EN： The participle clause ', committing...' functions as a non-finite supplementary adjunct modifying the main clause. It indicates an accompanying action or immediate consequence of the primary action (launching the programme), providing elaboration without needing a coordinating conjunction like 'and'.
中文： 分词子句「, committing...」作为非限定补充修饰语，修饰主要子句。它表示伴随状况或主行动（启动该计划）所带来的直接行动与结果，使行文更为紧凑精炼，无需使用连接词「and」。
The government introduced a comprehensive reform package, allocating billions of dollars to primary healthcare.
政府推出了一套全面的改革方案，拨款数十亿美元用于基层医疗卫生。
EN： The past participial phrase 'widely regarded as outdated' acts as a postpositive adjective modifier qualifying the noun phrase 'an electricity grid'. It is an elliptical form of a relative clause ('which is widely regarded as outdated'), commonly used in formal journalism for conciseness.
中文： 过去分词短语「widely regarded as outdated」作为后位修饰语，修饰先行词名词短语「an electricity grid」。它是关系子句「which is widely regarded as outdated」的省略结构，广泛运用于正式新闻报道以达到精简与客观的效果。
The committee reviewed an energy policy widely regarded as ineffective by environmentalists.
委员会审查了一项被环保人士广泛认为无效的能源政策。
EN： The superlative construction 'one of + superlative adjective + plural countable noun' (one of its most ambitious infrastructure programmes) denotes membership in a select high-ranking group. Note that while the noun following 'of' is plural ('programmes'), the grammatical head remains the singular pronoun 'one'.
中文： 最高级结构「one of + 最高级形容词 + 复数可数名词」（one of its most ambitious infrastructure programmes）用以表示属于特定顶尖范畴中的一员。需注意「of」后面的名词必须使用复数（programmes），但整体名词短语的核心词依然是单数代词「one」。
This is one of the most significant diplomatic breakthroughs achieved this century.
这是本世纪取得的最重大的外交突破之一。
EN： In British English, 'programme' is the standard spelling for a planned series of events or projects (in contrast to American 'program', which British English reserves almost exclusively for computer software). Additionally, Britain's electricity grid (the National Grid) was largely laid out in the mid-20th century; modernising it to accommodate decentralised renewables like offshore wind is currently one of the UK's most heated public policy debates.
中文： 在英式英语中，「programme」是用于各类规划案、活动或政府计划的标准拼法（美式英语通常一律作「program」，英式则仅在电脑软件程式时使用 program）。此外，英国的国家电网（National Grid）大体建于 20 世纪中叶；为了容纳离岸风电等分散式再生能源而推动的电网现代化，目前是英国公共政策中最关键且广受争论的重大议题之一。
EN： Multiplicative comparative structure: 'X times more [noun] than [clause]'. In advanced comparative clauses, 'than' can function pseudo-relatively or take an elliptical/passive clause directly (e.g., 'than was built' instead of 'than what was built' or 'than that which was built'). Here, 'was built' acts without an overt subject pronoun, an elegant stylistic feature common in formal English.
中文： 倍数比较句型「X times more [名词] than [子句]」。在进阶英文中，than 引导的比较子句常省略虚拟主语或关系代词，形成「than was built」结构（相当于 than what was built），使语句在正式文体中更显洗炼、精准。
The company generated three times more revenue this quarter than was initially projected.
该公司本季创造的营收是最初预期的三倍以上。
EN： Non-defining relative clause ('which involves...') embedded between the main subject and the main predicate. The clause provides non-essential parenthetical elaboration, requiring paired commas separating the grammatical subject ('The undertaking') from its matrix finite verb ('encompasses').
中文： 非限定关系子句（which involves...）嵌于主要主语与主要动词之间。此子句提供补充说明，在书写与朗读时前后必须以逗号隔开主语（The undertaking）与核心述语动词（encompasses）。
The proposal, which requires unanimous approval from the board, seeks to reform corporate governance.
该提案旨在改革公司治理，需要获得董事会的一致批准。
EN： Post-modifying reduced relative clause using a past participle: 'designed to integrate...'. This participial phrase modifies the compound direct objects ('power lines, subsea cables, and converter stations'), functioning as an economy of 'which are designed to integrate...'.
中文： 过去分词短语作后位修饰（designed to integrate...）。此分词结构修饰前面的复合宾语（power lines, subsea cables, and converter stations），为省略关系代词与 be 动词（which are designed to...）的精简结构，常见于书面技术新闻。
The facility features automated sorting systems designed to minimise logistical errors.
该设施配备旨在尽可能减少物流错误的全自动化分拣系统。
EN： The transition from centralized fossil fuel generation to remote renewable energy (such as offshore wind in the North Sea) requires a fundamental redesign of Britain's power grid. In British public discourse, terms like 'transmission capacity', 'subsea cables', and 'pylons' frequently trigger debates over national energy security versus rural preservation ('Not In My Back Yard' or NIMBY sentiments).
中文： 从传统集中的化石燃料发电转向偏远的可再生能源（例如北海离岸风电），需要对英国国家电网进行根本性的改造。在英国公共舆论中，「transmission capacity（输电容量）」、「subsea cables（海底电缆）」以及高压电塔（pylons）等名词，常引发国家能源安全与乡村地景保护（邻避效应，NIMBY）之间的激烈争论。
EN： The phrasal verb 'stem from' means to be caused by or originate from something. It is commonly used in formal and academic registers to describe root causes of trends, conflicts, or systemic shifts.
中文： 动词短语「stem from」意为「源自于」或「由……所引起」。常用于正式书面语或学术语境中，用以解释趋势、冲突或体制转变的根本原因。
Much of the current inflation stems from disruptions in global supply chains.
当前的大部分通货膨胀源于全球供应链的中断。
EN： The adverb 'notably' introduces an appositive phrase or exemplification, singling out the most prominent examples of a broader category ('successive geopolitical crises').
中文： 副词「notably」意为「尤其是、特别是」，常引导同位语或举例说明，用来从更广泛的范畴（此处为「接连的地缘政治危机」）中点出最显著、最关键的具体实例。
Several European countries, notably Germany and France, opposed the proposal.
几个欧洲国家，特别是德国和法国，反对该项提议。
EN： The past participle phrase 'linked to Iran' functions as a post-modifying adjective phrase modifying 'escalating tensions', equivalent to the reduced relative clause 'which are linked to Iran'.
中文： 过去分词短语「linked to Iran」作后置修饰语，修饰着名词词组「escalating tensions」（升级的紧张局势），相当于简化自关系子句「which are linked to Iran」。
Health issues linked to prolonged screen time are increasingly common among teenagers.
与长时间使用屏幕相关的健康问题在青少年中日益普遍。
EN： European energy policy fundamentally changed after 2022. Britain historically depended heavily on wholesale natural gas markets to generate electricity. Russia's invasion of Ukraine drastically curtailed gas supplies to Europe, causing record wholesale price spikes. Combined with shipping and security concerns involving Iran in the Middle East, energy transition shifted in British discourse from merely an ecological priority to a vital matter of national security and economic sovereignty.
中文： 欧洲能源政策在2022年后发生了根本性转变。英国历来高度依赖批发天然气市场来发电。俄罗斯入侵乌克兰导致欧洲天然气供应急遽受挫，引发电价创纪录飙升；再加上中东地区涉及伊朗的航运与安全隐患，使得「能源转型」在英国的论述中，已从单纯的环保生态议题升级为攸关国家安全与经济主权的核心战略。
EN： The idiom 'lay bare something' (or 'lay something bare') means to reveal, expose, or make something clearly visible that was previously hidden or overlooked. It often takes abstract nouns like 'vulnerability', 'inequality', or 'flaws' as direct objects.
中文： 成语「lay bare something」（或「lay something bare」）意为「揭露、暴露、使…显露无遗」，通常指揭示先前被掩盖或忽视的事物。常与「vulnerability（脆弱性）」、「inequality（不平等）」或「flaws（缺陷）」等抽象名词连用。
The investigation laid bare systemic corruption within the department.
该调查揭露了该部门内部的系统性腐败。
EN： The transitive verb 'galvanise' (UK spelling) / 'galvanize' (US spelling) frequently appears in the causative structure 'galvanise someone into doing something', meaning to shock, provoke, or stimulate someone into taking urgent action.
中文： 及物动词「galvanise」（英式拼法，美式为 galvanize）常采用使役结构「galvanise someone into doing something」，意为「激励、促使或震动某人采取紧急行动」，介词 into 后须接动名词（V-ing）或名词。
The sudden crisis galvanised the team into finding a rapid solution.
突如其来的危机促使团队迅速寻找解决方案。
EN： The sentence employs a compound predicate governed by the present perfect auxiliary 'have': 'have [laid bare ...] and [galvanised ...]'. Both main verbs ('laid' and 'galvanised') share the subject 'These upheavals' and the auxiliary 'have', creating parallel balance across two major clauses.
中文： 本句采用由现在完成式助动词「have」引导的复合谓语架构：「have [laid bare ...] and [galvanised ...]」。两个主要动词（laid 与 galvanised）共用主词「These upheavals」与助动词「have」，形成结构对称并平衡的平行结构。
Recent reforms have lowered operating costs and enhanced overall productivity.
近期的改革降低了营运成本并提高了整体生产力。
EN： In British policy and economic journalism, the phrase 'energy trilemma' (security, affordability, and sustainability) frequently underpins discussions like this. The text reflects how post-2022 geopolitical shocks (such as the war in Ukraine) reshaped British domestic policy from pure decarbonisation targets to treating renewables as matters of urgent national and economic security.
中文： 在英国的政策与财经新闻中，这类讨论往往围绕「能源三难困境」（安全、可负担性与永续性）展开。自 2022 年俄乌战争爆发以来，英国政策思维发生显著转变：推广低碳可再生能源已不仅是气候倡议，更被视为摆脱国际天然气价格勒索、确保国家经济安全的战略急务。
EN： Inverted conditional with 'were to': In formal or written English, hypothetical conditional clauses can omit 'if' and invert the subject and auxiliary verb ('Were + subject + to-infinitive'). This is equivalent to 'If the country were to remain...'. It expresses a hypothetical or unlikely condition in the present or future.
中文： 「Were to」倒装假设句：在正式或书面英语中，虚拟假设条件句可省略连接词「if」，并将助动词「Were」提前至主语前（「Were + 主语 + 不定词 to-V」），等同于「If the country were to remain...」。此句型用以表达对现状或未来的假设性设想，语气较为正式、委婉。
Were the government to cut subsidies, renewable energy investments would decline sharply.
若政府削减补助，再生能源投资将会急剧下降。
EN： Reporting verb inversion/placement in news reporting: The reporting clause ('analysts have cautioned') is placed at the end of the sentence as an attribution tag. This focuses immediate attention on the warning itself rather than the speakers, which is standard practice in journalistic English.
中文： 新闻引述句的尾置结构：将引述子句（「analysts have cautioned」）置于句末作为出处标签。这种安排能将读者的第一注意力引导至核心警告内容本身，而非说话者，为新闻英语中极为普遍的行文手法。
Higher interest rates could trigger a recession, economists have warned.
经济学家警告，调升利率可能会引发经济衰退。
EN： In the UK electricity market, the wholesale price is often determined by the marginal cost of the last generating unit called upon to meet demand—which is frequently a gas-fired power station. This 'marginal pricing' system means high international natural gas prices directly inflate electricity bills across the entire country, making gas dependence a prominent topic in British politics and media.
中文： 在英国电力市场中，批发电价通常由满足电力需求所需的最后一个发电机组（边际发电机组）的边际成本决定，而该机组往往是天然气发电厂。这种「边际定价制」（marginal pricing）导致国际天然气价格的大幅波动会直接反映在英国全国住户的电费账单上，使「摆脱对天然气发电的依赖」成为英国政经与能源政策的核心议题。
EN： The present participle phrase 'outpacing those of comparable European nations' acts as an adverbial participle of result or accompanying circumstance, modifying the main clause. 'Those' functions as an anaphoric demonstrative pronoun standing in for the plural noun phrase 'electricity costs' to avoid repetition.
中文： 现在分词短语「outpacing those of comparable European nations」作结果或伴随状况的状语，修饰主要子句。代词「those」是指示代词，用来代替前文出现的复数名词短语「electricity costs」，以避免重复。
Housing prices in the capital have escalated rapidly, outpacing those in neighboring regional cities.
首都的房价迅速攀升，涨幅超过了邻近的区域城市。
EN： The causal connector 'primarily because' introduces a subordinate adverbial clause of reason, with 'primarily' functioning as a focusing adverb qualifying the degree of causality. In energy economics, 'sets the wholesale price' describes marginal-cost pricing, where the final generator needed to meet demand determines the market clearing rate.
中文： 「primarily because」引导表示原因的副词从句，其中「primarily」（主要地）为焦点副词，限定因果关系的关键性。短语「sets the wholesale price」（决定批发价格）在能源市场中描述边际定价机制，即满足需求的最后一个发电单位决定了整体市场的结算价格。
Tech stocks plummeted yesterday, primarily because central bank officials signaled higher interest rates for longer.
科技股昨日暴跌，主要是因为央行官员释放出利率将维持在较高水平更长时间的信号。
EN： In the UK and European electricity markets, wholesale power prices are determined by 'marginal pricing' (or pay-as-clear). Under this system, the most expensive generator needed to meet demand—very often natural gas plants—sets the price paid to all active suppliers, including low-cost wind and solar. This structural reality explains why UK electricity bills remained exceptionally high even as renewable capacity surged.
中文： 在英国与欧洲电力市场中，批发电价采用「边际成本定价法」（marginal pricing）。在此机制下，满足用电需求所需的最後一座发电厂（通常是燃料成本昂贵的天然气电厂）会决定所有发电来源（包括低成本的風能與太陽能）的统一结算价格。这项制度性特点解释了为何尽管英国再生能源发电量大增，一般家庭与企业的电费支出依然居高不下。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'route to + gerund/noun' uses 'to' as a preposition (not an infinitive marker), which requires a gerund ('achieving') or a noun phrase following it. Confusing this with the 'to-infinitive' is a common advanced-level error.
中文： 短语「route to + 动名词／名词」中的「to」是介词，而非不定词符号，因此後方必须接动名词（如 achieving）或名词短语。高阶学习者常误将其视为不定词而误接原形动词。
Continuous innovation is the surest route to maintaining a competitive edge.
持续创新是维持竞争优势最可靠的途径。
EN： The correlative conjunction 'both... and...' links two grammatically parallel structures. Here, it coordinates two noun phrases: 'climate targets' and 'long-term energy security', ensuring syntactic balance and rhetorical impact.
中文： 对等连接词「both... and...」（两者皆…）连接两个语法结构对等的成分。在此句中，它并列了两个名词短语「climate targets」与「long-term energy security」，兼顾句法平衡与修辞力道。
The policy addresses both economic inequality and regional disparities.
该政策同时着手解决经济不平等与区域差距问题。
EN： The reporting verb 'argue' takes an overt declarative content clause introduced by 'that'. In formal and journalistic registers, the present perfect ('have argued') indicates an ongoing, active stance in current discourse rather than a singular isolated event.
中文： 转述动词「argue」後接由「that」引导的名词子句作为宾语。在正式新闻文体中，使用现在完成式「have argued」强调该观点在当前的公共论辩中持续发酵，而非单一孤立的过去事件。
Critics have argued that the proposed tax reform disproportionately benefits the wealthy.
批评者主张，拟议的税改对富裕阶层过于有利。
EN： The term 'homegrown'—originally referring to locally cultivated agricultural produce—has become a pervasive rhetorical buzzword in British energy policy discourse. Framing wind and solar power as 'homegrown renewables' carries strong patriotic and economic connotations of self-sufficiency, deliberately contrasting national green infrastructure with vulnerability to imported, foreign fossil fuels.
中文： 「homegrown」（本土培育的、国产的）原本指在地栽种的农产品，现已成为英国能源政策辩论中极具说服力的修辞词汇。将风能与太阳能包装为「本土可再生能源」（homegrown renewables），刻意赋予其自给自足的爱国与经济意涵，借此与容易受制于人、依赖进口的外国化石燃料形成鲜明对比。
EN： The adverb 'thereby' followed by a present participle phrase (e.g., 'thereby increasing... and raising...') is a high-register syntactic structure used to denote a direct consequence or result of the preceding action ('compel the nation to depend more heavily on fossil fuels').
中文： 副词「thereby」（借此、从而）后接现在分词短语（如「thereby increasing... and raising...」）是正式书面语（特别是学术与新闻论述）中极常见的高级句型，用以简练地交代前述子句动作所带来的直接后果。
The government streamlined the visa application process, thereby attracting more international talent.
政府简化了签证申请流程，从而吸引了更多国际人才。
EN： The structure 'compel + object + to-infinitive' ('compel the nation to depend...') means to force or strongly drive someone/something to take a particular course of action, typical of formal reporting on systemic pressures.
中文： 「compel + 宾语 + 不定词（to V）」句构表示「迫使、驱使某人事物采取某种行动」，常用于正式新闻与政策论述中，表达客观环境或系统性限制对主体造成的强制性影响。
Severe droughts compelled local farmers to adopt water-efficient irrigation techniques.
严重的干旱迫使当地农民采用节水灌溉技术。
EN： The noun phrase 'a specialist in electronic and electrical engineering' functions as an appositive, set off by commas, directly modifying and providing credentials for the subject 'Professor Keith Bell' without needing a relative clause ('who is...').
中文： 名词短语「a specialist in electronic and electrical engineering」在此作为同位语，置于两逗号之间，直接修饰并补充说明主语「凯斯·贝尔教授」的专业背景与权威资格，使句子比使用关系代词（who is...）更加紧凑精练。
Dr. Sarah Jenkins, an expert on renewable energy policy, addressed the parliamentary committee.
可再生能源政策专家莎拉·詹金斯博士向议会委员会发表了演说。
EN： In British public policy discourse and quality journalism (such as the BBC or The Guardian), quoting university professors with full titles and departmental specialisms (e.g., 'Professor Keith Bell, a specialist in electronic and electrical engineering') lends independent academic authority to contentious infrastructure debates, distinguishing technical realities from political partisan claims.
中文： 在英国公共政策讨论与主流严肃媒体（如 BBC 或《卫报》）中，引用大学教授时习惯列出完整头衔与细分专业领域（如「凯斯·贝尔教授，电子与电机工程专家」），藉此为高争议性的重大基础建设计划提供独立客观的学术权威支持，以区隔纯粹的政治口水战。
EN： The phrase 'not without' is an example of litotes (a deliberate double negative used for understatement or nuance). Rather than directly stating that the project 'has detractors', 'is not without' softens the assertion while emphasizing that critics definitely exist and cannot be ignored.
中文： 「not without」属于双重否定（litotes，低调陈述修辞法）。相较于直接说该项目「has detractors（有反对者）」，使用「is not without」语气更为委婉且具客观论述色彩，委婉强调批评者确实存在且不容忽视。
His unconventional approach was not without merit, though it met with early skepticism.
他的非常规方法并非毫无可取之处，尽管起初遭到怀疑。
EN： The conjunctive adverb 'nevertheless' is used at the beginning of a clause to introduce a contrast or concession, functioning similarly to 'nonetheless' or 'however', but with a more formal and authoritative register typically found in academic and journalistic prose.
中文： 连接副词「nevertheless」置于句首时用以引出转折或让步，语义类似「nonetheless」或「however」，但在学术与正式新闻报道中具备更高的正式度与论述权威感，后方通常以逗号隔开。
The experimental drug showed high toxicity in early trials; nevertheless, researchers decided to proceed with modified dosages.
这种实验性药物在早期试验中表现出高度毒性；尽管如此，研究人员仍决定采用调整后的剂量继续进行。
EN： In British political and media discourse, mega-infrastructure projects (such as High Speed 2 railway or major National Grid pylons) frequently face grassroots opposition from rural preservation groups like the CPRE (Campaign to Protect Rural England) and local residents concerned with 'NIMBYism' (Not In My Back Yard) and landscape preservation. The phrase 'not without its detractors' is a classic British journalistic understatement used to introduce substantial and vocal public pushback.
中文： 在英国政治与媒体论述中，大型基础建设计画（例如 HS2 高速铁路或国家电网高压电塔）往往面临来自乡村保护团体（如保护英格兰乡村运动 CPRE）及在地居民强烈反对，这常涉及「邻避效应（NIMBYism）」与乡村景观保护争议。「not without its detractors」是典型英式新闻报导的委婉修辞（understatement），用以客观但明确地引出民间即将到来的巨大反对声浪。
EN： The passive construction 'be projected to + base verb' is frequently used in formal reporting and economic forecasts to express an anticipated outcome based on statistical models or expert estimations. It distances the writer from making a direct personal assertion.
中文： 被动句型「be projected to + 原形动词」常见于正式报导与经济预测中，表示根据数据模型或专家推估预期会发生的结果。此句型能保持客观语气，避免陈述过于武断。
Global demand for renewable energy is projected to double over the next decade.
预计全球对可再生能源的需求在未来十年内将翻倍。
EN： The conjunction 'as' introduces an adverbial clause of cause/reason, synonymous with 'because' or 'since'. In formal registers, 'as' smoothly links a macroeconomic consequence to its underlying economic mechanism without excessive emphasis.
中文： 从属连词「as」在此引导表原因的副词子句，相当于「because」或「since」。在正式语域中，「as」常自然地串联宏观结果与其背后的经济成因，语气比「because」更为平缓客观。
Airfares have surged as escalating aviation fuel costs are passed on to passengers.
随着攀升的航空燃油成本转嫁给乘客，机票价格大幅上涨。
EN： The phrasal verb 'pass on (to)' means to transfer an additional cost, tax, or burden to another party, particularly consumers. Here, it is cast in the passive voice ('are passed on to households') to emphasize the recipients bearing the final impact rather than the utilities passing the cost.
中文： 片语动词「pass on (to)」意指将增加的成本、税赋或负担「转嫁」给另一方（通常是消费者）。此处采用被动语态（are passed on to households），着重于承受最终经济冲击的受体，而非转嫁成本的电力机构。
Retailers warned that higher import tariffs would inevitably be passed on to customers.
零售商警告，更高的进口关税将不可避免地转嫁给顾客。
EN： In British English, the word 'pylon' specifically refers to the tall metal lattice towers that carry high-voltage overhead electricity transmission lines across the landscape. In American English, these are typically referred to as 'transmission towers' or 'utility poles'. The term 'pylon' frequently appears in UK energy debates, especially surrounding visual pollution in protected countryside areas.
中文： 在英式英语中，「pylon」特指跨越田野乡间、用以架设高压输电线路的钢架「高压电塔」（美式英语通常称之为 'transmission tower' 或 'utility pole'）。在英国公共与能源政策讨论中，'pylon' 经常引发激辩，涉及乡村景观保护与绿能基建之间的利益折冲。
EN： The participle clause 'raising concerns...' functions as an adverbial clause of accompanying circumstance (or result). Introduced by the present participle (-ing), it shares its subject ('Opposition groups') with the main clause and describes an action happening simultaneously with or resulting from the main action ('have begun mobilising').
中文： 分词从句「raising concerns...」在此作为伴随状况（或结果）的状语从句。以现在分词（-ing）引导，其逻辑主语与主句主语（Opposition groups）一致，表示与主要动词「have begun mobilising」同时发生或接续产生的动作，使句型更加紧凑凝练。
Local residents protested outside the council, demanding an immediate review of the zoning laws.
当地居民在市议会外抗议，要求立即重新审查土地分区法规。
EN： The collocation 'impact of [X] on [Y]' is standard formal English for specifying a cause and its recipient/target. 'Impact' is followed by 'of' to denote the source of influence, and 'on' (or occasionally 'upon') to indicate the entity being affected.
中文： 名词搭配「impact of [X] on [Y]」是正式英文中表达「X 对 Y 的影响／冲击」的标准句式。介词「of」引导影响的来源，而「on」（或正式文体的「upon」）引导受影响的对象或领域。
Scientists are evaluating the long-term impact of artificial intelligence on the labour market.
科学家正在评估人工智能对劳动力市场的长期影响。
EN： In Britain, proposals to build high-voltage overhead electricity pylons across rural areas frequently spark intense 'NIMBY' (Not In My Back Yard) disputes. British rural culture places an exceptionally high value on unspoiled countryside and heritage landscapes (often protected as Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty or National Parks). Local campaign groups frequently lobby for cables to be buried underground or laid undersea, despite the significantly higher engineering costs involved.
中文： 在英国，于乡间兴建高压架空电塔（pylons）往往会引发强烈的「邻避效应」（NIMBY，即 Not In My Back Yard）。英国乡村文化高度重视不受破坏的田园与历史自然景观（多被列为杰出自然美景区或国家公园保护）。因此，地方反对团体常发起倡议，极力要求将电缆地下化或改走海底，即便这会大幅增加建设预算与工程难度。
EN： A nominal interrogative clause introduced by 'Whether' acts as the subject of the main clause ('Whether policymakers can reconcile... remains an open question'). Because the subject is a singular noun clause, the main verb takes the third-person singular inflection ('remains').
中文： 由「Whether」引导的名词子句（Whether policymakers can reconcile...）在句中充当主语。名词子句作主语时，概念上视为单数，因此主要动词采用第三人称单数现在式形式（remains）。
Whether the board will approve the proposed budget remains uncertain.
董事会是否会批准拟议的预算仍不确定。
EN： The pronoun 'one' functions as an appositive noun phrase renaming 'an open question'. It is immediately followed by a restrictive relative clause ('that could determine...') specifying the profound consequences of this question.
中文： 代词「one」在此作为同位语，用以指代并补充说明前方的「an open question」（一个悬而未决的问题），其后紧接限定关系子句（that could determine...）进一步阐述该问题深远的影响力。
We are facing a systemic crisis, one that threatens the stability of the entire region.
我们正处于一场体制性危机之中，这场危机威胁着整个地区的稳定。
EN： The time expression 'for decades to come' uses the infinitive 'to come' to function adjectivally, modifying 'decades' to denote a continuous period stretching into the foreseeable future.
中文： 时间短语「for decades to come」中的不定词「to come」作形容词修饰名词「decades」，用以表示「在未来的数十年间」，强调该状态或影响将长远延续至未来。
This landmark legislation will reshape environmental policy for years to come.
这项里程碑式的立法将在未来数年重塑环境政策。
EN： In the UK, the transition to renewable energy faces strong rural pushback, particularly over the installation of overhead pylons and high-voltage transmission lines across picturesque countryside and National Parks. This tension between nationwide net-zero targets and local preservationism (often labelled NIMBYism—Not In My Back Yard) is a defining theme in contemporary British infrastructure politics.
中文： 在英国，迈向可再生能源的转型面临来自乡村地区的强烈反对，特别是跨越风景优美的田园乡村和国家公园兴建高压输电铁塔（pylons）与输电线路。这种在全体国家净零排放目标与在地景观保护主义（常被称为「邻避效应」NIMBYism）之间的矛盾，是当前英国基础设施政策最显著的政治议题。
重要单词附有 IPA 发音、定义、例句和互动式测验。
在本文中： （重大或艱鉅的）任務、事業或工程
在本文中： 推動力、刺激或動機
在本文中： 動盪、劇變
在本文中： 激勵、促使（某人採取行動）
在本文中： 超過、跑得比…快
在本文中： 支持者、擁護者
在本文中： 強迫、迫使
在本文中： 反對者、批評者、貶低者
在本文中： 調和、使和諧一致
在本文中： 發展軌跡、走向
片语包含类型标示、双语定义、用法说明和例句。
To reveal or uncover the true nature of something, often exposing weaknesses or secrets.
揭露、暴露（隐患或真相）
To transfer a cost, burden, or responsibility to someone else.
转嫁给、转移至
The maximum amount of electrical power that can be transferred across an electric grid at a given time.
输电容量、输电能力
A matter or issue that is not yet decided or answered.
悬而未决的问题、未知数