪录。
EN： The sentence highlights the massive economic scale of the United States and China, which are currently the world's two largest economies by nominal GDP. By stating that the environmental cost of the top 10% of global consumers surpasses the GDP of all other nations combined except these two, the text underscores the staggering magnitude of human-driven ecological damage in comparison to global economic output.
中文： 此句子凸顯了美國和中國龐大的經濟規模，這兩國目前是全球名義國內生產總值（GDP）最大的兩個經濟體。文中指出，全球前10%富裕消費者的環境成本超越了除這兩國外所有國家的GDP，這強調了與全球經濟產出相比，人類活動所造成的生態破壞規模是多麼令人震驚。
EN： The adverb 'disproportionately' is used to describe a situation where something is out of proportion, either too large or too small, in relation to something else. It is commonly used in academic and journalistic registers to highlight inequality or imbalance.
中文： 副词“disproportionately”（不成比例地）用于描述某事物与他物相比显得极不均衡、过多或过少的情况。常用于学术与新闻语体中，以强调不平等或失衡现象。
Low-income families are disproportionately affected by the rising cost of energy.
低收入家庭受到能源价格上涨的不成比例的严重影响。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'with + noun + -ing participle' (with more than half... falling into...) functions as an adverbial adjunct of attendant circumstance or result. It provides additional, supporting information that explains or expands on the main clause.
中文： 介词结构“with + 名词 + 现在分词”（with more than half... falling into...）在此作伴随状况或结果的状语。它提供了补充、支持性的信息，用以解释或延伸说明主句的内容。
The company expanded its market share, with profits rising by twenty percent this quarter.
该公司扩大了市场份额，本季利润随之增长了百分之二十。
EN： The phrasal verb 'fall into' is used here in a figurative sense meaning 'to be classified as' or 'to belong to' a particular category or group.
中文： 短语动词“fall into”在此处为比喻用法，意为“被归类为”或“属于”某个特定的类别或群体。
Most of the budget expenditures fall into the category of administrative costs.
大部分的预算支出都属于行政成本这一类别。
EN： The term 'global north' is a socio-economic and political categorization rather than a strictly geographical one. It refers to developed, high-income countries, predominantly located in North America and Europe, which are historically responsible for a larger share of global resource consumption and environmental degradation compared to the 'global south'.
中文： 「global north」（北半球/全球北方）是一個社會經濟與政治概念，而非單純的地理劃分。它指的是已開發、高收入的國家（主要分布在北美和歐洲）。在歷史上，相比於「global south」（全球南方），這些國家消耗了更大份額的全球資源，也造成了更嚴重的環境破壞。
EN： The verb 'qualify as' is used to state that someone or something has the necessary features to be described as a particular thing. It is often followed by a noun phrase representing a category or status.
中文： 动词短语“qualify as”用于说明某人或某事物具备被描述为特定事物所需的特征或条件。其后通常接表示类别或身份的名词短语，意为“符合…的资格/被归类为…”。
She qualifies as an expert in the field of renewable energy after ten years of research.
经过十年的研究，她符合了成为可再生能源领域专家的资格。
EN： When expressing percentages of a collective noun like 'population', the verb agreement depends on the noun that follows 'of'. Since 'population' is a singular collective noun representing a singular entity here, the verb 'qualifies' takes the singular form.
中文： 当表示“population（人口）”等集合名词的百分比时，动词的单复数一致性取决于“of”后面的名词。在此处，“population”被视为一个单数整体，因此动词“qualifies”使用单数形式。
Approximately thirty percent of the local population has received the first dose of the vaccine.
当地大约有百分之三十的人口已接种第一剂疫苗。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'In the European Union' is placed at the beginning of the sentence as an introductory adverbial of place, which sets the geographical scope of the statement and is followed by a comma.
中文： 介词短语“In the European Union（在欧盟）”置于句首，作为引导性的地点状语，用以设定该陈述的地理范围，其后通常加上逗号与主句隔开。
In the United States, public transportation is less common in suburban areas.
在美国，公共交通在郊区较不普遍。
EN： The term 'European Union' (EU) refers to a political and economic union of 27 member states located primarily in Europe. In global environmental discussions, the EU is often analyzed as a single bloc due to its unified environmental regulations and high average standards of living, which contribute to significant consumption footprints compared to developing regions.
中文： 「European Union」（歐盟）是指主要位於歐洲的27個成員國組成的政治和經濟聯盟。在全球環境議題的討論中，歐盟因其統一的環境法規和高平均生活水準，常被視為一個單一整體來進行分析，其消費足跡與發展中地區相比顯得相當龐大。
EN： The past participle phrase 'involved in the study' acts as an adjective modifying the noun 'researcher'. This is a reduced relative clause, shortened from 'who was involved in the study'.
中文： 过去分词短语“involved in the study”作为形容词修饰名词“researcher”（研究人员）。这是一个简化的关系从句，由“who was involved in the study”缩减而来。
The experts involved in the project recommended immediate action.
参与该项目的专家建议立即采取行动。
EN： The structure 'describe A as B' is used to characterize someone or something. 'As' is a preposition followed by a noun phrase or, as in this case, an adjective ('utterly extraordinary') acting as a complement.
中文： 结构“describe A as B”用于描述或定性某人或某事。“as”是介词，后接名词短语，或如本句中接形容词（utterly extraordinary）作为补语。
The critic described the performance as absolutely flawless.
评论家将这场演出形容为绝对完美无瑕。
EN： The present participle 'emphasizing' introduces a participle clause expressing a simultaneous action or a natural result of the main clause. The subject of 'emphasizing' is the same as the main clause ('One researcher').
中文： 现在分词“emphasizing”引导分词短语，表示与主句同时发生的动作或主句的自然结果。“emphasizing”的逻辑主语与主句主语（One researcher）相同。
The CEO delivered a speech, highlighting the company's commitment to sustainability.
首席执行官发表了演讲，强调公司对可持续发展的承诺。
EN： The verb 'identify' is commonly used in academic and formal contexts with the structure 'identify A as B' to classify or define something as having a specific identity or role.
中文： 动词“identify”在学术与正式语境中常用于“identify A as B”（将A认定或归类为B）的结构，用以将某事物分类或定义为具有特定身份或角色。
The committee identified renewable energy as the top priority for the new development plan.
委员会将可再生能源认定为新发展规划的首要任务。
EN： The use of 'the two most + adjective + plural noun' is a superlative structure used to highlight a specific, limited number of items (in this case, two) that possess the highest degree of a quality within a group.
中文： 使用“the two most + 形容词 + 复数名词”是一种最高级结构，用于强调在某个群体中，拥有最高程度某种特质的特定且有限数量（此处为两个）的项目。
They selected the two most promising candidates for the final interview.
他们筛选出两位最具潜力的候选人进行最终面试。
EN： The verb 'emerge as' is used to describe how something becomes known, recognized, or develops into a particular position or role over time. It is more formal and dynamic than simply using 'become'.
中文： 动词短语“emerge as”（显现、呈现为）用于描述某事物随着时间推移，逐渐被众人所知、认可或发展成某种特定角色或地位。这比单纯使用“become”更具正式感与动态感。
Renewable energy has emerged as a viable alternative to fossil fuels.
可再生能源已成为替代化石燃料的可行选择。
EN： The noun phrase 'primary driver' is a formal academic and journalistic collocation used to identify the main cause or force behind a trend, event, or phenomenon.
中文： 名词短语“primary driver”（主要驱动力、主因）是正式学术与新闻英语中的常见搭配词，用来指出某种趋势、事件或现象背后最核心的起因或推动力。
Technological innovation is the primary driver of economic growth in the modern era.
科技创新是现代经济增长的主要驱动力。
EN： The post-modifier 'worldwide' is an adverb used here as an adjective equivalent modifying the noun phrase 'deforestation and biodiversity loss', meaning 'happening or existing in all parts of the world'.
中文： 后置修饰词“worldwide”（全世界地、全球性地）在此处作形容词功能，修饰前面的名词短语“deforestation and biodiversity loss”，表示该现象在世界各地皆有发生。
The campaign received widespread support from environmentalists worldwide.
这项运动获得了全球环保人士的广泛支持。
EN： In recent years, the environmental impact of diet, particularly red meat consumption, has become a major topic of discussion in Western countries. This has led to a significant rise in 'flexitarianism' (semi-vegetarianism) and the popularity of plant-based meat alternatives in supermarkets and restaurants across the global north.
中文： 近年來，飲食（特別是紅肉消費）對環境的影響已成為西方國家的熱門討論話題。這導致了「彈性素食主義」（半素食）的顯著興起，以及植物肉替代品在全球北方國家的超市和餐廳中日益普及。
EN： The present participle 'encompassing' is used here to introduce a non-defining participial clause that functions as an adjective, providing extra information about the subject 'Energy expenditure'. It is equivalent to 'which encompasses'.
中文： 现在分词“encompassing”在此处用于引导非限制性分词从句，起形容词作用，为修饰主语“Energy expenditure”（能源支出）提供额外信息。这相当于“which encompasses”。
The new policy, affecting all employees, will be implemented next month.
这项影响所有员工的新政策将于下个月实施。
EN： The verb 'constitute' is a formal verb meaning 'to be the parts that together form something' or 'to be equivalent to'. In academic and formal writing, it is often preferred over 'make up' or 'be'.
中文： 动词“constitute”是一个正式动词，意思是“构成、组成”或“等同于”。在学术和正式写作中，它通常比“make up”或“be”更受青睐。
Twelve people constitute a jury in this country.
在该国，十二个人组成一个陪审团。
EN： Parallel structure in lists: When listing multiple items, they should share the same grammatical form. Here, 'aviation' (noun), 'residential heating and cooling' (noun phrase with gerunds), and 'the burning of fossil fuels' (noun phrase with gerund) are all grammatically parallel as noun entities.
中文： 列表中的平行结构：当列出多个项目时，它们应该共享相同的语法形式。在此处，“aviation”（名词）、“residential heating and cooling”（包含动名词的名词短语）以及“the burning of fossil fuels”（包含动名词的名词短语）在语法上皆作为名词实体平行并列。
The course covers academic writing, critical thinking, and presenting research.
该课程涵盖学术写作、批判性思维和发表研究。
EN： Inverted conditional structure (subjunctive mood) without 'if'. When 'if' is omitted in conditional clauses containing 'were', 'had', or 'should', the auxiliary verb is placed before the subject.
中文： 省略“if”的倒装条件句（虚拟语气）。当条件从句中含有“were”、“had”或“should”时，可省略“if”，并将助动词移至主语前面。
Were he to accept the job offer, he would have to relocate to Germany.
倘若他接受这份工作机会，他就必须搬迁到德国。
EN： The use of 'unchecked' as a post-positive modifier or object complement. Here, 'to persist unchecked' means to continue without being stopped or regulated.
中文： “unchecked”作为后置修饰语或补语的用法。在此处“to persist unchecked”表示持续发生且未受到任何阻止或管制（不加控制地持续）。
The disease was allowed to spread unchecked throughout the region.
该疾病被任由在整个地区不受控制地传播。
EN： Interrupter clause (parenthetical insertion). 'The researchers cautioned' is inserted into the middle of the main conditional sentence to attribute the statement, which is a common journalistic style.
中文： 插入语（括号式插入）。“the researchers cautioned”（研究人员警告）被插入在主要条件句的中间以说明言论来源，这是新闻报道中常见的写作风格。
The new policy, the director announced, will take effect next month.
主管宣布，新政策将于下个月生效。
EN： The passive construction 'be derived from' is used to indicate the origin or source of something, often abstract concepts, data, or words. It emphasizes the source rather than the agent performing the derivation.
中文： 被动结构“be derived from”（源自于／根据……得出）用于表示某事物的起源或来源，通常用于抽象概念、数据或词汇。它强调的来源，而非执行推导的主体。
The word 'biodiversity' is derived from Greek and Latin roots.
“生物多样性”这个词源自于希腊语和拉丁语的词根。
EN： Parallel noun phrases are used to list multiple items of equal grammatical rank. In this sentence, 'climate disruption, biodiversity loss, nutrient pollution, and freshwater depletion' are four parallel noun-noun/adjective-noun compounds acting as the objects of the preposition 'of'.
中文： 平行名词短语用于列出语法地位相同的多个项目。在本句中，“climate disruption”（气候破坏）、“biodiversity loss”（生物多样性流失）、“nutrient pollution”（营养盐污染）和“freshwater depletion”（淡水枯竭）是四个平行的名词-名词或形容词-名词复合结构，共同作为介词“of”的宾语。
The report highlights the dangers of soil erosion, air pollution, and habitat destruction.
该报告强调了土壤流失、空气污染和栖息地破坏的危险。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'on an individual basis' is used to specify the perspective or unit of measurement being discussed, meaning 'when considered individually' or 'per person'. It is a formal alternative to 'individually' or 'per capita'.
中文： 介词短语“on an individual basis”用于说明讨论的视角或计量单位，意为“以个人为单位”或“就个人而言”。这是“individually”或“per capita”较为正式的替代说法。
The employees will be evaluated on an individual basis rather than as a team.
员工将接受个人导向的评估，而非以团队为单位进行评估。
EN： The verb 'range' is used with the prepositional phrase 'from A to B' to express the limits of variation in amount, number, or degree. In this sentence, it indicates the fluctuating or estimated scale of the environmental cost.
中文： 动词“range”与介词短语“from A to B”连用，用以表示数量、数字或程度的变动范围。在本句中，它指出环境成本的波动或估算区间。
The price of organic vegetables can range from three to eight dollars per kilogram.
有机蔬菜的价格每公斤可能落在三到八美元之间。
EN： The complex noun phrase 'the average annual environmental damage bill for someone in the global top ten percent' functions as the subject. It features multiple pre-modifiers ('average', 'annual', 'environmental damage') and a post-modifying prepositional phrase ('for someone in the global top ten percent') that narrows down the specific group.
中文： 复合名词短语“the average annual environmental damage bill for someone in the global top ten percent”作为主语。它包含多个前置修饰词（average、annual、environmental damage）以及一个后置修饰的介词短语（for someone in the global top ten percent），用以限定特定的群体。
The average monthly electricity bill for a household in this city has increased significantly.
这个城市里一般家庭的平均每月电费已大幅增加。
EN： The sentence discusses environmental damage in terms of monetary value ('damage bill'). This reflects a growing trend in environmental economics to quantify ecological footprints and climate impacts in financial terms, making the abstract concept of environmental degradation more tangible to policymakers and the general public.
中文： 本句將環境破壞以貨幣價值（「環境破壞帳單」）來衡量。這反映了環境經濟學中日益盛行的趨勢，即以貨幣形式量化生態足跡和氣候影響，從而使決策者和一般大眾更能具體感受環境退化這一抽象概念。
EN： The phrase 'those residing in...' uses a present participle ('residing') as an adjective phrase modifying the pronoun 'those'. This is a reduced relative clause, shortened from 'those who reside in...'. It is commonly used in formal and written English to describe a specific group of people.
中文： “those residing in...”结构中，现在分词（residing）引导的形容词短语修饰代词“those”。这是关系从句的简化结构，原为“those who reside in...”。在正式与书面英语中，常用此结构来描述特定人群。
The policy applies only to those residing in the European Union.
该政策仅适用于居住在欧盟的人。
EN： The verb 'soared' is used to describe a rapid and dramatic increase. It is a highly descriptive verb often used in financial, economic, or statistical contexts to emphasize a sharp upward trend, rather than using a simple verb like 'increased'.
中文： 动词「soared」（飙升）用于描述迅速且剧烈的增长。在财经、经济或数据统计语境中，这是一个极具描绘力的动词，用以强调急剧上升的趋势，比单纯使用「increased」更具表现力。
Temperatures soared to record heights during the summer months.
夏季期间，气温飙升至历史新高。
EN： The adverb 'however' is used as a parenthetical insertion (set off by commas) to introduce a contrast. Placing 'however' after the initial prepositional phrase ('For those..., however, ...') creates a smoother, more sophisticated transition in formal writing compared to placing it at the very beginning of the sentence.
中文： 副词「however」在此作为插入语（用逗号隔开）以引入对比。将「however」置于句首介词短语之后（即「For those..., however, ...」），与直接放在句首相比，能使正式写作中的过渡显得更流畅、更典雅。
For small businesses, however, the new tax regulation poses a significant challenge.
然而，对于小企业来说，新的税收规定带来了重大的挑战。
EN： The sentence highlights the vast disparity in environmental impact between average global citizens and wealthy individuals in developed nations like the United States. In environmental economics, this reflects the concept of the 'ecological footprint' and 'carbon inequality,' where consumption-driven environmental damage is disproportionately caused by high-income populations in the Global North.
中文： 此句子突顯了全球一般公民與美國等發達國家富裕階層在環境影響上的巨大差異。在環境經濟學中，這反映了「生態足跡」與「碳不平等」的概念，即消費驅動的環境破壞，絕大部分是由全球北方（Global North）的高收入群體所造成的。
EN： When a negative correlative conjunction like 'Not only' begins a sentence, subject-auxiliary inversion is required in the first clause. The auxiliary verb (do/does/did) is placed before the subject.
中文： 当“Not only”（不仅）等否定关联连接词置于句首时，第一个从句必须进行主语与助动词倒装。助动词（do/does/did）需置于主语之前。
Not only did she complete the project ahead of schedule, but she also stayed within the budget.
她不仅提前完成了项目，而且还把预算控制在范围之内。
EN： The correlative structure 'Not only... but (also)... as well' is used to connect and emphasize two coordinated clauses. 'As well' can be used at the end of the second clause as an alternative to 'also' after 'but'.
中文： 关联结构“Not only... but (also)... as well”用于连接并强调两个对等的从句。句尾的“as well”可作为“but”后面“also”的替代方案，用以表示“也”。
Not only does the new policy reduce carbon emissions, but it stimulates green technology investment as well.
这项新政策不仅减少了碳排放，同时也刺激了绿色技术的投资。
EN： The idiom 'close the gap' means to reduce the difference or disparity between two groups, levels, or standards.
中文： 短语“close the gap”意为“缩小差距”，指减少两个群体、水平或标准之间的差异。
The government is implementing new educational reforms to close the gap between public and private schools.
政府正在实施新的教育改革，以缩小公立与私立学校之间的差距。
EN： The sentence reflects a central debate in global climate politics: 'Common but Differentiated Responsibilities' (CBDR). Historically, wealthy nations (the Global North) have contributed the most to cumulative greenhouse gas emissions, but rapidly developing emerging economies (like China and India) are now also major contributors to current emissions, leading to complex negotiations on who should pay for climate mitigation.
中文： 這句話反映了全球氣候政治的核心爭議：「共同但有區別的責任」（CBDR）。從歷史上看，富裕國家（全球北方）對累積溫室氣體排放的貢獻最大，但快速發展的新興經濟體（如中國和印度）目前也是當前排放的主要貢獻者，這導致了關於誰應該為緩解氣候變遷買單的複雜談判。
EN： The use of 'that of' is a crucial grammatical device used to avoid repetition of a singular noun (in this case, 'the average environmental cost') when comparing two similar things. If the noun being compared were plural, 'those of' would be used instead.
中文： 使用“that of”是避免重复单数名词（在此句中指“平均环境成本”）的重要语法手段，常用于比较两个相似的事物。如果被比较的对象是复数名词，则使用“those of”。
The GDP of Japan is currently smaller than that of the United States.
日本的国内生产总值目前小于美国的国内生产总值。
EN： The past participle phrase 'attributed to...' acts as a reduced relative clause (which is/has been attributed to...) modifying the noun phrase 'the average environmental cost'. It functions as an adjective to specify the source or cause of the cost.
中文： 过去分词短语“attributed to...”（归因于……）在此作为省略了关系代词和动词的关系从句（which is/has been attributed to...），修饰名词短语“the average environmental cost”（平均环境成本），起形容词作用以说明该成本的来源或成因。
The drop in sales attributed to the recent economic downturn has worried investors.
归因于近期经济衰退的销售额下滑已引起投资者的担忧。
EN： The adverb 'Notably' is used as a sentence modifier (or disjunct) at the very beginning of the sentence. It signals to the reader that the information following is particularly striking, important, or worthy of attention.
中文： 副词“Notably”（值得注意的是）在句首用作整句修饰语（或评注性副词）。它向读者发出信号，表明接下来的信息特别引人注目、重要或值得关注。
Notably, none of the board members opposed the new environmental policy.
值得注意的是，没有一位董事会成员反对这项新的环保政策。
EN： This sentence reflects a major shift in global environmental economics. Historically, Western developed nations (like Germany) were the primary drivers of high-consumption environmental damage. However, the rapid economic rise of emerging economies, particularly China, has created a massive new class of high-consuming individuals whose environmental footprint now rivals or exceeds that of their counterparts in traditional wealthy nations.
中文： 這句話反映了全球環境經濟學的重大轉變。歷史上，西方發達國家（如德國）是高消費環境破壞的主要驅動力。然而，新興經濟體（特別是中國）的快速經濟崛起，創造了一個龐大的高消費新群體，其環境足跡現在已與傳統富裕國家的同行不相上下，甚至有所超越。
重要单词附有 IPA 发音、定义、例句和互动式测验。
在本文中： 强调、突出（其重要性或真实性）
在本文中： 史无前例的、空前的
在本文中： 不成比例地、不均衡地
在本文中： 使相形见绌、超越、凌驾
在本文中： 生物多样性
在本文中： 包含、包括（多种事物）
在本文中： 构成、组成
在本文中： 持续、继续存在（尤指棘手或不好的情况）
在本文中： 累积的、渐增的
在本文中： 不可逆转的、无法挽回的
在本文中： 消耗、枯竭
在本文中： 急剧上升、猛增
片语包含类型标示、双语定义、用法说明和例句。
A term used to refer to wealthier, highly developed countries, typically located in North America, Europe, and parts of Asia and Oceania.
全球北方、发达国家群
Natural fuels such as coal or gas, formed in the geological past from the remains of living organisms.
化石燃料
To continue to exist or develop without any control, restraint, or prevention.
任其发展、未受控制地持续下去
Nations' economies that are progressing toward becoming advanced, characterized by rapid growth and industrialization.
新兴经济体