EN： The reporting clause ('scientists have asserted') is placed at the end of the sentence as an end-weight or attribution tag, which is very common in journalistic writing. This fronting of the direct/reported finding emphasizes the substantive claim before citing the source.
中文： 新闻报道中常将引用子句（如「scientists have asserted」）置于句末作为后置归属标签。这种将重要事实或发现前置的结构，能优先突显核心信息，随后再标明消息来源以增强客观性。
Renewable energy can reliably power modern economies, leading analysts have argued.
领先的分析师主张，可再生能源确实能为现代经济体系提供可靠的动力。
EN： The adverb 'indeed' is used here for emphatic affirmation, validating a prior doubt or debate. Combined with the passive modal construction 'can be reversed', it strongly asserts the feasibility of halting ecological loss.
中文： 副词「indeed」在此用作强调肯定，正面回应先前的质疑或争辩。与情态动词被动语态「can be reversed」结合时，强烈确立了扭转生态损失的可行性。
Strict enforcement shows that corruption can indeed be curtailed.
严格执法表明，腐败确实可以被遏制。
EN： 'Comeback' originally stems from sports and theater, referring to a dramatic return to success after a period of failure or absence. In environmental journalism, it has been widely adopted to describe species recovering from near-extinction, infusing technical conservation biology with a narrative of triumph and resilience.
中文： 「Comeback」原本多用于体育或演艺界，指在沉寂或落败后戏剧性地「东山再起」或「重返巅峰」。在当代环保新闻中，此词被广泛借用来形容濒危物种数量的显著回升，赋予严肃的保育生态学一种振奋人心的叙事力量。
EN： The structure 'be + to-infinitive' (here in the passive: 'is to be averted') is a formal construction expressing purpose, condition, destiny, or obligation. In conditional clauses introduced by 'if', it often translates to 'if [something] is to happen/be achieved', indicating a prerequisite or desired outcome.
中文： 「be + 不定词」（此处为被动形式「is to be averted」）为正式文体结构，用于表达目的、先决条件、命运或义务。在以 if 引导的条件子句中，常用于表示「若要达成某事 / 若某事要被实现」，强调达成目标所必需的前提条件。
Strict regulations must be enforced if environmental degradation is to be halted.
若要遏制环境恶化，就必须严格执行相关法规。
EN： The verb 'caution' can take a 'that'-noun clause as its direct object ('caution that...'), functioning similarly to 'warn that'. It typically describes authoritative bodies or experts delivering formal caveats or warnings about serious future consequences.
中文： 动词「caution」可接 that 名词子句作受词（caution that...），用法与「warn that」相仿，多见于正式或新闻语境中，表示权威机构或专家提出严正告诫或警示。
Economists caution that inflation may surge again before stabilizing.
经济学家警告，通胀在稳定之前可能会再度飙升。
EN： In climate and ecological science, 'tipping point' originally referred to an irreversible threshold leading to catastrophic environmental breakdown. Recently, sustainability scientists and policymakers have popularized the counter-concept 'positive tipping point'—a catalytic socio-economic shift where sustainable practices become self-propelling and rapidly displace destructive ones.
中文： 在气候与生态科学中，「tipping point」（临界点 / 转折点）原多指生态系统跨越后便无法挽回的灾难性门槛。近年来，环境科学家与政策制定者延伸出「positive tipping point」（正向临界点／正向转折点）的新概念，指透过催化性的社会经济变革，使永续模式能自主加速推进并迅速取代破坏性旧模式。
EN： The sentence begins with a perfect participle clause ('Having analysed...'). A perfect participle (having + past participle) emphasizes that an action was completed before the action in the main clause ('found') took place. The implied subject of this participial clause must logically match the subject of the main clause ('the World Wildlife Fund').
中文： 句首使用了完成分词从句（'Having analysed...'）。完成分词（having + 过去分词）强调该动作在主句动作（'found'）发生之前已经完成。分词从句的逻辑主语必须与主句主语（'世界自然基金会'）保持一致。
Having reviewed the financial reports, the committee decided to approve the annual budget.
在审阅了财务报告后，委员会决定批准年度预算。
EN： The preposition 'by' is used following change/movement verbs (such as 'plummet', 'drop', 'increase', 'rise') to indicate the specific margin or degree of change. In contrast, 'to' would indicate the final end point.
中文： 在表示增减变化的动词（如 'plummet'、'drop'、'increase'、'rise'）后，介词 'by' 用于表示变化的「幅度」或「差额」；而 'to' 则表示变化后的「最终结果数值」。
The company's profits plummeted by 40% due to supply chain disruptions.
由于供应链中断，该公司的利润骤降了 40%。
EN： The present perfect tense ('have plummeted') paired with 'since 1970' indicates an action that started at a specific point in the past (1970) and continues to have relevance or effect up to the present moment.
中文： 现在完成式（'have plummeted'）与时间介词短语 'since 1970' 连用，表示动作始于过去特定的时间点（1970年），并持续累积或对现在仍有深远的影响与关联。
Global surface temperatures have steadily increased since the beginning of the industrial era.
自工业时代开始以来，全球地表温度持续稳定上升。
EN： The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) publishes its landmark 'Living Planet Report' biennially. The 1970 baseline is globally recognized in environmental science as the benchmark year for the Living Planet Index (LPI), tracking trends in global biodiversity. When reporting science news, British and international journalism commonly utilizes terms like 'plummet' to convey urgency and crisis backed by hard statistical data.
中文： 世界自然基金会（WWF）每两年发布一次具里程碑意义的《地球生命力报告》（Living Planet Report）。1970 年是国际环境科学中公认的基准年份，用于计算“地球生命力指数”（Living Planet Index, LPI），以长期监测全球生物多样性。国际权威媒体在报道科学数据时，常使用如 'plummet' 等具冲击力的词汇，以客观数据唤起全球对生态危机的急迫关注。
EN： Negative inversion occurs when a negative or restrictive phrase (such as 'Not only') is placed at the beginning of a clause for rhetorical emphasis. The auxiliary verb ('does') precedes the subject ('this decline'), mirroring interrogative word order.
中文： 否定词倒装（Negative Inversion）：当否定或限制性副词短语（如「Not only」）置于句首以达修辞加强语气效果时，句子须采倒装结构，助动词（does）移至主语（this decline）之前，结构类似一般疑问句。
Not only did she complete the project ahead of schedule, but she also exceeded all performance targets.
她不仅提前完成了专案，而且还超越了所有绩效目标。
EN： The correlative conjunction 'Not only..., but (it) also...' links two parallel independent clauses or predicates to introduce two additive, often escalating, facts. When the clauses have distinct subjects or structures, subject pronouns (like 'it') are retained in the second clause.
中文： 对等关联连接词「Not only..., but (also)...」（不仅……而且……）用以连接两个具递进关系的从句或谓语。当前后从句结构完整或强调主语时，第二从句常保留主语代词（如 it）。
Not only is solar energy renewable, but it also significantly reduces carbon emissions.
太阳能不仅是可再生能源，而且还能显著减少碳排放。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses can be introduced by quantifier phrases followed by 'of which' (or 'of whom') to specify a proportion of the preceding noun. Here, 'roughly half of which' refers back to 'the global economy' and adds supplemental descriptive detail without restricting the antecedent.
中文： 「数量词 / 比例词 + of which / whom」引导的非限定关系从句：此结构用于对先行词（此处为 the global economy）进行数量或比例上的补充说明，修饰整体的一部分，前后常以逗号隔开。
The company launched three new initiatives, two of which have already proven successful.
该公司启动了三项新倡议，其中两项已被证明非常成功。
EN： The term 'nature's services' (more formally known in policy and economics as 'ecosystem services') refers to the varied benefits to humans provided by the natural environment, such as clean water, pollination, carbon sequestration, and soil fertility. Quantifying the global economy's dependency on nature—often cited by organizations like the World Economic Forum as roughly $44 trillion (over half of global GDP)—has become a prominent rhetorical strategy to persuade financial and governmental leaders to take biodiversity loss seriously.
中文： 「大自然的生态服务」（nature's services，在经济与环境政策领域通称为「生态系服务」ecosystem services）指自然界免费提供给人类的多种生存与经济效益，如水质净化、昆虫授粉、碳汇与土壤肥力。近年国际组织（如世界经济论坛）常引用「全球有一半以上 GDP 依赖自然生态」此一经济数据，将生物多样性丧失转化为直接的经济金融风险，以促使各国政府与企业决策层采取行动。
EN： The absolute structure 'with + noun phrase + participle (V-ing)' is used as an adverbial modifier of circumstance or elaboration, providing specific details that support the main clause.
中文： 「with + 名词短语 + 现在分词 (V-ing)」构成的独立主格/伴随状态结构，在此作为状语修饰前方的句子，用以补充说明热带地区数量锐减的具体细节。
Deforestation escalated last year, with agricultural expansion driving most of the tree loss.
去年森林砍伐加剧，其中农业扩张是造成大部分树木流失的主要原因。
EN： The reduced comparative phrase 'compared with [X]' functions as an elliptical adverbial clause modifying the preceding statistic (95%), contrasting different data points concisely without repeating the subject and verb.
中文： 过去分词短语「compared with...」构成简缩对比状语，修饰前面的数据（95%），以精简形式进行横向数据对比，省去了重复的主语与动词。
Sales surged by 40% in North America, compared with just 10% in East Asia.
北美市场的销售额激增了 40%，相比之下，东亚市场仅增长了 10%。
EN： The superlative adjective 'steepest' is used metaphorically to describe the sharpest decline or most drastic rate of reduction, functioning here as a subject complement following the linking verb 'were'.
中文： 最高级形容词「steepest」（最陡峭的）在此处引申为「下降幅度最大的、最剧烈的」，在连缀动词「were」之后作主语补语。
Inflation was steepest in energy and food sectors during the winter months.
在冬季几个月中，能源与食品领域的通胀率上升得最为剧烈。
EN： The sharp disparity in biodiversity loss between tropical and temperate zones highlights global environmental injustice: biodiversity-rich developing regions (such as Latin America and Africa) suffer greater ecological degradation driven largely by global commodity supply chains catering to industrialized nations.
中文： 热带与温带地区生物多样性流失幅度的巨大落差（拉丁美洲达 95%，而欧洲和中亚仅 23%），反映了全球生态不平等的现实。热带发展中地区物种极为丰富，却承受了最严重的生态破坏，其背后的驱动力很大程度来自满足全球与工业化国家消费的大宗农产品贸易。
EN： The present participle clause 'prompting...' acts as an adverbial clause of result (subsequent action/consequence), modifying the entire preceding clause. In advanced writing, non-finite clauses introduced by '-ing' (like prompting, leading to, resulting in) are frequently used to express smooth causal progression.
中文： 现在分词子句「prompting...」在此充当结果状语，修饰前方整个主要子句所描述的情况。在高阶英语写作中，以「-ing」分词结构（如 prompting、leading to、causing）表达自然发生的结果或后续反应，能使行文更为紧凑流畅。
Severe storms flooded the coastal plains, forcing thousands of residents to evacuate immediately.
强烈风暴淹没了沿海平原，迫使数千名居民立即撤离。
EN： The verb 'urge' belongs to verbs of demand, recommendation, or urgency (mandative subjunctive), requiring a 'that'-clause where the verb appears in the base form ('be fundamentally reformed'), omitting 'should' in standard formal English.
中文： 动词「urge」（敦促、强烈呼吁）属于表示要求、建议或命令的词类，其后接续的 that 子句须使用虚拟语气（Mandative Subjunctive，动词必须用原形动词（在此为被动语态的「be fundamentally reformed」），美式或正式文体中通常省略「should」。
Health authorities urge that strict hygiene measures be implemented across all hospitals.
卫生主管机关强烈敦促所有医院落实严格的卫生措施。
EN： The intransitive verb 'fare' means 'to perform, get on, or experience a particular state of fortune' (often paired with adverbs like well, badly, worst). The phrase 'fare worst of all' expresses that this specific category experienced the most severe negative impact relative to all others.
中文： 不及物动词「fare」意为「进展、遭遇、处境如何」，常与 well、badly、better、worst 等副词连用。「fare worst of all」表示在所有受比较的对象当中情况最糟、受创最深。
Independent retailers fared better than expected during the economic downturn.
独立零售商在经济低迷时期的处境比预期要好。
EN： In global environmental science discourse, 'food systems' encompasses everything from land clearing, agriculture, and water extraction to chemical runoff and food waste. According to major UN and WWF reports, agricultural expansion and water diversion are the primary drivers of freshwater biodiversity loss, making food system reform central to climate and nature summits.
中文： 在国际环境科学倡议中，「food systems（粮食系统）」是一个涵盖极广的术语，包括农地开垦、农业引水、化学农药流入水系乃至粮食浪费等全产业链。联合国与世界自然基金会的报告均指出，农业扩张与水资源掠夺是造成淡水物种濒危的首要推手，因此「粮食系统改革」已成为当代国际气候与生态峰会的核心治理议题。
重要单词附有 IPA 发音、定义、例句和互动式测验。
在本文中： 復甦；重整旗鼓；捲土重來
在本文中： 斷言；堅稱；肯定地指出
在本文中： 具有重大里程碑意義的；具突破性的
在本文中： 避免；防止（災難等）
在本文中： 暴跌；急遽下降
在本文中： 脊椎動物
在本文中： 危害；使處於險境
在本文中： （升降幅度）急遽的；過大的
在本文中： 進展；遭遇；過活
在本文中： 不可逆轉的；無法挽回的
片语包含类型标示、双语定义、用法说明和例句。
The critical point in a situation, process, or system beyond which a significant and often unstoppable effect or change takes place.
临界点；转折点
A catastrophic and drastic loss of species diversity within an ecosystem or across the planet.
生物多样性崩溃
The benefits and resources provided by natural ecosystems that support human life and economic activity (also known as ecosystem services).
自然资源服务；生态系统服务
To experience the poorest outcome or suffer the most damage compared to others in a group.
处境最为悲惨；受创最严重