Writing About Our World (H4)
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EN: Imperative sentences are used to give orders, advice, or instructions. In this structure, the subject 'you' is omitted, and the sentence begins directly with the base form of the verb (bare infinitive).
Listen carefully to the instructions.
EN: A relative clause (adjective clause) is used to modify a noun. Here, 'that truly matters to you' is a defining relative clause modifying 'a topic'. 'That' acts as the subject relative pronoun.
She wants to find a job that challenges her.
EN: The sentence uses the imperative mood, which is used to give commands, instructions, or advice. In English, the imperative is formed by using the base form of the verb without a subject (the implied subject is 'you').
Always verify your sources before writing.
EN: 'Moreover' is a transition word (conjunctive adverb) used to add information that supports or expands on what has already been said. It is typically placed at the beginning of a sentence and followed by a comma.
The research is thorough; moreover, it is easy to understand.
EN: In English academic and persuasive writing, providing concrete evidence or 'real examples' is highly valued. Generalizations without proof are often considered weak arguments. Using transition words like 'Moreover' helps build a logical, structured flow that is expected in formal communication.
EN: The modal verb 'can' is used to express possibility or ability. It is followed by the base form of the verb (in this case, 'cite').
You can use this software to edit your photos.
EN: The past participle 'trusted' is used as an adjective to modify the noun 'report'. It describes the noun as having received the action of being trusted.
He is a trusted advisor to the president.
EN: In academic and professional English writing, citing sources is a crucial practice to build credibility. Using phrases like 'For example' followed by concrete evidence (like a 'trusted report') is a standard way to strengthen an argument.
EN: An imperative sentence is used to give commands, advice, or instructions. It starts with the base form of the verb (here, 'avoid') and the subject 'you' is understood but omitted.
Always check the facts before sharing.
EN: The clause 'you cannot prove' is a relative clause (adjective clause) modifying the noun 'claims'. The relative pronoun 'that' or 'which' is omitted because it functions as the direct object of the verb 'prove'.
Do not make promises you cannot keep.
EN: The sentence starts with the transition phrase 'In addition', which is used to introduce extra information or support a previous point. It is followed by a comma.
In addition, we need to consider the budget.
EN: The main clause uses an imperative sentence structure starting with the base verb 'explain'. Imperative sentences are used to give instructions, advice, or commands, and the subject 'you' is implied.
Please write your name on the paper.
EN: The conjunctive adverb 'Therefore' is used to introduce a logical result or consequence of a previously stated fact. It is often placed at the beginning of a sentence, followed by a comma, to transition smoothly between ideas.
She studied hard; therefore, she passed the exam with honors.
EN: The prepositional phrase 'with ease' functions as an adverbial phrase meaning 'easily' or 'without difficulty'. It describes the manner in which the action of the verb is performed.
He solved the complex puzzle with ease.
EN: The transitional phrase 'on the other hand' is used to introduce a contrasting point or perspective. It is typically placed at the beginning of a sentence and followed by a comma.
The hotel is expensive; on the other hand, the service is excellent.
EN: The word 'confuse' is used here as an intransitive verb meaning 'to cause misunderstanding or uncertainty'. While often transitive (requiring an object), it can function intransitively to describe the general effect of something.
Too many rules only confuse.
EN: The phrase 'As a result' is a transitional adverbial phrase used to introduce a logical consequence or outcome of a previously mentioned fact or situation.
He studied hard. As a result, he passed the exam.
EN: The verb 'work' is used here as an intransitive verb meaning 'to be effective' or 'to produce the desired result'.
This simple method works well for beginners.
EN: In English writing, especially in professional, academic, or journalistic contexts, there is a strong cultural preference for clarity and conciseness. The phrase 'short, clear sentences work best' reflects the stylistic value placed on direct communication, avoiding overly complex structures that might obscure the message.
EN: The transition word 'Furthermore' is a conjunctive adverb used to introduce an additional point or support that strengthens the previous argument. It is typically followed by a comma when starting a sentence.
Furthermore, the study shows that regular exercise improves mental clarity.
EN: The causative verb 'make' is used here in the pattern 'make + object + adjective' (makes ideas real), which means to cause the object to enter a certain state or condition.
Her encouraging words made me confident.
EN: In English academic and persuasive writing, using transition words like 'Furthermore' is highly valued to create logical flow. Additionally, the concept of making ideas 'real' through concrete examples reflects the Western rhetorical preference for 'showing, not telling'—using specific evidence rather than abstract assertions.
EN: The transition phrase 'In contrast' is used as a sentence connector (conjunctive adverb) to introduce a statement that is very different from the previous one. It is typically followed by a comma.
In contrast, the second proposal is much more cost-effective.
EN: The simple present tense is used here to state a general truth or fact. The plural subject 'vague terms' agrees with the base form of the verb 'weaken'.
Clear explanations strengthen your arguments.
EN: In English academic and professional writing, clarity and directness are highly valued. Writers are often encouraged to avoid 'vague terms' (such as 'things', 'stuff', or overly general adjectives) and instead use precise nouns and strong verbs to make their arguments more persuasive.
EN: Imperative sentences are used to give orders, advice, or instructions. They begin directly with the base form of the verb (bare infinitive), and the subject 'you' is understood but omitted.
Start your presentation with a warm greeting.
EN: The preposition 'with' is used here to introduce the instrument, means, or manner by which an action is performed.
Open the box with this key.
EN: The transition phrase 'In short' is used to summarize a previous discussion or state a main point briefly and directly.
In short, we must change our plan immediately.
EN: The verb 'help' can be followed by an object and a bare infinitive (verb without 'to'). In the pattern 'help + object + verb', 'to' is optional.
This map will help you find the museum.
EN: This sentence reflects a core value in Western academic and professional communication: clarity and conciseness are prioritized over complex, flowery language. Effective communication is seen as a tool to make a meaningful impact on the world.
EN: Gerund as Subject: A gerund (verb + -ing) can function as a noun and serve as the subject of a sentence. It takes a singular verb.
Learning a new language opens up many opportunities.
EN: The adjective 'worth' is followed directly by a gerund (V-ing) to indicate that something is deserving of an action.
This classic movie is worth watching again.
EN: Imperative sentences are used to give orders, advice, or instructions. They start with the base form of the verb (here, 'pick') and the subject 'you' is omitted because it is understood.
First, write down your ideas on a piece of paper.
EN: A relative clause (adjective clause) is used to describe a noun. Here, 'that you genuinely care about' is a defining relative clause modifying the noun 'topic'. The relative pronoun 'that' acts as the object of the preposition 'about'.
Find a job that you truly enjoy.
EN: This sentence is a imperative sentence, which is used to give commands, instructions, or advice. In imperative sentences, the subject 'you' is omitted, and the sentence begins directly with the base form of the verb (in this case, 'gather').
Listen carefully to the instructions.
EN: The phrase 'sources you can fully trust' contains a defining relative clause (adjective clause) modifying the noun 'sources'. The relative pronoun 'that' or 'which' acting as the object of the verb 'trust' has been omitted, which is common in informal and spoken English.
He lost the book you lent him yesterday.
EN: The modal verb 'can' is used here to express possibility or capability. It is followed by the base form of the verb ('give'). In academic or formal writing, 'can' helps soften claims, making them sound more objective rather than absolute.
A good dictionary can help you learn new words faster.
EN: The verb 'give' can take a double object structure: 'give + indirect object (someone) + direct object (something)'. In this sentence, 'you' is the indirect object and 'solid evidence' is the direct object.
The teacher gave us some useful advice.
EN: In English academic and professional writing, using collocations like 'solid evidence' or 'careful report' is highly valued. It demonstrates precision and critical thinking. Additionally, starting sentences with transition words like 'For example' helps guide the reader smoothly through the logical flow of an argument.
EN: The modal verb 'must' is used to express strong obligation or necessity. It is followed by the base form of the verb (in this case, 'explain').
You must submit the report by Friday.
EN: The prepositional phrase 'in plain language' uses the preposition 'in' to express the medium, style, or manner of communication.
Please write the instructions in simple English.
EN: In professional and academic writing, the 'Plain Language' movement advocates for clear, concise communication that avoids jargon, making information accessible to everyone. This sentence reflects that modern communication value.
EN: The transition phrase 'In addition' is a conjunctive adverb used to introduce extra information or support a previous point. It is typically followed by a comma when starting a sentence.
In addition, we need to consider the budget.
EN: The modal verb 'should' is used to express duty, obligation, or a strong recommendation. It is followed by the base form of the verb ('focus').
You should check your work before submitting it.
EN: The transitional phrase 'As a result' is a cohesive device used to introduce a logical consequence or effect of a previously mentioned action.
He practiced every day. As a result, his English improved significantly.
EN: The linking verb 'feel' is followed by past participles functioning as adjectives ('lost', 'confused') to describe the subject's mental or emotional state.
She felt exhausted after the long journey.
EN: The transition word 'Moreover' is a conjunctive adverb used to introduce a piece of information that supports or adds to what has already been said. It is formal and typically placed at the beginning of a sentence, followed by a comma.
Moreover, the new policy will create hundreds of jobs.
EN: The phrasal verb 'turn (something) into (something)' means to transform or change one thing into another. 'Turn' acts as the transitive verb, followed by the direct object, and 'into' is the preposition introducing the resulting state.
She can turn a simple idea into a successful business.
EN: In English writing and rhetoric, 'human stories' or 'humanizing a problem' refers to the technique of using individual, relatable experiences to explain complex or abstract global issues. This makes the content much more empathetic and persuasive to the audience.
EN: The transition phrase 'on the other hand' is used to introduce a contrasting point of view, fact, or argument. It is often paired with 'on the one hand' but can also stand alone to present an alternative perspective.
The hotel is expensive; on the other hand, the service is excellent.
EN: The modal verb 'can' is used here to express possibility or potentiality, indicating that too much detail has the potential to obscure the main point.
Running in the rain can cause you to catch a cold.
EN: Imperative sentences are used to give orders, advice, or instructions. They begin directly with the base form of the verb (bare infinitive), omitting the subject 'you'.
Keep your room clean and tidy.
EN: The verb 'keep' can function as a causative or linking verb followed by an object and an adjective complement (keep + object + adjective) to describe the state in which the object should be maintained.
Please keep the door open.
EN: Imperative Sentence: The sentence starts directly with the base form of the verb 'close' to give an instruction, advice, or command. The subject 'you' is implied.
Start your essay with an engaging hook.
EN: Relative Clause (Adjective Clause): 'that offers real hope' is a defining relative clause modifying the noun 'conclusion'. 'That' acts as the subject relative pronoun within the clause.
She wrote a story that inspires many people.
EN: In English essay writing (especially persuasive or argumentative essays), ending with a 'hopeful conclusion' or a 'call to action' is a highly valued rhetorical strategy. It leaves the reader with a positive, memorable impression rather than just summarizing the facts.
EN: The verb 'help' can be followed by an object and then either a bare infinitive (verb without 'to') or a full infinitive (with 'to'). In this sentence, 'helps important ideas reach' uses the bare infinitive 'reach'.
Regular exercise helps your body stay healthy.
EN: The phrase 'In short' is a transitional adverbial phrase used to summarize a previous statement or argument briefly.
In short, we must find a new solution immediately.
EN: The sentence uses the present simple tense in a question format with the question word 'How' and the auxiliary verb 'do'. In English, information questions (wh-questions) are formed by placing the question word at the beginning, followed by the auxiliary verb (do/does), the subject, and the base form of the main verb.
How do you solve this math problem?
EN: The comma before 'Emma' is used for direct address. In English, when you address a person directly by name within a sentence, you must set off the name with a comma (or commas if it is in the middle of the sentence) to clarify that you are speaking to them.
Where are you going, John?
EN: In English-speaking academic and casual settings, addressing someone directly by their first name (like 'Emma') is very common and friendly, even when asking for advice or academic guidance. It establishes a collaborative and egalitarian tone.
EN: The use of 'First' as a transition word (adverbial) to sequence ideas. It is typically followed by a comma when starting a sentence.
First, we need to gather all the necessary data.
EN: The use of a defining relative clause (adjective clause) introduced by the relative pronoun 'that' to modify the noun 'topic'. 'That matters' functions as an adjective describing the topic.
She wants to do work that makes a difference.
EN: In academic and professional English writing, starting with a clear, logical sequence (using signposts like 'First', 'Then', 'Finally') is highly valued as it helps the reader follow the writer's train of thought easily.
EN: The adverb 'then' is used as a transition word at the beginning of a sentence to indicate sequence or the next step in a process.
Then, we analyze the results of the survey.
EN: The past participle 'trusted' is used as an adjective modifying the noun 'sources', meaning 'regarded as reliable or honest'.
She is a trusted advisor to the president.
EN: The transitional phrase 'For example' is used as a sentence connector (or transition word) to introduce an instance that illustrates a previous statement. It is typically placed at the beginning of a sentence and followed by a comma.
For example, she loves reading historical novels.
EN: The Simple Present Tense is used here to describe a habitual action, a regular procedure, or a general truth in writing. The subject 'I' takes the base form of the verb 'cite'.
I write a summary after reading each chapter.
EN: In English academic and professional writing, backing up claims with 'careful reports' or credible sources is highly valued. Using phrases like 'For example' to introduce evidence is a standard rhetorical strategy to build trust and authority with the reader.
EN: The verb 'avoid' is a transitive verb that must be followed by a gerund (V-ing) or a noun phrase as its direct object. It cannot be followed by an infinitive (to + verb).
She avoids traveling during the peak season.
EN: The relative clause 'that confuse readers' is an adjective clause modifying the noun 'words'. 'That' acts as the subject relative pronoun, and because 'words' is plural, the verb 'confuse' is in its plural form.
EN: The transition phrase 'In addition' is used as a sentence connector to add information or support a previous point. It is usually followed by a comma.
In addition, we need to consider the budget.
EN: The verb 'keep' can be followed by an object and an adjective (object complement) to describe the state in which the object is maintained. Here, 'focused' is a past participle acting as an adjective.
Please keep the door open.
EN: The transition phrase 'As a result' is used as a linking adverbial to introduce a logical consequence or effect of a previously mentioned action or situation.
She studied hard. As a result, she passed the exam.
EN: The structure 'subject + be + adjective + to-infinitive' (easy to follow) uses an active infinitive ('to follow') with a passive meaning, where the subject ('my ideas') is the logical object of the infinitive verb.
The instructions are difficult to understand.
EN: The use of the transition adverb 'Finally' at the beginning of a sentence. Transition words (轉折詞/過渡詞) help organize the flow of ideas, indicating the last item in a sequence or the final step of a process.
Finally, we reached the top of the mountain.
EN: The phrasal verb 'end with' means to finish or conclude an activity or speech with a specific element. It is followed by a noun phrase acting as the object of the preposition 'with'.
The concert will end with a beautiful song.
EN: In English academic and professional writing, ending on a positive or 'hopeful' note is a common rhetorical strategy. It leaves the reader or audience with a sense of forward-looking optimism, which is often more persuasive than ending with a warning or negative outlook.
EN: The transition phrase 'In short' is used as a sentence adverbial (or linking adverb) to summarize a previous point or introduce a concise conclusion.
In short, we must change our plan.
EN: The simple present tense is used here to state a general truth or timeless fact. The subject 'clear writing' is singular, so the verb 'shares' takes the third-person singular '-s' ending.
Practice makes perfect.
EN: In English academic and professional writing, clarity and conciseness are highly valued. The phrase 'clear writing shares clear thinking' reflects a common philosophical stance among educators that writing is not just a way to record thoughts, but a direct reflection of the clarity of one's mind.
EN: The adverb 'therefore' is used as a transition word meaning 'as a result' or 'for that reason'. When placed in the middle of a sentence (parenthetical position), it is set off by commas on both sides to create a pause and add emphasis to the preceding subject.
The weather, therefore, was not a factor in our decision.
EN: The modal verb 'can' is used here to express ability or potential. It is followed by the base form of the verb 'change'. The phrase 'change minds' is a common idiomatic expression meaning to convince someone to adopt a different opinion or belief.
A good speech can change minds and inspire action.
EN: In English writing, placing transition words like 'therefore' or 'however' in the middle of a sentence (as a parenthetical element) rather than at the beginning is a common stylistic choice. It makes the writing sound more sophisticated, academic, and smooth, as it avoids starting every sentence with a heavy conjunction.
Key vocabulary words with IPA pronunciation, definitions, example sentences, and interactive quizzes.
Phrases with type tags, bilingual definitions, usage notes, and example sentences.
used to introduce a contrasting point of view or fact
because of something that has happened; consequently
expressed in a few words; briefly
a problem or matter of intense interest that affects the entire world