What is immunotherapy and how does it treat cancer and other conditions?
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EN: The use of 'and Beyond' in titles and headlines functions as a catch-all phrase to indicate that the scope of the subject extends to other related or even unrelated areas not explicitly mentioned.
The research explores the impact of AI on medicine, education, and beyond.
EN: The verb 'offer' is frequently used in academic and journalistic contexts to describe providing an opportunity, hope, or a solution, often taking an abstract noun as its object.
The new policy offers fresh opportunities for young entrepreneurs.
EN: In modern journalism, 'Beyond' is a stylistic choice used to create intrigue and suggest a broader significance than what is listed. It reflects the fast-paced nature of medical breakthroughs where new applications are discovered daily.
EN: The Present Participle (-ing form) used as a resultative clause. In this sentence, 'signalling' functions as a participle phrase that describes the consequence or result of the preceding main clause.
The company implemented new safety protocols, reducing workplace accidents by half.
EN: The Present Perfect tense ('have surged') is used to describe an action that started in the past and has continued or has significant relevance to the present, especially when paired with 'over the past decade'.
Global temperatures have risen steadily over the past century.
EN: The use of 'over' as a preposition to indicate a duration of time. It is often used in formal contexts to describe trends occurring throughout a specific period.
The stock market fluctuated wildly over the last few months.
EN: The conjunction 'yet' is used to introduce a statement that adds something surprising or contrasting to what has just been said. It functions similarly to 'but' but often carries a stronger sense of contrast or irony in formal writing.
The weather was freezing, yet they decided to go for a swim.
EN: The verb 'soar' is a high-register word used to describe a rapid and significant increase. It is more descriptive than 'increase' or 'rise' and is commonly used in financial or scientific reporting.
Stock prices soared after the company announced its record-breaking profits.
EN: The adjective 'subsequent' refers to something coming after something else in time or order. It is a formal alternative to 'following' or 'next'.
The first chapter sets the scene, and subsequent chapters develop the plot.
EN: The Present Perfect Tense ('have harnessed') combined with the adverb 'increasingly' indicates an ongoing trend that started in the past and continues to intensify in the present.
The government has increasingly focused on renewable energy sources over the last decade.
EN: The phrase 'a wide array of' is a sophisticated quantifier used to describe a large and impressive group or range of things, often used in formal or academic contexts.
The museum displays a wide array of artifacts from ancient civilizations.
EN: The use of 'to develop' here is an infinitive of purpose, explaining the objective behind the action of harnessing defense mechanisms.
She studied hard to pass the entrance examination.
EN: In medical English, 'conditions' is a formal and neutral way to refer to illnesses, diseases, or disorders without specifying the exact nature of the ailment.
EN: The conjunction 'while' is used here to introduce a contrast or concession, similar to 'although'. It sets up a relationship between a well-established fact (cancer treatment's prominence) and a developing situation (targeting other diseases).
While the initial costs are high, the long-term benefits of renewable energy are undeniable.
EN: The phrase 'at the forefront' is an idiomatic prepositional phrase meaning to be in a leading or most important position. It is commonly used in academic and professional registers to describe innovation or priority.
The company has always been at the forefront of mobile technology.
EN: The use of 'with equal determination' functions as an adverbial phrase of manner. 'Equal' functions as an adjective modifying the noun 'determination', indicating that the intensity of effort for the new targets matches that of the original target (cancer).
She tackled the second project with equal determination.
EN: The verb 'encompass' is a formal synonym for 'include' or 'contain,' used to describe a broad scope or range of elements within a single category.
The new policy encompasses all aspects of employee welfare.
EN: The relative clause 'that leverage the immune system...' uses the defining relative pronoun 'that' to specify which type of biological treatments are being discussed.
Companies that leverage big data often gain a competitive advantage.
EN: The use of 'to + infinitive' (to prevent, control, or combat) functions as an infinitive of purpose, explaining the objective of leveraging the immune system.
He exercised daily to improve his cardiovascular health.
EN: The non-restrictive relative clause (introduced by ', which') provides extra information about the preceding noun ('vaccination') rather than defining it. It is always separated by a comma and cannot be replaced by 'that'.
The new treatment, which was approved last month, has shown promising results.
EN: The verb 'train' is used here in the pattern 'train + object + to-infinitive', meaning to teach a person or animal (or metaphorically, a system) to perform a particular task or behave in a certain way.
The software is designed to train users to detect phishing emails.
EN: The superlative structure 'the most + adverb + past participle' (the most widely recognised) functions as a complex adjective to modify the noun 'form'.
This is the most frequently cited paper in the field of immunology.
EN: In a medical context, 'vaccination' is often used interchangeably with 'immunization' in general conversation, but technically, vaccination is the act of receiving a vaccine, while immunization is the process of becoming immune. This sentence highlights the educational role of vaccines for the biological system.
EN: The adverb 'considerably' is used as a degree modifier to intensify the comparative adjective or adverb 'further'. It indicates a significant or large amount, common in formal or academic registers.
The cost of the new treatment is considerably higher than the traditional one.
EN: The word 'further' is the comparative form of 'far'. In this context, it is used metaphorically to mean 'to a greater extent' or 'more advanced', rather than referring to physical distance.
We need to investigate this matter further before making a decision.
EN: In academic and scientific writing, 'approaches' is a preferred term over 'ways' or 'methods' when discussing conceptual frameworks or strategies for treatment. The use of 'considerably' reflects a cautious yet definitive tone typical of peer-reviewed discourse.
EN: The conjunction 'whereas' is used to highlight a contrast between two facts or ideas within a single sentence. It is more formal than 'but' or 'while' and is commonly used in academic or scientific writing to compare different mechanisms or outcomes.
The north of the country is industrial, whereas the south is largely agricultural.
EN: The pronoun 'ones' is used to avoid repeating a countable noun that has already been mentioned—in this case, 'immune responses'. It helps maintain flow and conciseness in complex sentences.
I don't like these shoes; I prefer the blue ones.
EN: The phrasal verb 'spiral out of control' is an idiomatic expression describing a situation that is worsening quickly and becoming impossible to manage. In a medical context, it often refers to physiological processes like inflammation or cell growth.
Inflation began to spiral out of control, leading to an economic crisis.
EN: In modern medicine, the shift from general treatments (like chemotherapy) to targeted immunotherapy represents a major paradigm shift. The sentence reflects the precision of modern immunology, which recognizes that the immune system can be either underactive (requiring amplification) or overactive (requiring suppression, as in autoimmune diseases).
EN: The use of 'Still' as an intensive adverb with comparative adjectives (e.g., 'still more sophisticated') emphasizes an even greater degree than what was previously mentioned.
While the first prototype was impressive, the second one was still more efficient.
EN: Compound adjectives like 'laboratory-produced' and 'engineered' function as pre-modifiers. 'Laboratory-produced' uses a noun-participle structure to indicate the origin or method of creation.
The patient received a laboratory-produced protein to supplement his deficiency.
EN: The prepositional phrase 'at a molecular level' describes the scale or depth of an action. In scientific English, 'at a ... level' is a standard collocation to specify the scope of research or treatment.
Nanotechnology allows scientists to manipulate matter at an atomic level.
EN: The sentence reflects the high-register, precise language typical of medical journalism and academic writing. Terms like 'engineered' and 'molecular level' signify the shift from traditional medicine to biotechnology, where treatments are designed rather than just discovered.
EN: Apposition is a grammatical construction in which two elements, typically noun phrases, are placed side by side, with one element serving to identify or define the other. In this sentence, 'an immunologist and professor of pathology at the University of Cambridge' is an appositive phrase providing background information about 'Adrian Liston'.
Dr. Smith, a leading expert in renewable energy, will give the keynote speech.
EN: The use of the past simple tense 'emphasised' indicates a completed action in the past, common in reporting speech or actions in academic and journalistic contexts.
The report highlighted the need for immediate action.
EN: The structure 'the significance of [noun phrase]' is a formal way to discuss the importance or impact of a specific subject, often used in high-level academic writing.
Researchers are still debating the significance of the findings.
EN: The phrase 'is only beginning to' emphasizes that a process or realization is in its very early stages, often implying that much more is yet to be discovered or achieved.
We are only beginning to understand the long-term effects of climate change.
EN: The verb 'appreciate' in a formal or academic context often means to fully understand the value, importance, or magnitude of something, rather than just 'to be grateful'.
It is difficult to appreciate the complexity of the problem without further data.
EN: The use of a 'that-clause' as a direct object after reporting verbs like 'argue', 'state', or 'claim' is a standard way to present a formal argument or opinion.
Experts argue that early intervention is key to success.
EN: In modern scientific discourse, the shift from viewing the immune system as a simple defense mechanism to a 'central role' in overall health (including mental health and aging) represents a major paradigm shift in medicine.
EN: The present participle phrase 'suggesting that...' acts as a resultative or circumstantial participle, indicating an action that happens simultaneously with or as a direct consequence of the main verb 'stated'.
The company released a new product, boosting its stock price significantly.
EN: The modal verb 'could' is used here to express possibility or potential in the future, reflecting a cautious but optimistic academic tone common in scientific reporting.
New evidence could change the way we understand ancient history.
EN: The noun clause 'how physicians approach numerous conditions' functions as the direct object of the verb 'reshape'. It uses the interrogative word 'how' to describe a process or method.
The teacher explained how students should prepare for the final exam.
EN: The term 'conditions' is a common medical euphemism used in professional contexts to refer to diseases, disorders, or illnesses without sounding overly clinical or alarming. In academic and medical English, 'approach' refers not just to physical movement, but to the methodology and strategy used to treat a patient.
EN: This sentence uses an inverted conditional structure (Inversion in the Second Conditional). The word 'Were' is moved to the front to replace 'If', creating a more formal and hypothetical tone. The structure is 'Were + subject + to + verb'.
Were the government to implement these changes, the economy would stabilize.
EN: The phrase 'far-reaching' is a compound adjective used to describe effects, implications, or changes that have a wide range or long-term influence.
The new policy had far-reaching consequences for the education system.
EN: The use of 'Were... to' inversion is characteristic of high-level academic and journalistic English. It conveys a sense of cautious optimism—acknowledging that while the potential is great, it is still a hypothetical future scenario.
EN: The preposition 'Despite' is used to introduce a contrast. It must be followed by a noun, noun phrase, or gerund (-ing form), never a full clause with a subject and verb.
Despite the heavy rain, the outdoor concert continued as planned.
EN: The Present Perfect tense ('have cautioned') is used here to indicate an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past but has strong relevance to the current situation or ongoing discussion.
Scientists have warned that global temperatures are rising at an alarming rate.
EN: The verb 'persist' is an intransitive verb used to describe a state or situation that continues to exist, especially one that is difficult or unpleasant.
If the symptoms persist for more than three days, please consult a doctor.
EN: Negative Inversion: When a sentence begins with a negative or restrictive adverbial phrase like 'Not only', the auxiliary verb (must, do, can) is placed before the subject (researchers). This structure is used for emphasis and is common in formal or academic writing.
Not only did the experiment succeed, but it also exceeded all expectations.
EN: Correlative Conjunctions: 'Not only... but (also)...' connects two parallel clauses or phrases. In formal contexts, when the first part is inverted, the second part typically follows standard word order.
The policy aims not only to reduce poverty but also to improve education.
EN: The phrase 'equitable access across diverse populations' reflects a significant contemporary focus in global healthcare and medical ethics. It addresses the historical disparity where advanced medical treatments were often only available to wealthy or specific demographic groups, emphasizing the need for social justice in scientific progress.
EN: The use of 'sheer' as an intensifying adjective to emphasize the magnitude or degree of a noun (usually size, weight, or amount).
The sheer scale of the project was enough to overwhelm the new team.
EN: The present continuous passive/active 'is evolving' indicates an ongoing process of change occurring at the current time.
Technology is evolving so rapidly that older models become obsolete within months.
EN: The noun clause starting with 'that' functions as the direct object of the verb 'suggests', providing the content of what is being suggested.
Recent data suggests that the economy is finally recovering.
EN: In academic and scientific reporting, 'suggests' is a preferred term over 'proves' or 'shows' because it maintains a level of professional caution and objectivity, acknowledging that findings are based on current evidence which may evolve.
EN: The sentence begins with a noun clause introduced by 'Whether', acting as the subject of the main verb 'remains'. This structure is used to present a question or uncertainty as a formal subject.
Whether the new policy will succeed remains a matter of intense debate.
EN: The phrase 'remains to be seen' is a common idiomatic expression used to indicate that the outcome of a situation is currently unknown and will only be revealed in the future.
It remains to be seen if the team can maintain this level of performance.
EN: The word 'yet' functions here as a coordinating conjunction similar to 'but', used to introduce a contrasting statement, often in a more formal or literary register.
The task was difficult, yet she completed it ahead of schedule.
Key vocabulary words with IPA pronunciation, definitions, example sentences, and interactive quizzes.
Phrases with type tags, bilingual definitions, usage notes, and example sentences.
Scientific tests of new drugs or treatments on humans to determine safety and efficacy.
To increase or worsen in a way that cannot be stopped or managed.
Relating to the smallest units of a substance; very precise and fundamental.
Something is not yet certain or known.
Strong, persuasive reasons or evidence for believing or doing something.