Nelson Mandela: The Long Walk Begins纳尔逊·曼德拉：漫漫长路的开始
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EN： The Passive Voice (be + past participle) is used here because the subject 'a boy' receives the action of birth rather than performing it. In English, we always say someone 'was born' using the past tense of 'to be'.
中文： 被动语态（be动词 + 过去分词）在此处使用，因为主语“一名男孩”是接受出生的动作，而非执行动作。在英语中，我们总是使用be动词的过去式来表达某人“出生”（was/were born）。
She was born in a small town in Italy.
她出生在意大利的一个小镇。
EN： Prepositional Phrases of Time and Place: 'In 1918' (time) and 'in a small village' (place) provide context. When both appear, the specific location usually follows the time or vice versa depending on emphasis.
中文： 时间和地点的介词短语：“In 1918”（时间）和“in a small village”（地点）提供了背景信息。在英语句子中，这些短语常用于修饰整个事件发生的时空背景。
In 2010, they moved to a new house.
在2010年，他们搬到了一所新房子。
EN： The sentence introduces the birth of Nelson Mandela. South Africa in 1918 was under British colonial rule, and the mention of a 'small village' (specifically Mvezo) highlights his humble beginnings before becoming a global icon for justice.
中文： 這句話介紹了納爾遜·曼德拉的出生。1918年的南非正處於英國殖民統治之下，提到「小村莊」（具體為姆韋佐村）強調了他在成為全球正義象徵之前平凡的出身背景。
EN： Appositive: A noun or noun phrase (Rolihlahla) placed next to another noun (His birth name) to identify or explain it. It is usually set off by commas.
中文： 同位语：将一个名词或名词短语（Rolihlahla）放在另一个名词（His birth name）旁边，用以识别或解释它。通常用逗号隔开。
My best friend, Sarah, is a talented musician.
我最好的朋友莎拉是一位才华横溢的音乐家。
EN： Present Tense for Facts: The simple present tense 'means' is used here because the definition of a name is a permanent fact or general truth.
中文： 事实的现在时：这里使用一般现在时 'means'，因为名字的含义属于永久性的事实或普遍真理。
The word 'aloha' means both hello and goodbye.
“aloha”这个词既表示你好也表示再见。
EN： Xhosa is one of the official languages of South Africa, known for its distinctive 'click' sounds. In many African cultures, names carry significant meaning and are often chosen to reflect the circumstances of birth or the parents' hopes.
中文： 科薩語（Xhosa）是南非的官方語言之一，以其獨特的「吸氣音（click sounds）」聞名。在許多非洲文化中，名字具有深遠的意義，通常是根據出生時的情況或父母的期望來命名的。
EN： The sentence uses a 'Ditransitive Verb' (give), which takes two objects: an indirect object (him) and a direct object (the English name 'Nelson'). The pattern is: Subject + Verb + Indirect Object (person) + Direct Object (thing).
中文： 本句使用了“双宾语动词”（give），这类动词接两个宾语：间接宾语（him）和直接宾语（the English name 'Nelson'）。句型结构为：主语 + 动词 + 间接宾语（人）+ 直接宾语（物）。
My friend sent me a beautiful postcard from Japan.
我的朋友从日本寄给我一张漂亮的明信片。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'at his school' acts as an adjective modifying the noun 'teacher', specifying which teacher is being discussed.
中文： 介词短语“at his school”作定语，修饰名词“teacher”，用来明确指出是哪个学校的老师。
The woman in the red dress is my aunt.
穿红色连衣裙的那位女士是我的阿姨。
EN： In colonial South Africa, it was a common practice for teachers to give African students English names because African names were often considered difficult for colonial authorities to pronounce. Mandela's birth name, Rolihlahla, means 'pulling the branch of a tree' or colloquially 'troublemaker'.
中文： 在殖民時期的南非，老師給非洲學生取英文名字是很普遍的做法，因為殖民當局通常認為非洲原名難以發音。曼德拉的原名 Rolihlahla 意為「拉樹枝」，在口語中也有「麻煩製造者」的意思。
EN： The structure 'the first/second/last + noun + to-infinitive' is used to specify a person's order or rank in performing an action. The infinitive 'to attend' acts as an adjective modifying 'the first'.
中文： 结构“the first/second/last + 名词 + 不定式”用于指定某人执行某动作的顺序或排名。这里的不定式“to attend”作定语，修饰前面的“the first”。
She was the last person to leave the office.
她是最后一个离开办公室的人。
EN： The preposition 'under' is used here to describe being subject to a particular system, law, or regime.
中文： 介词“under”在此处用于描述处于特定制度、法律或政权的统治或影响之下。
The country flourished under the new leadership.
这个国家在新领导层的带领下繁荣发展。
EN： The 'colonial system' refers to the period when South Africa was under British and Dutch influence, which eventually led to the formal system of apartheid. Education for Black South Africans during this time was often limited and designed to reinforce colonial structures.
中文： 「殖民體制」指的是南非受英國和荷蘭影響的時期，這最終演變成了正式的種族隔離制度。當時南非黑人接受教育的機會通常受到限制，且教育內容往往是為了強化殖民結構而設計的。
EN： The sentence uses the Past Simple tense ('moved', 'studied') to describe completed actions in the past. The conjunction 'and' connects two independent clauses that share the same subject ('Mandela').
中文： 本句使用一般过去时（moved, studied）来描述过去已完成的动作。连词“and”连接了两个共享同一个主语（Mandela）的独立分句。
She moved to London and worked as a designer.
她搬到了伦敦并担任设计师工作。
EN： The phrase 'to become' is an infinitive of purpose, explaining 'why' the action of studying was performed.
中文： “to become”是不定式表示目的的用法，解释了“为什么”要学习这个动作。
He practiced hard to win the race.
他刻苦练习是为了赢得比赛。
EN： Johannesburg is the largest city in South Africa and was a central hub for the anti-apartheid movement. For a Black South African like Mandela, moving there to study law was a significant step toward challenging the systemic inequality of the time.
中文： 約翰尼斯堡是南非最大的城市，也是反種族隔離運動的核心樞紐。對於像曼德拉這樣的南非黑人來說，前往那裡學習法律是挑戰當時體制性不平等的重要一步。
EN： Compound Subject: When two or more nouns or pronouns are joined by 'and', they form a compound subject. In this sentence, 'He and Oliver Tambo' acts as a single plural unit that performs the action.
中文： 复合主语：当两个或多个名词或代词由“and”连接时，它们构成复合主语。在本句中，“He and Oliver Tambo”作为一个复数单位共同执行动作。
Sarah and her brother visited the museum yesterday.
莎拉和她的哥哥昨天参观了博物馆。
EN： Ordinal Adjectives with Nouns: The word 'first' is an ordinal number used as an adjective to specify the position of the 'law firm' in a sequence. It is typically preceded by the definite article 'the'.
中文： 序数形容词：单词“first”是序数词，在此作形容词使用，用来指定“律师事务所”在序列中的位置。通常前面会加上定冠词“the”。
This is the first time I have traveled abroad.
这是我第一次出国旅行。
EN： In the context of apartheid-era South Africa, the establishment of a Black law firm was a revolutionary act. It provided legal representation for Black citizens who were systematically oppressed by the legal system itself.
中文： 在南非種族隔離時期，成立一家黑人律師事務所是一項革命性的舉動。它為那些受到法律系統系統性壓迫的黑人公民提供了法律代理服務。
EN： The sentence uses a compound object structure where the verb 'saw' is followed by a noun phrase ('the injustice of apartheid') and a noun clause ('how it humiliated Black people'). This allows the speaker to connect a concrete observation with a descriptive process.
中文： 本句使用了复合宾语结构，动词 'saw' 后面接了一个名词短语（the injustice of apartheid）和一个名词性从句（how it humiliated Black people）。这种结构能让说话者将具体的观察与描述性的过程联系起来。
She realized the importance of the task and how it would help the community.
她意识到了这项任务的重要性，以及它将如何帮助社区。
EN： The word 'how' functions as a subordinating conjunction to introduce an indirect question or noun clause, explaining the manner or extent of an action within the main sentence.
中文： 单词 'how' 作为从属连词，引导一个间接疑问句或名词性从句，用来解释主句中动作的方式或程度。
I don't understand how the machine works.
我不明白这台机器是如何运作的。
EN： 'Apartheid' was a system of institutionalized racial segregation that existed in South Africa from 1948 until the early 1990s. The word means 'apartness' in Afrikaans. Understanding this context is crucial to grasping the emotional weight of Mandela's struggle.
中文： 「Apartheid」是 1948 年至 1990 年代初期南非實行的制度化種族隔離政策。這個詞在南非荷蘭語中意為「隔離」。了解這一背景對於理解曼德拉奮鬥過程中的情感重量至關重要。
EN： The phrase 'dedicate something to doing something' uses 'to' as a preposition, which means it must be followed by a noun or a gerund (V-ing). It indicates committing resources or effort to a specific cause.
中文： 短语“dedicate something to doing something”中的“to”是介词，因此后面必须接名词或动名词（V-ing）。这表示将资源或精力投入于特定目标。
She dedicated her career to improving public education.
她致力于自己的职业生涯以改善公共教育。
EN： The preposition 'against' is used here to indicate opposition or resistance to a system or force.
中文： 介词“against”在此处用于表示对某种制度或力量的反对或抵抗。
The citizens protested against the new tax law.
公民们抗议这项新的税法。
EN： Apartheid was a system of institutionalized racial segregation that existed in South Africa from 1948 until the early 1990s. The term 'segregation' refers to the forced separation of different racial groups in daily life.
中文： 「種族隔離」(Apartheid) 是 1948 年至 1990 年代初期南非實行的制度化種族隔離政策。「Segregation」一詞指的是在日常生活中強制分離不同種族群體的行為。
EN： The 'to-infinitive' (to + base verb) is used here as an adverbial of purpose to explain 'why' the action in the main clause was performed.
中文： 不定式（to + 动词原形）在此处用作状语，表示目的，解释主句动作“为什么”发生。
She studied hard to pass the entrance exam.
她努力学习是为了通过入学考试。
EN： Apposition: The phrase 'or ANC' is an appositive, providing an alternative name or clarification for the preceding noun phrase 'the African National Congress'.
中文： 同位语：短语“or ANC”是一个同位语，用来为前面的名词短语“非洲人国民大会”提供替代名称或进一步说明。
My brother, a talented musician, lives in London.
我的哥哥是一位有才华的音乐家，他住在伦敦。
EN： The African National Congress (ANC) is South Africa's governing political party and was the primary organization that fought against apartheid. Mandela's involvement in the ANC was a pivotal turning point in his life and the nation's history.
中文： 非洲民族議會（ANC）是南非目前的執政黨，也是當年反對種族隔離制度（apartheid）的主要組織。曼德拉加入 ANC 是他個人生命及南非歷史的一個關鍵轉折點。
EN： The sentence uses the Past Simple tense ('organized') to describe completed actions in the past. It also features a compound object ('protests and demonstrations') connected by the coordinating conjunction 'and'.
中文： 句子使用了一般过去时（organized）来描述过去已完成的动作。此外，它包含了一个由并列连词“and”连接的复合宾语（protests and demonstrations）。
She coordinated meetings and workshops for the new project.
她为新项目协调了会议和工作坊。
EN： The preposition 'against' is used here to indicate opposition or resistance to a specific system or set of rules (apartheid laws).
中文： 介词“against”在此处用于表示对特定制度或规则（种族隔离法）的反对或抵抗。
The citizens voted against the new tax law.
公民们投票反对这项新税法。
EN： 'Apartheid' is an Afrikaans word meaning 'separateness'. It refers to the institutionalized system of racial segregation and discrimination in South Africa from 1948 until the early 1990s. Mandela's peaceful protests were a key part of the anti-apartheid movement.
中文： 「Apartheid」是一個南非荷蘭語詞彙，意為「分隔」。它指的是 1948 年至 1990 年代初期南非實行的制度化種族隔離和歧視政策。曼德拉的和平抗議是反種族隔離運動的關鍵組成部分。
EN： Adverbial Clause of Time: The sentence begins with a dependent clause introduced by 'When', which sets the temporal context for the main action. In B2 level English, this is often used to show a cause-and-effect relationship or a sequence of events.
中文： 时间状语从句：句子以 'When' 引导的从句开头，为主要动作设定了时间背景。在B2水平的英语中，这常用来展示因果关系或事件的先后顺序。
When the negotiations broke down, the workers decided to strike.
当谈判破裂时，工人们决定罢工。
EN： Phrasal Verb 'Turn to': This means to start doing or using something, especially something bad or difficult, because you are in a bad situation. It is followed by a noun or a gerund.
中文： 短语动词 'Turn to'：指开始从事或使用某事物（通常是不利或困难的事物），特别是因为处于困境之中。其后接名词或动名词。
He turned to crime after losing his job.
他在失业后走上了犯罪的道路。
EN： In the context of the South African anti-apartheid struggle, 'sabotage' refers to a specific strategic shift by the ANC. After decades of non-violent protest were met with state violence (like the Sharpeville Massacre), Mandela and others felt that symbolic attacks on infrastructure (not people) were the only way to force the government to negotiate.
中文： 在南非反種族隔離鬥爭的背景下，「sabotage」（破壞行動）指的是非國大（ANC）的一個特定戰略轉變。在數十年的非暴力抗議遭到政府暴力鎮壓（如沙佩維爾大屠殺）後，曼德拉等人認為，對基礎設施（而非針對人）進行象徵性的攻擊，是迫使政府談判的唯一手段。
EN： The verb 'avoid' is followed by a gerund (verb-ing) to indicate the action that is being prevented or escaped. It cannot be followed by an infinitive (to + verb).
中文： 动词 'avoid'（避免）后面必须接动名词（V-ing），用来表示想要避开或防止发生的动作。注意不可接不定式（to + V）。
You should avoid driving during the rush hour to save time.
你应该避免在高峰时段开车以节省时间。
EN： The coordinating conjunction 'but' is used to connect two independent clauses that show a contrast or an unexpected result.
中文： 并列连词 'but'（但是）用于连接两个独立分句，表示对比或转折的关系。
The weather was cold, but we decided to go for a walk anyway.
天气很冷，但我们还是决定去散步。
EN： The ANC (African National Congress) was the primary organization fighting against apartheid. This sentence reflects the strategic shift from non-violence to 'armed struggle' (sabotage), while emphasizing their initial intent to minimize human casualties, distinguishing their actions from terrorism.
中文： ANC（非洲民族議會）是反對種族隔離制度的主要組織。這句話反映了該組織從非暴力轉向「武裝鬥爭」（破壞活動）的策略轉變，同時強調了他們最初盡可能減少人員傷亡的意圖，這在歷史上被用來區分其行動與恐怖主義。
EN： Passive Voice (be + past participle): Used when the focus is on the recipient of the action rather than the doer. Here, 'was sentenced' emphasizes the legal judgment imposed on Mandela.
中文： 被动语态（be动词 + 过去分词）：用于强调动作的接受者而非执行者。这里使用 'was sentenced' 旨在强调曼德拉所受到的法律判决。
The suspect was arrested by the police last night.
嫌疑犯昨晚被警方逮捕了。
EN： Prepositional Phrase of Reason (for + noun phrase): The preposition 'for' is used to indicate the reason or cause for a punishment or reward.
中文： 表示原因的介词短语（for + 名词短语）：介词 'for' 在此用于说明受罚或获奖的原因或理由。
He was famous for his bravery during the war.
他因在战争期间的英勇表现而闻名。
EN： The 'resistance' refers to the anti-apartheid movement in South Africa. Mandela's sentencing in 1964 occurred during the Rivonia Trial, a pivotal moment in history that eventually led to the end of racial segregation in the country.
中文： 這裡的 'resistance'（反抗運動）指的是南非的反種族隔離運動。曼德拉在 1964 年的判刑發生在著名的「里沃尼亞審判」(Rivonia Trial) 期間，這是歷史上的關鍵時刻，最終促成了該國種族隔離制度的結束。
EN： The preposition 'for' is used to indicate a duration of time, showing how long an action or state lasts. It is often followed by a specific time period.
中文： 介词“for”用于表示一段持续的时间，说明某个动作或状态持续了多久。其后通常接具体的时间长度。
She lived in London for five years before moving to Paris.
在搬到巴黎之前，她在伦敦住了五年。
EN： The past simple tense of the verb 'to be' (was/were) is used here to describe a state or identity that existed in the past and is now finished.
中文： 动词“to be”的过去式（was/were）在此用于描述过去存在但现在已经结束的状态或身份。
He was a famous musician in the 1980s.
他在1980年代是一位著名的音乐家。
EN： Robben Island is a historic site in South Africa where political prisoners, including Nelson Mandela, were held during the apartheid era. The number 46664 became a global symbol for Mandela; it signifies he was the 466th prisoner arrived in 1964.
中文： 羅本島是南非的歷史遺址，在種族隔離時期關押了包括曼德拉在內的政治犯。編號「46664」後來成為曼德拉的全球象徵；這組數字代表他是1964年抵達該島的第466位囚犯。
EN： The structure 'spend + time + V-ing' is used to indicate how someone uses their time. The gerund (V-ing) functions as a complement to describe the activity performed during that period.
中文： 句型“spend + 时间 + V-ing”用于表示某人如何度过时间。动名词（V-ing）在此作补语，描述在该段时间内所从事的活动。
She spent the entire afternoon reading a novel by the window.
她整个下午都在窗边读小说。
EN： Prepositional phrases (e.g., 'in a harsh quarry', 'under the South African sun') act as adverbials of place and condition, providing specific details about where and how the action occurred.
中文： 介词短语（如 'in a harsh quarry'、'under the South African sun'）充当地点和情况状语，提供关于动作发生地点与环境的细节。
They worked hard under the heavy rain to finish the project.
他们在大雨中努力工作以完成这个项目。
EN： The 'harsh quarry' refers to the lime quarry on Robben Island where Mandela and other political prisoners were forced to perform hard labor. The reflection of the sun on the white lime caused permanent damage to Mandela's eyesight, a symbol of the physical toll of his long imprisonment.
中文： 「惡劣的採石場」是指羅本島上的石灰石採石場，曼德拉和其他政治犯曾在那裡被迫從事重體力勞動。陽光在白色石灰石上的反射對曼德拉的視力造成了永久性損傷，這象徵著長期監禁對他身體造成的摧殘。
EN： The 'so + adjective + that' structure is used to express cause and effect. It indicates that a quality (small) is so extreme that it results in a specific consequence.
中文： “so + 形容词 + that”结构用于表达因果关系。它表示某种特质（狭小）达到了极端的程度，从而导致特定的结果。
The music was so loud that I couldn't hear what she was saying.
音乐声太大，以至于我听不见她在说什么。
EN： The phrase 'by + gerund (-ing)' is used to describe the method or means by which an action is performed.
中文： “by + 动名词 (-ing)”短语用于描述执行某个动作的方法或手段。
You can improve your English by practicing every day.
你可以通过每天练习来提高你的英语水平。
EN： This sentence describes the harsh conditions Nelson Mandela faced during his 18-year imprisonment on Robben Island. The small size of the cell (about 2.4m x 2.1m) became a symbol of the physical constraints of apartheid, contrasted with Mandela's mental resilience.
中文： 這句話描述了納爾遜·曼德拉在羅本島服刑 18 年期間所面臨的嚴酷條件。牢房狹小的空間（約 2.4公尺 x 2.1公尺）成為了種族隔離制度下身體束縛的象徵，與曼德拉強大的精神韌性形成鮮明對比。
重要单词附有 IPA 发音、定义、例句和互动式测验。
在本文中： 殖民地的；与殖民制度有关的
在本文中： 不公正；非正义的行为
在本文中： 使蒙羞；羞辱
在本文中： 奉献；致力于
在本文中： （种族、宗教、性别等的）隔离
在本文中： 平等
在本文中： 示威活动；游行
在本文中： 不情愿地；勉强地
在本文中： 蓄意破坏（尤指为政治或军事目的）
在本文中： 判刑；判决
在本文中： 抵抗；反抗运动
在本文中： 采石场
片语包含类型标示、双语定义、用法说明和例句。
To oppose or use effort to stop something bad from happening.
对抗；反对
To start to do or use something, especially because other things have failed.
转向；求助于
To be given a punishment of staying in prison for the rest of one's life.
被判处无期徒刑
To extend one's body or limbs to their full length.
伸展；展开
A business entity formed by one or more lawyers to engage in the practice of law.
律师事务所
Public meetings or marches at which people show that they are protesting against or supporting something.
示威活动
A legal sentence that requires a person to remain in prison for the rest of their natural life.
终身监禁
An organized underground movement fighting against an occupying power or an oppressive government.
反抗运动 / 抵抗组织
A small room in a prison where a prisoner is locked up.
牢房