EN: The Passive Voice (be + past participle) is used here because the subject 'a boy' receives the action of birth rather than performing it. In English, we always say someone 'was born' using the past tense of 'to be'.
日本語: 受動態(be動詞 + 過去分詞)はここで使われています。なぜなら、主語「a boy」は生まれるという動作を受ける側であり、実行する側ではないからです。英語では、誰かが「生まれた」ことを表すときには常にbe動詞の過去形(was/were born)を使います。
She was born in a small town in Italy.
彼女はイタリアの小さな町で生まれました。
EN: Prepositional Phrases of Time and Place: 'In 1918' (time) and 'in a small village' (place) provide context. When both appear, the specific location usually follows the time or vice versa depending on emphasis.
日本語: 時間と場所の前置詞句:「In 1918」(時間)と「in a small village」(場所)は背景情報を提供します。英語の文では、これらの句は出来事全体が起こる時間的・空間的な背景を修飾するためによく使われます。
In 2010, they moved to a new house.
2010年に、彼らは新しい家に引っ越しました。
EN: The sentence introduces the birth of Nelson Mandela. South Africa in 1918 was under British colonial rule, and the mention of a 'small village' (specifically Mvezo) highlights his humble beginnings before becoming a global icon for justice.
EN: Appositive: A noun or noun phrase (Rolihlahla) placed next to another noun (His birth name) to identify or explain it. It is usually set off by commas.
日本語: 同格:名詞または名詞句(Rolihlahla)を別の名詞(His birth name)の隣に置き、それを識別または説明します。通常はコンマで区切られます。
My best friend, Sarah, is a talented musician.
私の親友のサラは才能のある音楽家です。
EN: Present Tense for Facts: The simple present tense 'means' is used here because the definition of a name is a permanent fact or general truth.
日本語: 事実を表す現在形:ここでは現在形の 'means' が使われています。なぜなら、名前の意味は永続的な事実や普遍的な真理に属するからです。
The word 'aloha' means both hello and goodbye.
「aloha」という言葉は「こんにちは」と「さようなら」の両方を意味します。
EN: Xhosa is one of the official languages of South Africa, known for its distinctive 'click' sounds. In many African cultures, names carry significant meaning and are often chosen to reflect the circumstances of birth or the parents' hopes.
EN: The sentence uses a 'Ditransitive Verb' (give), which takes two objects: an indirect object (him) and a direct object (the English name 'Nelson'). The pattern is: Subject + Verb + Indirect Object (person) + Direct Object (thing).
日本語: この文は「二重目的語動詞」(give)を使っており、この種の動詞は二つの目的語を取ります:間接目的語(him)と直接目的語(the English name 'Nelson')です。文型は次の通りです:主語 + 動詞 + 間接目的語(人)+ 直接目的語(物)。
My friend sent me a beautiful postcard from Japan.
私の友達が日本から私に美しいはがきを送ってくれました。
EN: The prepositional phrase 'at his school' acts as an adjective modifying the noun 'teacher', specifying which teacher is being discussed.
日本語: 前置詞句「at his school」は形容詞の働きをし、名詞「teacher」を修飾して、どの学校の先生なのかを明確に示します。
The woman in the red dress is my aunt.
赤いドレスを着ているあの女性は私の叔母です。
EN: In colonial South Africa, it was a common practice for teachers to give African students English names because African names were often considered difficult for colonial authorities to pronounce. Mandela's birth name, Rolihlahla, means 'pulling the branch of a tree' or colloquially 'troublemaker'.
EN: The structure 'the first/second/last + noun + to-infinitive' is used to specify a person's order or rank in performing an action. The infinitive 'to attend' acts as an adjective modifying 'the first'.
日本語: 「the first/second/last + 名詞 + 不定詞」の構造は、誰かが特定の動作を行う順序や順位を指定するために使われます。ここでの不定詞「to attend」は形容詞用法として機能し、前の「the first」を修飾します。
She was the last person to leave the office.
彼女はオフィスを最後に去った人でした。
EN: The preposition 'under' is used here to describe being subject to a particular system, law, or regime.
日本語: 前置詞「under」はここで、特定の体制、法律、または政権の支配や影響下にあることを表すために使われます。
The country flourished under the new leadership.
この国は新しい指導部の下で繁栄しました。
EN: The 'colonial system' refers to the period when South Africa was under British and Dutch influence, which eventually led to the formal system of apartheid. Education for Black South Africans during this time was often limited and designed to reinforce colonial structures.
EN: The sentence uses the Past Simple tense ('moved', 'studied') to describe completed actions in the past. The conjunction 'and' connects two independent clauses that share the same subject ('Mandela').
日本語: この文は過去形(moved, studied)を使って、過去に完了した動作を表しています。接続詞「and」は、同じ主語(Mandela)を共有する二つの独立節を結んでいます。
She moved to London and worked as a designer.
彼女はロンドンに移り、デザイナーとして働きました。
EN: The phrase 'to become' is an infinitive of purpose, explaining 'why' the action of studying was performed.
日本語: 「to become」は目的を表す不定詞であり、学習という動作を「なぜ」行うのかを説明します。
He practiced hard to win the race.
彼は試合に勝つために懸命に練習しました。
EN: Johannesburg is the largest city in South Africa and was a central hub for the anti-apartheid movement. For a Black South African like Mandela, moving there to study law was a significant step toward challenging the systemic inequality of the time.
EN: Compound Subject: When two or more nouns or pronouns are joined by 'and', they form a compound subject. In this sentence, 'He and Oliver Tambo' acts as a single plural unit that performs the action.
日本語: 複合主語:二つ以上の名詞または代名詞が「and」で結ばれるとき、それらは複合主語を構成します。この文では、「He and Oliver Tambo」が複数の単位として一緒に動作を実行します。
Sarah and her brother visited the museum yesterday.
サラと彼女の兄は昨日博物館を訪れました。
EN: Ordinal Adjectives with Nouns: The word 'first' is an ordinal number used as an adjective to specify the position of the 'law firm' in a sequence. It is typically preceded by the definite article 'the'.
日本語: 序数形容詞:単語「first」は序数であり、ここでは形容詞として使われ、「法律事務所」の序列上の位置を指定します。通常、定冠詞「the」が前に置かれます。
This is the first time I have traveled abroad.
これは私にとって初めての海外旅行です。
EN: In the context of apartheid-era South Africa, the establishment of a Black law firm was a revolutionary act. It provided legal representation for Black citizens who were systematically oppressed by the legal system itself.
EN: The sentence uses a compound object structure where the verb 'saw' is followed by a noun phrase ('the injustice of apartheid') and a noun clause ('how it humiliated Black people'). This allows the speaker to connect a concrete observation with a descriptive process.
日本語: この文は複合目的語の構造を使っており、動詞 'saw' の後に名詞句(the injustice of apartheid)と名詞節(how it humiliated Black people)が続きます。この構造により、話し手は具体的な観察と説明的な過程を結びつけることができます。
She realized the importance of the task and how it would help the community.
彼女はこの任務の重要性と、それがどのように地域社会に役立つかを認識しました。
EN: The word 'how' functions as a subordinating conjunction to introduce an indirect question or noun clause, explaining the manner or extent of an action within the main sentence.
日本語: 単語 'how' は従属接続詞として機能し、間接疑問文または名詞節を導き、主節の動作の方法や程度を説明します。
I don't understand how the machine works.
私はこの機械がどのように動くのか理解できません。
EN: 'Apartheid' was a system of institutionalized racial segregation that existed in South Africa from 1948 until the early 1990s. The word means 'apartness' in Afrikaans. Understanding this context is crucial to grasping the emotional weight of Mandela's struggle.
EN: The phrase 'dedicate something to doing something' uses 'to' as a preposition, which means it must be followed by a noun or a gerund (V-ing). It indicates committing resources or effort to a specific cause.
日本語: 「dedicate something to doing something」という句の「to」は前置詞であり、そのため後には名詞または動名詞(V-ing)が続かなければなりません。これは、資源や労力を特定の目標に注ぐことを表します。
She dedicated her career to improving public education.
彼女は公共教育を改善するために自分のキャリアを捧げました。
EN: The preposition 'against' is used here to indicate opposition or resistance to a system or force.
日本語: 前置詞「against」はここで、特定の制度や力に対する反対や抵抗を表すために使われます。
The citizens protested against the new tax law.
市民たちはこの新しい税法に抗議しました。
EN: Apartheid was a system of institutionalized racial segregation that existed in South Africa from 1948 until the early 1990s. The term 'segregation' refers to the forced separation of different racial groups in daily life.
EN: The 'to-infinitive' (to + base verb) is used here as an adverbial of purpose to explain 'why' the action in the main clause was performed.
日本語: 不定詞(to + 原型動詞)はここでは副詞用法として使われ、目的を表し、主節の動作が「なぜ」起こるのかを説明します。
She studied hard to pass the entrance exam.
彼女は入学試験に合格するために、一生懸命勉強しました。
EN: Apposition: The phrase 'or ANC' is an appositive, providing an alternative name or clarification for the preceding noun phrase 'the African National Congress'.
日本語: 同格:句「or ANC」は同格であり、前の名詞句「アフリカ民族会議」に代わりの名前やさらなる説明を提供します。
My brother, a talented musician, lives in London.
私の兄は才能のある音楽家で、ロンドンに住んでいます。
EN: The African National Congress (ANC) is South Africa's governing political party and was the primary organization that fought against apartheid. Mandela's involvement in the ANC was a pivotal turning point in his life and the nation's history.
EN: The sentence uses the Past Simple tense ('organized') to describe completed actions in the past. It also features a compound object ('protests and demonstrations') connected by the coordinating conjunction 'and'.
日本語: この文は過去形(organized)を使って、過去に完了した動作を表しています。さらに、等位接続詞「and」で結ばれた複合目的語(protests and demonstrations)を含んでいます。
She coordinated meetings and workshops for the new project.
彼女は新しいプロジェクトのために会議とワークショップを調整しました。
EN: The preposition 'against' is used here to indicate opposition or resistance to a specific system or set of rules (apartheid laws).
日本語: 前置詞「against」はここでは、特定の制度や規則(アパルトヘイト法)に対する反対や抵抗を表すために使われます。
The citizens voted against the new tax law.
市民たちはこの新しい税法に反対票を投じました。
EN: 'Apartheid' is an Afrikaans word meaning 'separateness'. It refers to the institutionalized system of racial segregation and discrimination in South Africa from 1948 until the early 1990s. Mandela's peaceful protests were a key part of the anti-apartheid movement.
EN: Adverbial Clause of Time: The sentence begins with a dependent clause introduced by 'When', which sets the temporal context for the main action. In B2 level English, this is often used to show a cause-and-effect relationship or a sequence of events.
日本語: 時間の副詞節:文は 'When' で導かれる従属節で始まり、主要な動作に時間的な背景を設定します。B2レベルの英語では、これは因果関係や出来事の順序を示すためによく使われます。
When the negotiations broke down, the workers decided to strike.
交渉が決裂したとき、労働者たちはストライキを行うことに決めました。
EN: Phrasal Verb 'Turn to': This means to start doing or using something, especially something bad or difficult, because you are in a bad situation. It is followed by a noun or a gerund.
日本語: 句動詞 'Turn to':これは何かを始めたり使ったりすることを意味し、特に困難な状況にあるときに、不利または困難なものに頼ることを指します。その後には名詞または動名詞が続きます。
He turned to crime after losing his job.
彼は失業した後、犯罪の道に転じました。
EN: In the context of the South African anti-apartheid struggle, 'sabotage' refers to a specific strategic shift by the ANC. After decades of non-violent protest were met with state violence (like the Sharpeville Massacre), Mandela and others felt that symbolic attacks on infrastructure (not people) were the only way to force the government to negotiate.
EN: The verb 'avoid' is followed by a gerund (verb-ing) to indicate the action that is being prevented or escaped. It cannot be followed by an infinitive (to + verb).
日本語: 動詞 'avoid'(避ける)の後には必ず動名詞(V-ing)が続き、避けたい、または防ぎたい動作を表します。不定詞(to + V)を続けることはできませんので注意してください。
You should avoid driving during the rush hour to save time.
時間を節約するために、ラッシュアワーに運転するのは避けるべきです。
EN: The coordinating conjunction 'but' is used to connect two independent clauses that show a contrast or an unexpected result.
日本語: 等位接続詞 'but'(しかし)は、対比や逆接の関係を表すために、二つの独立節を結ぶのに使われます。
The weather was cold, but we decided to go for a walk anyway.
天気は寒かったですが、それでも私たちは散歩に行くことにしました。
EN: The ANC (African National Congress) was the primary organization fighting against apartheid. This sentence reflects the strategic shift from non-violence to 'armed struggle' (sabotage), while emphasizing their initial intent to minimize human casualties, distinguishing their actions from terrorism.
EN: Passive Voice (be + past participle): Used when the focus is on the recipient of the action rather than the doer. Here, 'was sentenced' emphasizes the legal judgment imposed on Mandela.
日本語: 受動態(be動詞 + 過去分詞):動作の受け手に焦点を当てる場合に使われ、実行者の焦点ではありません。ここで 'was sentenced' が使われているのは、マンデラが受けた法的判決を強調するためです。
The suspect was arrested by the police last night.
容疑者は昨夜、警察に逮捕されました。
EN: Prepositional Phrase of Reason (for + noun phrase): The preposition 'for' is used to indicate the reason or cause for a punishment or reward.
日本語: 理由を表す前置詞句(for + 名詞句):前置詞 'for' はここで、罰や賞を受ける理由や根拠を説明するために使われます。
He was famous for his bravery during the war.
彼は戦時中の勇敢な行動で知られています。
EN: The 'resistance' refers to the anti-apartheid movement in South Africa. Mandela's sentencing in 1964 occurred during the Rivonia Trial, a pivotal moment in history that eventually led to the end of racial segregation in the country.
EN: The preposition 'for' is used to indicate a duration of time, showing how long an action or state lasts. It is often followed by a specific time period.
日本語: 前置詞「for」は期間を表すために使われ、ある動作や状態がどれくらい続いたかを示します。その後には具体的な時間の長さが続きます。
She lived in London for five years before moving to Paris.
パリに引っ越す前に、彼女はロンドンに5年間住んでいました。
EN: The past simple tense of the verb 'to be' (was/were) is used here to describe a state or identity that existed in the past and is now finished.
日本語: 動詞「to be」の過去形(was/were)はここで、過去に存在したが現在は終わっている状態や身分を表すために使われます。
He was a famous musician in the 1980s.
彼は1980年代に有名な音楽家でした。
EN: Robben Island is a historic site in South Africa where political prisoners, including Nelson Mandela, were held during the apartheid era. The number 46664 became a global symbol for Mandela; it signifies he was the 466th prisoner arrived in 1964.
EN: The structure 'spend + time + V-ing' is used to indicate how someone uses their time. The gerund (V-ing) functions as a complement to describe the activity performed during that period.
日本語: 「spend + 時間 + V-ing」の構造は、誰かがどのように時間を過ごすかを示すために使われます。動名詞(V-ing)はここで補語として機能し、その時間内に行われる活動を説明します。
She spent the entire afternoon reading a novel by the window.
彼女は午後ずっと窓辺で小説を読んで過ごしました。
EN: Prepositional phrases (e.g., 'in a harsh quarry', 'under the South African sun') act as adverbials of place and condition, providing specific details about where and how the action occurred.
日本語: 前置詞句(例:'in a harsh quarry'、'under the South African sun')は場所と状況の副詞として機能し、動作が起こる場所と環境について具体的な詳細を提供します。
They worked hard under the heavy rain to finish the project.
彼らは大雨の中でそのプロジェクトを完了するために懸命に働きました。
EN: The 'harsh quarry' refers to the lime quarry on Robben Island where Mandela and other political prisoners were forced to perform hard labor. The reflection of the sun on the white lime caused permanent damage to Mandela's eyesight, a symbol of the physical toll of his long imprisonment.
EN: The 'so + adjective + that' structure is used to express cause and effect. It indicates that a quality (small) is so extreme that it results in a specific consequence.
日本語: 「so + 形容詞 + that」の構造は因果関係を表すために使われます。ある特性(狭さ)が極端な程度に達し、その結果特定の結果が生じることを示します。
The music was so loud that I couldn't hear what she was saying.
音楽の音が大きすぎて、彼女が何を言っているのか聞こえませんでした。
EN: The phrase 'by + gerund (-ing)' is used to describe the method or means by which an action is performed.
日本語: 「by + 動名詞 (-ing)」の句は、ある動作を実行する方法や手段を説明するために使われます。
You can improve your English by practicing every day.
毎日練習することで、あなたの英語力を向上させることができます。
EN: This sentence describes the harsh conditions Nelson Mandela faced during his 18-year imprisonment on Robben Island. The small size of the cell (about 2.4m x 2.1m) became a symbol of the physical constraints of apartheid, contrasted with Mandela's mental resilience.
IPA発音、定義、例文、インタラクティブクイズ付きの重要な単語。
文中での意味: 植民地の;植民地制度に関連する
文中での意味: 不正;非正義の行為
文中での意味: 辱める;屈辱を与える
文中での意味: 捧げる;専念する
文中での意味: (人種、宗教、性別などの)分離
文中での意味: 平等
文中での意味: デモ活動;行進
文中での意味: しぶしぶ;いやいや
文中での意味: (特に政治的・軍事的な目的のための)破壊活動
文中での意味: 判決を言い渡す;刑を宣告する
文中での意味: 抵抗;抵抗運動
文中での意味: 採石場
種類タグ、二言語の定義、使い方の説明、例文を含むフレーズ。
To oppose or use effort to stop something bad from happening.
立ち向かう;反対する
To start to do or use something, especially because other things have failed.
転じる;助けを求める
To be given a punishment of staying in prison for the rest of one's life.
終身刑を言い渡される
To extend one's body or limbs to their full length.
伸ばす;広げる
A business entity formed by one or more lawyers to engage in the practice of law.
法律事務所
Public meetings or marches at which people show that they are protesting against or supporting something.
デモ、示威運動
A legal sentence that requires a person to remain in prison for the rest of their natural life.
終身刑
An organized underground movement fighting against an occupying power or an oppressive government.
レジスタンス、抵抗運動
A small room in a prison where a prisoner is locked up.
独房、牢屋