EN： The idiom 'be set to + infinitive' indicates that an event is scheduled, planned, or highly likely to take place in the near future. It conveys a strong sense of formal preparation or readiness, commonly used in news media and official announcements.
中文： 短语「be set to + 原形动词」表示某事已安排妥当、预计或极有可能在不久的将来发生。常用于新闻报道与官方公告中，带有高度正式筹备与确定性的语气○
The committee is set to release its final report early next month.
该委员会预计于下月初发布最终报告○
EN： The relative clause 'that could permanently ban commercial whaling...' functions as a defining relative clause modifying the antecedent 'a bill'. The modal auxiliary 'could' expresses theoretical possibility or potential future outcome contingent on the bill passing.
中文： 关系子句「that could permanently ban commercial whaling...」为限制性关系子句，修饰先行词「a bill」（法案）○情态助动词「could」在此表推测或潜在可能性，意指若法案通过可能产生的后续结果○
The council approved a measure that could reduce urban traffic congestion by twenty percent.
市议会通过了一项可望使市区交通壅塞减少百分之二十的措施○
EN： Iceland, along with Norway and Japan, is one of the very few nations that have continued commercial whaling despite the 1986 International Whaling Commission (IWC) moratorium. The issue is deeply tied to national sovereignty and maritime heritage in Icelandic politics, making the prospect of a complete legislative ban a significant turning point in international wildlife conservation.
中文： 冰岛与挪威、日本是全球少数在 1986 年国际捕鲸委员会（IWC）商业捕鲸禁令生效后，仍持续进行商业捕鲸的国家。捕鲸议题在冰岛政治中长年与主权、海洋传统及经济自主紧密相连，因此提出永久全面禁令的法案被视为全球野生动物保育史上的重大历史转折。
EN： In formal or journalistic English, conditional clauses with 'if + should' can be inverted by omitting 'if' and placing the auxiliary 'Should' before the subject (e.g., 'If the legislation should pass' becomes 'Should the legislation pass'). This structure conveys a tentative or formal hypothetical condition.
中文： 在正式或新闻英语中，含有「if + should」的条件从句可省略「if」，并将助动词「Should」倒装至主语前（即由「If the legislation should pass」变为「Should the legislation pass」），用以表示较为委婉或假设性偏低的条件情境。
Should negotiations fail, the union will call for an immediate nationwide strike.
谈判若宣告失败，工会将立即发起全国大罢工。
EN： The relative clause 'that still permit...' uses the relative pronoun 'that' (or 'which') to restrictively modify 'nations'. The verb 'permit' takes the structure 'permit + noun phrase (the hunting...)' or 'permit + object + to-infinitive', and here is accompanied by prepositional modifiers specifying the object of hunting ('of marine mammals') and purpose ('for commercial purposes').
中文： 关系从句「that still permit...」使用关系代词「that」修饰先行词「nations」。动词「permit」此处接名词短语「the hunting...」作为受词，并串联介系词短语以进一步修饰对象（「of marine mammals」）及目的（「for commercial purposes」）。
Several member states that enforce strict emissions regulations have already met the treaty targets.
几个执行严格排放法规的成员国已经达成了该条约设定的目标。
EN： Commercial whaling is strictly regulated or banned globally under the International Whaling Commission (IWC) moratorium established in 1986. Only a tiny handful of countries—notably Norway, Japan, and historically Iceland—have continued commercial or scientific whaling, often facing substantial diplomatic, legal, and environmentalist scrutiny.
中文： 国际捕鲸委员会（IWC）自1986年起实施暂停商业捕鲸的禁令。目前全球仅有极少数国家（主要是挪威、日本，以及历来的冰岛）仍坚持进行商业或科研捕鲸活动，这项政策长期面临国际外交、法律及环保组织的强烈检视与争议。
EN： The past participle clause 'driven by...' functions as a non-finite participial modifier, offering additional background or causal information about the noun phrase 'a dramatic shift'. It is an economical, journalistic structure equivalent to 'which has been driven by...'.
中文： 过去分词短语「driven by...」在此作为非限定分词修饰语，修饰前面的名词短语「a dramatic shift」，补充说明促成该转变的原因或背景。这在新闻英语中是一种精简且常见的句型，相当于非限定关系子句「which is/has been driven by...」的简化。
The sudden reform represents a milestone in educational access, fueled by widespread public dissatisfaction.
这项突如其来的改革代表了教育普及化的一座里程碑，受到普遍公众不满的推动。
EN： The correlative conjunction 'both... and...' is used to coordinate two parallel grammatical elements ('domestic' and 'international'), emphasizing inclusion and balance between both modifiers before the noun 'advocacy groups'.
中文： 对等连接词「both... and...」用于连接两个文法结构对等的词汇（此处为形容词 domestic 与 international），用以强调两者并重，共同修饰后方的名词「advocacy groups」。
The initiative received substantial funding from both governmental and private organizations.
该倡议获得了来自政府与民间组织的大笔资金。
EN： Iceland has a contentious, decades-long history with commercial whaling alongside Norway and Japan. In recent years, public opinion within Iceland has pivoted sharply toward marine conservation and ecotourism (such as whale watching), which now generates significantly more revenue than the commercial whaling industry.
中文： 冰岛与挪威、日本并列为全球少数仍允许商业捕鲸的国家。然而近年来，冰岛国内的民意大幅转向海洋保育与生态观光（例如赏鲸业），其产值已远远超过商业捕鲸，因此国内外倡议团体的推动力量正促成这项历史性的政策转变。
EN： The passive idiom 'can be traced to [something]' is used to identify the origin, source, or root cause of a development, idea, or phenomenon. 'Trace' functions as an ergative/transitive verb denoting retrospective historical tracking.
中文： 被动短语“can be traced to [某事]”表示“可追溯至……”，常用于正式或学术文体中探讨某种现象、政策或想法的根源与历史起点。
The origins of modern environmental regulations can be traced to industrial accidents in the mid-twentieth century.
现代环境法规的起源，可追溯至二十世纪中叶的工业事故。
EN： The compound adjective 'government-commissioned' follows the pattern [Noun + Past Participle], indicating an action performed or authorized by the noun (commissioned by the government).
中文： 复合形容词“government-commissioned”采用“名词 + 过去分词”结构，表示被该名词所执行或授权的动作（即“由政府委托的”），能精简句型并提高书面语的信息密度。
A court-appointed expert testified regarding the integrity of the digital evidence.
一位法院指定的专家针对数字证据的完整性出庭作证。
EN： The past participial phrase 'published in 2023' acts as a post-modifying reduced relative clause, equivalent to 'which was published in 2023'.
中文： 过去分词短语“published in 2023”作为后置修饰语，修饰前面的名词“report”，为关系从句“which was published in 2023”的省略简化结构。
The guidelines drafted last year remain subject to international review.
去年起草的指导方针仍须接受国际审查。
EN： In democratic legislative processes, major policy overhauls—particularly on contentious topics like whaling or environmental bans—are frequently preceded by independent or government-commissioned scientific and ethical reports. These findings provide empirical backing and political legitimacy needed to counter entrenched commercial lobbying.
中文： 在民主国家的立法程序中，重大的政策变革（尤其是像捕鲸禁令这类具争议的议题）通常需要仰赖政府或独立机构委托的科学与伦理调查报告作为先导。这些报告能提供具公信力的客观数据与道德正当性，以抵挡既得商业利益团体的反对游说。
EN： Participle clause as an adverbial of result or accompanying circumstance: The present participle phrase ', taking approximately two hours to die' functions as a supplementary clause modifying the preceding clause, indicating the result or duration of the enduring process.
中文： 现在分词短语作结果或伴随状语：逗号后面的「, taking approximately two hours to die」用现在分词形式补充说明前述事件的结果或伴随过程，表示「历时约两小时才死去」，使句型更为紧凑精炼。
The factory emitted toxic fumes into the air, creating severe respiratory hazards for local residents.
工厂向空气中排放有毒烟雾，给当地居民带来了严重的呼吸道危害。
EN： Past participle as a pre-nominal modifier: 'harpooned' is derived from the transitive verb 'harpoon' and functions as an adjective modifying 'whales', implying passive voice ('whales that had been harpooned').
中文： 过去分词作名词前置修饰语：「harpooned」是由及物动词演变而来的过去分词，修饰名词「whales」，表示被动语态，相当于「that were harpooned」（遭到鱼叉射中的鲸鱼）．
The injured hiker waited patiently for the rescue team to arrive.
受伤的登山者耐心等待救援队的到来。
EN： Reporting verb + noun clause complement: 'The findings revealed that...' is a standard objective academic/journalistic pattern where the transitive reporting verb 'reveal' takes a declarative 'that'-clause containing new factual evidence.
中文： 报道动词引导名词子句：常见于新闻与学术英语中，动词「revealed」接续由「that」引导的宾语子句（名词子句），用来客观陈述研究或调查所揭露的事实内容。
Recent studies revealed that microplastics have entered every major marine food web.
近期研究揭示，微塑胶已渗透进各大主要海洋食物链。
EN： Commercial whaling in Iceland has increasingly become a controversial ethical issue. Under Icelandic animal welfare laws, animals killed for human use must be killed as swiftly and painlessly as possible. The revelation from government reports that explosive harpoons often failed to cause instant death—leaving large fin whales to suffer for hours—directly challenged the legality and ethics of the practice under modern animal welfare standards.
中文： 冰岛的商业捕鲸活动近年来引发了巨大的伦理争议。根据冰岛的动物福利法规，为人类利用而宰杀的动物必须尽可能迅速且无痛地被结束生命。政府委托的调查报道披露，爆炸鱼叉往往无法使鲸鱼当场毙命，甚至导致长须鲸痛苦挣扎长达数小时，这直接违反了现代动物福利法规的要求，也成为了推动禁令立法的关键导火线。
EN： Negative/emphatic inversion with 'So + adjective': When 'so + adjective' is placed at the very beginning of a sentence for dramatic emphasis, subject-auxiliary inversion occurs (the verb precedes the subject). The structure is: 'So + adj + be/auxiliary verb + subject + that-clause'.
中文： 「So + 形容词」倒装句：当「so + 形容词」置于句首以加强语气时，主句必须倒装（助动词或 be 动词移至主词前）。其句型结构为「So + 形容词 + be 动词/助动词 + 主词 + that 子句」，表示「如此……以至于……」。
So severe was the storm that all coastal flights were cancelled.
这场暴风雨如此严峻，以至于所有沿海航班都被取消了介。。
EN： Result clause with 'so... that': The conjunction 'that' introduces a subordinate clause expressing the consequence or result of the extreme degree established in the main clause ('So alarming... that...').
中文： 「so... that...」引导的结果副词子句：连接词「that」引导的子句用来说明前述程度极大所导致的后患或影响（「如此……以致于……」）。在正式书面语中，that 通常不可省略介。。
The noise was so loud that nobody could concentrate on their work.
噪音非常大，以致于没有人能专注于工作介。。
EN： In journalism and formal registers, writers often use fronted 'So + adjective' constructions to create dramatic tension and underscore the direct causality between public revelations and governmental actions. In Iceland's whaling debate, the 2023 veterinary report revealed that some harpooned whales took up to two hours to die, prompting an immediate intervention under animal welfare regulations.
中文： 在新闻报道与正式书面文体中，常利用「So + 形容词」置首的倒装句型来营造戏剧张力，并凸显调查结果对政府决策的直接震撼效果。冰岛捕鲸争议中，2023年的官方兽医调查发现鲸鱼中叉后挣扎长达两小时方才死亡，引发公众强烈反弹，促使当局以违反动物福利为由罕见地紧急下达禁令。
EN： The sentence features compound predicates sharing the same subject: 'Iceland's Minister of Industries, Hanna Katrin Fridriksson' is followed by two coordinated past-tense verbs, 'argued [that...]' and 'emphasized [her support...]'. Coordinated predicate structures streamline discourse without repeating the formal subject.
中文： 本句采用共用主词的复合谓语结构：主词「Iceland's Minister of Industries, Hanna Katrin Fridriksson」（冰岛产业部长汉娜·凯特琳·弗里德里克森）同时统摄由对等连接词 and 连接的两个过去式谓语动词：「argued [that...]」（主张……）与「emphasized [her support...]」（强调……对……的支持），避免重复主词并提升行文流畅度。
The committee reviewed the environmental proposal and recommended several strict amendments.
委员会审查了该项环保提案，并建议进行几项严格的修订。。
EN： Apposition occurs when two noun phrases are placed side by side so that the second clarifies or identifies the first. Here, 'Hanna Katrin Fridriksson' is an appositive naming 'Iceland's Minister of Industries'. Non-restrictive appositives are enclosed in commas and provide supplemental identification.
中文： 同位语（Apposition）是指将两个名词短语并列放置，后者用以具体说明或指称前者。在此处，「Hanna Katrin Fridriksson」作为非限制性同位语，用逗号隔开，明确点出「Iceland's Minister of Industries」（冰岛产业部长）的具体姓名。
The chief executive officer, Sarah Jenkins, announced her resignation at yesterday's press conference.
执行长莎拉·詹金斯在昨天的记者会上宣布辞职。
EN： The phrase 'support for ending the practice' uses the preposition 'for' followed by a gerund clause ('ending the practice entirely'). When prepositions are followed by actions, the verb must take the gerund (-ing) form.
中文： 片语「support for ending the practice」展示了介系词后接动名词短语的典型用法。介系词（如 for）后若要表达动作行为，该动词必须转化为动名词（-ing 形状），在此处「ending」受词为「the practice」，副词「entirely」修饰动名词。
Public support for transitioning to renewable energy has reached record levels.
公众对转型至再生能源的支持已达到历史新高。
EN： Commercial whaling has historically been a significant cultural and economic staple in Iceland, deeply intertwined with national maritime identity. However, changing domestic public opinion, heightened scrutiny over animal welfare, and international pressure have led Icelandic political leaders to reassess its viability, transforming what was once an untouchable tradition into an increasingly contested environmental policy issue.
中文： 在冰岛，商业捕鲸在历史上曾是重要的经济与文化支柱，与其海洋民族身份认同密切相关。然而，随着冰岛国内民意转向、对动物福利审查日益严格，以及来自国际社会的巨大压力，冰岛政坛高层开始重新评估其存续合理性，使得这项昔日被视为传统的行业转变为高度争议的环保政策议题。
EN： The structure 'describe [something] as [something]' is used to state what character, quality, or role is attributed to a person, object, or event. Here, 'as' functions as a preposition introducing an object complement.
中文： 动词句型「describe + 受词 + as + 名词/形容词」表示「将……形容/描绘为……」，介词「as」在此引导宾语补语，用以说明宾语的性质、特征或地位。
Critics described the new policy as a desperate attempt to regain public trust.
评论家将这项新政策形容为挽回公众信任的孤注一掷之举。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'of [organization]' immediately following a person's name indicates affiliation or organizational representation, common in journalistic and formal registers.
中文： 在人名后紧接介词短语「of + 机构/组织名称」，用来表明该人士的所属机构、职务归属或代表身份，是新闻报道与正式写作中常见的精炼用法。
Dr. Aris of the World Health Organization briefed reporters this morning.
世界卫生组织的阿里斯博士今天上午向记者进行了简报。
EN： In environmental policy and international journalism, the term 'milestone' specifically signals a turning point in ongoing negotiations or legislation, often used by advocacy groups like Humane World for Animals (an international animal welfare NGO) to highlight progress while maintaining pressure on governments.
中文： 在环境政策与国际新闻报道中，「milestone」（里程碑）一词常用于标志长期协商或立法过程中的关键突破。动保组织如「人道世界保护动物协会」常以此词肯定正面变革，同时以此塑造舆论，促使政府落实法案。
EN： The reporting verb 'caution' can take a 'that'-clause to introduce a warning, reservation, or condition. Notice the parenthetical adverb 'however' inserted between the reporting verb and the conjunction 'that', framed by commas to create a pause and signal contrast with previous statements.
中文： 转述动词「caution」（告诫、提醒）后可接「that」引导的名词子句作为宾语，用以提出警告、保留意见或附加条件。句中将副词「however」作为插入语置于主要动词与「that」之间，并以逗号隔开，营造转折与停顿语气，凸显与前文不同或需谨慎看待的角度。
He cautioned, nevertheless, that economic recovery would take several years.
尽管如此，他仍告诫表示经济复苏需要数年时间。
EN： The modal passive 'must be considered' combines the modal auxiliary of necessity 'must' with the passive infinitive 'be + past participle'. It emphasizes the action and necessity of deliberation while keeping the agent implicit and objective, a standard feature of formal news and academic registers.
中文： 情态被动语态「must be considered」结合了表示必要性的情态助动词「must」与被动式「be + 过去分词」。此结构将重点放在审酌行动的必要性上，而隐去具体的执行主体，呈现出客观、严谨的正式新闻与学术语体风格。
All potential risks must be evaluated before finalizing the contract.
在敲定合约之前，必须评估所有潜在风险。
EN： In the subordinate time clause 'before the legislation can succeed', 'before' functions as a temporal conjunction introducing a condition prerequisite to success. The modal 'can' denotes potentiality or ability within an eventual outcome.
中文： 在时间副词子句「before the legislation can succeed」中，「before」作为从属连接词，引导法案成功前必须达成的先决条件或时间点；助动词「can」则表达未来实现成功目标的可能性与能力介。
Extensive testing is required before the new vaccine can be approved.
在新型疫苗得以获得批准之前，需要进行广泛的测试介。
EN： In legislative and environmental policy reporting, animal welfare debates often cite 'veterinary' evidence specifically. This refers to scientific post-mortem assessments of prolonged suffering, such as the time it takes for marine mammals to die after being struck by explosive harpoons, serving as objective legal and regulatory benchmarks rather than purely emotional appeals.
中文： 在立法与环境政策的正式报道中，动物福祉倡议常特别援引“兽医学（veterinary）”证据。这指的是针对动物痛苦持续时间的科学病理评估（例如鲸鱼在被爆炸鱼叉击中后需耗时两小时方死亡的验尸与监测数据），此类客观科学评估常被作为修法与政策辩论的关键法定标准，而非仅止于感性诉求。
EN： The reporting verb 'contended' introduces a declarative content clause (that-clause) functioning as the direct object. 'Contend that...' is an advanced formal reporting frame used to state an argument or assertion strongly, often in a debate or persuasive context.
中文： 转述动词“contended”引导一个表示论点的 that 名词从句，作为主要从句的宾语。“contend that...”为高阶正式书面语，，常用于辩论或政策论述中，表达坚定主张或提出强烈论点。
Scholars contend that climate change will exacerbate global economic disparities.
学者们主张，气候变化将会加剧全球经济的不平等。
EN： The phrase 'killed by an exploding harpoon' is a reduced relative clause (passive participial phrase) modifying 'every whale'. It is structurally equivalent to 'that is killed by an exploding harpoon'. Note that 'exploding' is a present participle used as an adjective modifying 'harpoon'.
中文： 短语“killed by an exploding harpoon”为过去分词短语（简化形容词从句），用以修饰主语“every whale”，相当于“that is killed by an exploding harpoon”。其中“exploding”为现在分词转化之形容词，修饰名词“harpoon”。
Any artifact unearthed by the archaeological team must be cataloged immediately.
考古团队出土的任何文物都必须立即编目。
EN： The linking/copular verb 'constitutes' means 'is considered to be' or 'amounts to', followed by a predicate noun phrase 'a tragic and needless loss of life'. Within this phrase, 'loss of life' is further qualified by the prepositional phrase 'for an industry...', which itself contains a restrictive relative clause 'that serves no legitimate purpose'.
中文： 动词“constitutes”在此作连系动词用，意为“构成、等同”，后接名词宾语／补语“a tragic and needless loss of life”。其后再用介词短语“for an industry...”做限制修饰，该宾语 industry 又由关系代词从句“that serves no legitimate purpose”进一步限定。
Failure to comply with safety regulations constitutes a severe violation of federal law.
未能遵守安全规范等同于严重违反联邦法律。
EN： Modern commercial whaling often utilizes explosive harpoons (grenade harpoons) designed to detonate inside the whale to cause rapid death. However, international animal welfare groups and veterinary assessments frequently criticize the method, reporting that many animals experience protracted, agonizing deaths lasting hours. This ethical debate plays a central role in Iceland's transition toward banning the hunt.
中文： 现代商业捕鲸常使用「爆炸鱼叉」（grenade harpoons），其设计原理是在鱼叉刺入鲸鱼体内后引爆，以期迅速致死。然而，国际动物福利组织与兽医学界长期抨击此手法，指出大量鲸鱼在被击后中仍经历长达数小时的痛苦挣扎，此人道与伦理争议正是冰岛国内推动永久立法禁止捕鲸的核心关键。
EN： The past perfect passive construction ('had been' + past participle) indicates that an action was completed before a specific reference point in the past (here, 'by early September this year'), with the grammatical subject receiving the action.
中文： 过去完成被动式（had been + 过去分词）用来表示在某个过去特定时间点（在此为「by early September this year」）之前就已经完成的被动动作，强调主语是动作的承受者。。
By the time inspectors arrived, dozens of illicit traps had been confiscated along the coast.
在督察人员抵达之前，沿海已有数十个非法陷阱遭到没收。。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'up to' functions as an adverbial quantifier meaning 'as many as' or 'to the maximum limit of', used here to emphasize the high upper boundary of the count.
中文： 介词短语「up to」在此作副词性数量修饰语，意思是「高达」或「上限至」，用以强调估算数量之多或达到的最高上限。。
Up to five hundred volunteers joined the beach cleanup campaign over the weekend.
周末期间有多达五百名志工加入了净滩活动。。
EN： 'By' followed by a time expression indicates a deadline or a point in time before or not later than which an action culminated, frequently triggering perfect tenses.
中文： 介词「by」后接时间表达时，表示「在……之前」或「截至……为止」，常搭配完成时态使用，强调动作在该时间点前已累积或完成。
The committee had finalized the environmental report by mid-afternoon.
委员会在下午中旬之前便已敲定了该份环境报告。
EN： The fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) is the second-largest mammal on Earth and is classified as vulnerable internationally. Icelandic commercial whaling has long faced fierce resistance from international animal advocacy groups such as Humane World for Animals, which routinely monitor quotas and catch statistics during the seasonal hunt to influence global conservation policy.
中文： 长须鲸（fin whale）是地球上体型仅次于蓝鲸的第二大哺乳动物，国际上被列为易危物种。冰岛的商业捕鲸活动长期受到「人道世界保护动物协会」等国际动保组织的强烈抨击，这类非政府组织通常会在捕猎季节严密监控捕捞额度与实际数据，以此向国际社会及冰岛当局施压推动禁令。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses are set off by commas and provide supplementary, non-essential information about the noun phrase they modify ('The annual hunting season'). The relative pronoun 'which' acts as the subject of the clause, followed immediately by the verb 'runs'. Notice that 'that' cannot be used in a non-defining relative clause.
中文： 非限定关系子句（non-defining relative clause）使用逗号隔开，用来对所修饰的名词短语（在此为 'The annual hunting season'）补充说明非必要的额外信息。关系代名词 'which' 在子句中担任主语，紧接著动词 'runs'。请注意，非限定关系子句中不可用 'that' 代替 'which'。
The migratory period, which begins in late autumn, attracts ornithologists from around the world.
始于深秋的迁徙期，吸引了来自世界各地的鸟类学家。
EN： The preposition 'through' is used in American English (and widely in international news style) to denote inclusivity across a time span, meaning 'from June up to and including September'. In British English, this is often expressed as 'from June to September inclusive'.
中文： 介系词 'through' 在美式英语及国际新闻文体中常表示「涵盖整个时间段至……结束为止」，即「从六月开始，一直包含整个九月」。英式英语中通常表述为 'from June to September inclusive'。
Registration remains open from Monday through Friday.
注册手续从周一持续开放至周五（含周五）。
EN： The phrase 'up to' functions as a prepositional/numerical modifier signifying an upper ceiling or limit ('a maximum of'). It modifies the following numeral ('one hundred and fifty') rather than the head noun directly.
中文： 片语 'up to' 作为前置介系词/数量修饰语，表示数量或程度的上限（相当于 'at most' 或 'a maximum of'），意为「高达……」、「至多……」。它在此处直接修饰后方的数词 'one hundred and fifty'。
The auditorium can accommodate up to five hundred attendees.
该礼堂最多可容纳高达五百名与会者。
EN： Whaling quotas in Iceland are historically set by the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Fisheries, balancing economic interests with international scrutiny from the International Whaling Commission (IWC) and environmental groups. The explicit mention of a maximum quota ('up to one hundred and fifty animals') underscores regulatory control over fin whale hunting during the short Arctic summer season.
中文： 冰岛的捕鲸配额历来由其食品、农业和渔业部制定，力求在传统商业利益与国际捕鲸委员会（IWC）及环保团体的监督之间取得平衡。句中明确指出法定配额上限（「高达一百五十头动物」），体现了政府在短暂的北极夏季狩猎期间对长须鲸捕杀量的严格监管。
EN： The phrase 'notably the second-largest creatures on Earth' acts as a non-restrictive appositive noun phrase set off by commas. It provides supplementary, parenthetical information about the subject ('Fin whales') without restricting its meaning. The adverb 'notably' emphasizes this prominent and well-known characteristic.
中文： 短语「notably the second-largest creatures on Earth」作为非限定同位语名词短语，两侧用逗号隔开它为句子的主语「Fin whales」（长须鲸）补充说明背景信息，并不影响主语本身的限定范围；副词「notably」（值得注意的是、尤其是）则用来突显该特征的显著性。
Lake Baikal, famously the deepest lake in the world, holds roughly twenty percent of the globe's unfrozen surface freshwater.
贝加尔湖闻名于世为全球最深的湖泊，储存了全球约百分之二十未结冰的地表淡水。
EN： The present perfect construction 'have long been' combines the present perfect tense ('have been') with the adverb 'long' (meaning 'for a long time'). It denotes a continuous state or ongoing condition that began in the past and persists into the present moment, typically used with stative verbs to express duration.
中文： 「have long been」结构结合了现在完成式（have been）与时间副词「long」（长久以来），用以表达从过去某个时间点开始并一直持续至今的持续性状态或情况，常与状态动词连用以强调时间的长久性。
Renewable energy sources have long been considered a key solution to mitigating climate change.
长久以来，再生能源一直被视为缓解气候变迁的关键解决方案。
EN： The compound modifier 'second-largest' uses hyphenation to link an ordinal number with a superlative adjective, creating a precise ranking modifier. Such hyphenated compounds are standard before nouns (e.g., 'third-highest peak', 'second-fastest runner').
中文： 复合修饰语「second-largest」透过连字号将序数词与最高级形容词连结，形成表示精确名次的修饰语当此类复合词置于名词前作定语时，，按规范须加连字号（例如：third-highest peak 第三高峰、second-fastest runner 第二快的跑者）。
Canada is the second-largest country by total area, trailing only Russia.
加拿大按总面积计算是第二大国家，仅次于俄罗斯。
EN： Fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) are classified as Vulnerable by the IUCN, having suffered catastrophic population declines during twentieth-century commercial whaling. Iceland has historically been one of very few nations maintaining a commercial fin whale hunt under an objection to the 1986 International Whaling Commission (IWC) moratorium, making Icelandic whaling a prominent flashpoint in global environmental diplomacy.
中文： 长须鲸（Balaenoptera physalus）已被国际自然保护联盟（IUCN）列为易危物种，在20世纪的商业捕鲸活动中数量锐减。冰岛在历史上是少数对1986年国际捕鲸委员会（IWC）商业捕鲸禁令提出异议并持续进行商业捕鲸的国家之一，这使得冰岛的捕鲸配额长久以来都是全球环境外交与跨国动保组织高度角力的核心争端之一。
EN： Inverted conditional clause with 'were to': In formal or written English, the conditional 'if' can be omitted by inverting the subject and the auxiliary verb 'were'. The structure 'Were + subject + to-infinitive' expresses a hypothetical or unlikely future condition, equivalent to 'If + subject + were to + verb'.
中文： 使用「were to」的倒装假设句：在正式或书面英语中，可以省略条件句的「if」，并将主语与助动词「were」倒装。结构「Were + 主语 + 不定词 (to-V)」用来表示对未来假设性、可能性较低或正式委婉的假想，等同于「If + 主语 + were to + 原形动词」。
Were the government to raise taxes again, public dissatisfaction would inevitably escalate.
倘若政府再次增税，大众的不满情绪势必会升温。
EN： The noun phrase 'effort to + infinitive': The abstract noun 'effort' is frequently followed by a to-infinitive to specify the intended goal or action of the effort. Here, 'the global effort to protect...' functions as a complex noun phrase acting as the object of the preposition 'in'.
中文： 名词「effort + 不定词」的搭配：抽象名词「effort」（努力、行动）常接不定词（to-V）作同位或后位修饰，用以具体说明该努力的目标。在此句中，「the global effort to protect...」构成复合名词片语，担任介系词「in」的受词。
She dedicated her life to the international effort to eradicate poverty.
她毕生致力于国际间消除贫困的努力。
EN： Commercial whaling has long been deeply controversial globally. Iceland, along with Norway and Japan, has historically been one of the very few countries continuing commercial whale hunts despite the International Whaling Commission's (IWC) 1986 moratorium. Iceland's legislative move towards an outright ban reflects increasing international pressure and a domestic economic pivot toward ecotourism, notably whale watching, which has proven far more lucrative and culturally accepted than whaling.
中文： 商业捕鲸在全球长期饱受争议。尽管国际捕鲸委员会（IWC）早在 1986 年就实施了商业捕鲸暂停令，冰岛与挪威、日本仍是少数坚持从事商业猎捕的国家。冰岛推动立法全面禁止捕鲸，反映出国际社会与动保团体的压力，同时也体现了国内经济重心的转移——赏鲸生态旅游的经济收益与社会接受度已远远超越了传统捕鲸业。
重要单词附有 IPA 发音、定义、例句和互动式测验。
在本文中： 法規、法律；立法
在本文中： 倡導、擁護、提倡
在本文中： 推動力、刺激、動機
在本文中： 長期的、持續很久的
在本文中： 令人信服的、強烈且具說服力的
在本文中： 構成、被視為
在本文中： 合法的、正當合理的
在本文中： 配額、限額
在本文中： 制定、頒布（法律或禁令）
在本文中： 關鍵的、決定性的
片语包含类型标示、双语定义、用法说明和例句。
The practice of hunting and killing whales for profit or trade, rather than for subsistence or scientific research.
商业捕鲸
The waters under the sovereign jurisdiction of a nation or state, typically extending up to 12 nautical miles from the coast.
领海
To originate from or be attributed to a specific source or cause.
追溯至、源自于
A time at which an important change in a situation occurs, especially one with significant consequences.
转捩点、分水岭
The central point of attention or interest in a discussion, debate, or visual space.
焦点、核心所在