People Who Shape the Future (H1)
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EN: Subject Relative Clause: The relative pronoun 'who' is used to introduce a relative clause that modifies the noun 'scientists'. In this clause, 'who' acts as the subject of the verb 'stop'.
I know a teacher who speaks five languages.
EN: Gerund after 'stop': The verb 'stop' is followed by a gerund (V-ing) when it means to cease or discontinue an action (e.g., 'stop asking'). If followed by an infinitive (to V), it means to pause one action in order to do another.
She stopped watching TV and started reading.
EN: The relative pronoun 'whose' is used to show possession. It replaces a possessive adjective (like 'his', 'her', 'their') and connects a relative clause to a noun (the antecedent). In this sentence, 'whose work' means 'Edison's work' or 'the inventor's work'.
She is the teacher whose lessons inspired me.
EN: The Simple Past Tense ('was', 'changed') is used to describe completed actions or states in the past. Since Edison's life and his impact on the world are historical events, the past tense is used.
EN: Thomas Edison is one of the most famous American inventors, credited with developing the light bulb, phonograph, and motion picture camera. In English-speaking cultures, he is often cited as a symbol of hard work and persistence.
EN: The relative pronoun 'which' is used to introduce a relative clause (adjective clause) that describes a non-human noun (in this case, 'the app'). Here, 'which' acts as the subject of the relative clause 'which helps me learn coding'.
This is the book which inspired me to become a scientist.
EN: The verb 'help' can be followed by an object and then either a bare infinitive (verb without 'to') or a full infinitive (with 'to'). In this sentence, 'helps me learn' uses the bare infinitive 'learn'. Both 'helps me learn' and 'helps me to learn' are grammatically correct.
She helps her brother do his homework.
EN: Subject Relative Clauses: The relative pronoun 'who' is used as the subject of the relative clause 'who saves lives' to describe the preceding noun 'A doctor' (the antecedent). Since 'A doctor' is singular, the verb in the relative clause 'saves' must also be singular.
The teacher who inspires me is Mr. Smith.
EN: Subject-Verb Agreement with Intervening Clauses: When a relative clause separates the subject ('A doctor') from the main verb ('has'), the main verb must still agree with the singular subject, not the plural noun ('lives') inside the clause.
A book that contains many pictures is on the table.
EN: The past simple tense of the irregular verb 'read' is spelled the same ('read') but pronounced as /rɛd/ (like the color 'red'). It is used here to describe a completed action in the past.
I read an interesting article yesterday.
EN: The relative pronoun 'who' is used to introduce a relative clause (adjective clause) that describes a person ('a woman'). In this clause, 'who' acts as the subject of the verb 'built'.
The boy who won the race is my brother.
EN: The relative pronoun 'who' is used to introduce a defining relative clause (adjective clause) that describes a person. In this sentence, 'who designed this bridge' modifies the subject 'The engineer'.
The doctor who treated my grandmother was very professional.
EN: Subject-Verb Agreement with intervening clauses. When a relative clause separates the subject from the main verb, the verb must still agree with the main subject. Here, the singular subject 'The engineer' takes the singular verb 'is'.
The students who study hard get good grades.
EN: The relative pronoun 'that' introduces an adjective clause (relative clause) that modifies the noun 'career'. In this clause, 'that' acts as the subject, followed by the verb 'lets'.
I want a phone that has a good camera.
EN: The causative verb 'let' is followed by an object and then the base form of the verb (bare infinitive). The structure is: 'let + someone + do something'.
My parents let me make my own decisions.
EN: In Western culture, expressing a desire for a career that 'helps others' or 'makes a difference' is highly valued and common in job interviews and personal statements, reflecting a strong emphasis on individual purpose and social contribution.
EN: The relative pronoun 'whose' is used to show possession. It replaces a possessive adjective (like 'her', 'his', 'their') and connects a relative clause to the noun it describes (the antecedent). In this sentence, 'whose lessons' means 'her lessons'.
He is the writer whose books are famous worldwide.
EN: The past simple tense of the verb 'inspire' is 'inspired'. It is used here to describe a completed action in the past that had a lasting impact on the speaker.
Her speech inspired many young people to study science.
EN: The relative pronoun 'that' introduces a defining relative clause ('that scientists use to see stars') which modifies the noun 'tool'. In this clause, 'that' acts as the direct object of the verb 'use' (scientists use the tool). When the relative pronoun is the object of the relative clause, it can optionally be omitted.
This is the book that I bought yesterday.
EN: The infinitive phrase 'to see stars' uses 'to' followed by the base form of the verb ('see') to express purpose, meaning 'in order to see stars'.
She uses a computer to write stories.
EN: Subject Relative Clauses (Adjective Clauses): The relative pronoun 'who' is used to introduce a clause that describes the subject 'People'. In this structure, 'who' acts as the subject of the relative clause ('who solve problems').
Students who study hard usually get good grades.
EN: Subject-Verb Agreement with Relative Pronouns: When the relative pronoun 'who' refers to a plural noun ('People'), the verb inside the relative clause ('solve') and the main verb of the sentence ('shape') must also be in the plural form.
The teachers who guide us are very patient.
EN: This sentence reflects a common Western cultural value that emphasizes individual agency, problem-solving, and proactive innovation as key drivers of societal progress.
EN: The relative pronoun 'who' is used to introduce a relative clause (adjective clause) that describes a person. In this sentence, 'who cared for me' describes 'The nurse', which is the subject of the main sentence.
The teacher who helped me with my homework is very patient.
EN: The phrasal verb 'care for' means to look after someone, especially someone who is sick, young, or old. It is used here in the past tense ('cared for').
She cared for her elderly grandmother for many years.
EN: Subject Relative Clause: The relative pronoun 'who' is used to introduce a relative clause that modifies the plural noun 'leaders'. In this clause, 'who' acts as the subject of the verb 'think'.
I like teachers who make learning fun.
EN: Prepositional Phrase with 'about': The verb 'think' is followed by the preposition 'about' to indicate the subject or topic of one's thoughts.
She is thinking about her career choices.
EN: Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle) is used here with the adverb 'always' to describe an action or state that started in the past and continues to the present moment.
I have always loved painting since I was a child.
EN: Relative Clause with 'who': The relative pronoun 'who' introduces a defining relative clause ('who use science to help others') that modifies the plural noun 'people', acting as the subject of the relative clause.
EN: Subject-Verb Agreement with Singular Nouns: When the subject of a sentence is a singular noun (e.g., 'My role model'), the linking verb must also be singular ('is'). Similarly, in the relative clause 'who works...', the relative pronoun 'who' refers to the singular noun 'a doctor', so the verb 'works' takes the singular '-s' ending.
My favorite teacher is a mentor who guides me.
EN: Relative Clauses with 'Who': A relative clause (adjective clause) is used to modify a noun. When modifying a person (e.g., 'a doctor') and acting as the subject of the relative clause, we use the relative pronoun 'who'. This helps combine two ideas into one smooth sentence.
I know a chef who makes delicious pasta.
EN: The relative pronoun 'whose' is used to show possession. It replaces possessive adjectives (like 'her', 'his', 'their') and introduces a relative clause that describes the noun before it (the antecedent). In this sentence, 'whose patience' means 'her patience'.
He is a writer whose books are read by millions.
EN: The adverbial phrase 'every single day' is an emphatic form of 'every day'. Adding 'single' emphasizes that the action happens without exception, highlighting the consistency and dedication of the subject.
She practices the piano every single day.
EN: The phrase 'As a child' is a prepositional phrase used as a time modifier, meaning 'when I was a child'. It is a concise way to establish the background or time period of an action.
As a student, she worked part-time at a library.
EN: The relative pronoun 'who' introduces a defining relative clause ('who never gave up') to modify the plural noun 'inventors'. It acts as the subject of the relative clause.
I admire people who always tell the truth.
EN: The relative pronoun 'whose' is used to show possession. It replaces a possessive adjective (like 'his', 'her', 'their') and connects a relative clause to a noun (the antecedent). In this sentence, 'whose' refers to 'an engineer' and shows that the 'bridges' belong to or were built by that engineer.
She is the teacher whose lessons inspired me.
EN: The word 'one' is used as a pronoun to refer back to a singular noun mentioned in the previous context (in this case, 'inventors' or 'role models'). It helps avoid repetition.
I read about many inventors. One was from Italy.
EN: The relative pronoun 'who' is used to introduce a relative clause (adjective clause) that describes a person or people (in this case, 'scientists'). The relative clause 'who study the deep oceans' acts as an adjective modifying the noun 'scientists'.
I know a teacher who speaks five languages.
EN: The existential sentence pattern 'There are...' is used to state the existence of plural nouns. 'Also' is an adverb placed after the verb 'are' to mean 'in addition'.
There are also many students in the library.
EN: Defining Relative Clauses with 'that': A relative clause is used to define or identify which noun we are talking about. In this sentence, 'that they ask' is a relative clause modifying the noun 'questions'. Since 'questions' is a thing (not a person) and acts as the object of the verb 'ask', 'that' (or 'which') is used as the relative pronoun.
The book that I read yesterday was very interesting.
EN: Subject-Verb Agreement with Intervening Clauses: When a relative clause or other modifier comes between the subject and the verb, the verb must still agree with the main subject. Here, the plural subject 'questions' takes the plural verb 'lead', not the singular 'leads', despite the singular pronoun 'they' inside the relative clause.
The ideas that she suggested sound great.
EN: The relative pronoun 'that' introduces a defining relative clause ('that combines curiosity and kindness') to modify the noun 'career'. Since 'career' is a singular noun, the verb in the relative clause ('combines') must also be singular.
I want a job that offers flexible hours.
EN: The coordinating conjunction 'and' is used to connect two nouns of equal grammatical rank: 'curiosity' and 'kindness'. Both are abstract nouns representing desirable qualities.
She values honesty and hard work.
EN: Defining Relative Clauses (Adjective Clauses): The relative pronoun 'who' is used to introduce a clause that describes the subject 'People'. This clause ('who follow their passion') is essential to identify which people we are talking about.
Students who study hard usually get good grades.
EN: Adverbs of Frequency: The adverb 'often' indicates how frequently an action occurs. It is typically placed before the main verb ('change') but after the auxiliary verb or verb 'to be'.
She often visits the library on weekends.
EN: The relative pronoun 'who' is used to introduce a defining relative clause (adjective clause) that describes the subject 'The teachers'. In this clause, 'who' acts as the subject of the verb 'guide'.
The students who study hard will pass the exam.
EN: The main subject of the sentence is 'The teachers' (plural), which agrees with the plural main verb 'plant'. The relative clause 'who guide us' sits between the subject and the verb, but does not change the subject-verb agreement.
The books that are on the table belong to me.
EN: The metaphor 'planting seeds' is widely used in English to describe the act of inspiring, teaching, or starting something that will grow and develop into something great in the future. It highlights the long-term, nurturing impact of educators.
EN: The relative pronoun 'that' introduces a relative clause ('that helps others') that describes the subject 'A job'. Since 'that' acts as the subject of the relative clause, it is a subject relative pronoun and cannot be omitted.
I want a career that combines curiosity and kindness.
EN: The verb 'give' is a ditransitive verb, which takes two objects: an indirect object (the recipient, 'life') and a direct object (the thing given, 'real meaning'). The pattern is: give + indirect object + direct object.
She gives her students great encouragement.
EN: The relative pronoun 'whose' is used to show possession. It replaces a possessive adjective (like 'his', 'her', 'their') and introduces a relative clause that describes the noun before it.
She is the teacher whose lessons inspired me.
EN: The idiom 'make a difference' means to have a significant effect on a person or situation, usually in a positive way.
Every small donation can make a difference.
EN: In Western culture, especially in career and educational contexts, 'making a difference' is highly valued. It reflects an individualistic yet socially responsible mindset where personal success is often measured by one's positive impact on society or others' lives.
EN: When 'who' acts as the subject of a question, it asks about the person performing the action. In this structure, we do not use auxiliary verbs like 'do', 'does', or 'did'. The verb directly follows 'who' and is typically conjugated in the third-person singular form.
Who wants to join the science club?
EN: Possessive adjectives (my, your, his, her, its, our, their) are used before nouns to show ownership or relationship. In this sentence, 'your' modifies the noun phrase 'future career' to indicate whom the career belongs to.
I really like your new design.
EN: In English-speaking cultures, asking about role models and career inspirations is a common way to build rapport and encourage young people to think about their future goals. Addressing someone directly by their first name (like 'Emma') at the end of a question adds a warm, personal touch to the conversation.
EN: The relative pronoun 'whose' is used to show possession. It replaces a possessive adjective (like 'his', 'her', 'their') and connects a relative clause to the noun it modifies (the antecedent). In this sentence, 'whose research' means 'the research of the scientist'.
She is the teacher whose lessons inspired me.
EN: The subject of this sentence is 'A scientist whose research saves forests' (singular), which requires the singular verb 'inspires' to maintain subject-verb agreement.
The nurse who cared for me was so kind.
EN: The relative pronoun 'who' is used to introduce a relative clause (adjective clause) that describes a person or people (in this case, 'engineers'). It acts as the subject of the verb in the relative clause.
I like teachers who make learning fun.
EN: Comparative adjectives (like 'safer', the comparative form of 'safe') are used to compare two things, showing that one has more of a quality than the other. Here, it implies cities that are safer than they currently are.
We want to live in a cleaner environment.
EN: The relative pronoun 'who' is used to introduce a defining relative clause that describes a person (in this case, 'the vet'). The relative clause 'who healed my dog' acts like an adjective to specify which vet we are talking about.
The teacher who helped me with my homework is very kind.
EN: The main subject of the sentence is 'The vet', and the main verb is 'is'. The relative clause 'who healed my dog' is embedded inside the subject noun phrase, so the verb 'is' must agree with the singular subject 'The vet'.
The books that are on the table belong to me.
EN: In English-speaking cultures, pets are often considered full members of the family. Consequently, veterinarians (vets) are highly respected professionals, and saving a pet's life is frequently viewed as a heroic act, similar to saving a human life.
EN: The relative pronoun 'that' is used here to introduce a defining relative clause ('that let me solve real problems') which modifies the plural noun 'jobs'. In this clause, 'that' acts as the subject, followed by the plural verb 'let'.
I prefer tools that make my work easier.
EN: The causative verb 'let' is followed by an object and the base form of a verb (bare infinitive) without 'to'. The structure is 'let + object + verb (base form)'.
Our teacher lets us choose our own projects.
EN: The relative clause 'who teach others' is used to modify the plural noun 'People'. Since 'People' is the subject of the main sentence, 'who' acts as the subject relative pronoun within the clause. The verb in the relative clause ('teach') must agree with the plural antecedent 'People'.
Students who study hard usually get good grades.
EN: The main verb of the sentence is 'change', which is in the simple present tense. It agrees with the plural subject 'People'. The noun 'lives' is the plural form of 'life', used here to refer to the individual existences of many people.
Warm-hearted actions change many lives.
EN: The relative pronoun 'which' is used to introduce a relative clause (adjective clause) that describes a non-human noun (in this case, 'the field'). It acts as the subject of the relative clause.
This is the book which inspired me to study science.
EN: The superlative adverb 'the most' is used to modify the verb 'excites', indicating the highest degree of excitement.
Of all the subjects, physics interests me the most.
EN: The relative pronoun 'whose' is used to show possession. It replaces a possessive adjective (like 'his', 'her', 'their') and connects a relative clause to the noun it modifies. In this sentence, 'whose vision is clear' modifies 'A leader' (meaning 'the leader's vision is clear').
She is the teacher whose lessons inspired me.
EN: Subject-Verb Agreement with singular subjects. 'A leader' is a third-person singular subject, so the verb 'earn' must take the singular ending '-s' to become 'earns'.
A doctor who saves lives has a noble job.
EN: In professional and leadership contexts, 'vision' refers to the ability to think about or plan the future with imagination or wisdom. 'Earning trust' is highly valued in modern collaborative workplaces, contrasting with older, authoritarian leadership styles.
EN: The relative pronoun 'that' is used to introduce a defining relative clause that describes an inanimate noun ('work'). In this clause, 'that' acts as the subject of the verb 'helps'.
I like books that have happy endings.
EN: The noun 'work' is an uncountable noun when it refers to general employment or effort. Therefore, it does not take an indefinite article ('a') and is followed by a singular verb ('helps') when represented by the relative pronoun 'that'.
She is looking for work in the city.
EN: In modern English-speaking cultures, there is a strong emphasis on 'social impact' and 'sustainability' in career choices. Expressing a desire to help 'the planet' reflects the growing global awareness of environmental issues among younger generations.
EN: The relative pronoun 'who' introduces a defining relative clause ('who never stops learning') that modifies the indefinite pronoun 'Anyone'. This clause specifies exactly which group of people the speaker is referring to.
Anyone who wants to join the club should sign up here.
EN: The verb 'stop' is followed by a gerund (verb-ing) to mean ceasing an ongoing action or habit. In this sentence, 'stops learning' means to no longer continue the act of acquiring knowledge.
He stopped smoking last year for his health.
EN: This sentence reflects the strong cultural value placed on lifelong learning and personal growth in modern professional and academic environments. The concept of continuous self-improvement is highly praised globally.
Key vocabulary words with IPA pronunciation, definitions, example sentences, and interactive quizzes.
Phrases with type tags, bilingual definitions, usage notes, and example sentences.
To stop trying to do something; to surrender.
To have a significant effect on a person or situation; to improve a situation.
To introduce an idea, feeling, or belief that will grow and develop in the future.
To find answers or solutions to obstacles, difficulties, or complex situations.