EN： The suffix '-prone' is added to nouns to form adjectives meaning 'likely to suffer from' or 'tending to experience' something negative.
中文： 後綴「-prone」加在名詞後構成形容詞，表示「易於發生某事」或「傾向於遭受某種（負面）情況」。
This area is accident-prone during the rainy season.
這個區域在雨季期間很容易發生事故。
EN： The 'to-infinitive' (to + verb) is used here as an adverbial of purpose, explaining why the school got the new playground.
中文： 「不定詞」（to + 動詞）在此處作為目的副詞，解釋學校獲得新操場的原因或目的。
She saved money to buy a new laptop.
她存錢是為了買一台新筆電。
EN： In the UK, many older school buildings, especially in London, face infrastructure challenges due to climate change and urban density. 'Climate-adapted' spaces often refer to Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS) which use nature to manage rainwater, a growing trend in British urban planning.
中文： 在英國，許多老舊校舍（特別是在倫敦）因氣候變遷和城市密度面臨基礎設施挑戰。「氣候適應型」空間通常指永續排水系統 (SuDS)，利用自然方式管理雨水，這是英國城市規劃中日益增長的趨勢。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (has + past participle) is used here to describe a completed action that has a significant result in the present. It emphasizes the transformation that has occurred.
中文： 現在完成式（has + 過去分詞）在此用於描述一個已經完成且對現在有重大影響的動作。它強調了已經發生的轉變。
The city has built a new park to reduce air pollution.
這座城市已經建造了一個新公園來減少空氣污染。
EN： The phrasal verb 'transform A into B' means to completely change the appearance, form, or character of something into something else.
中文： 片語動詞「transform A into B」意為將某事物的門面、形式或性質完全轉變為另一種事物。
The artist transformed the old garage into a beautiful studio.
這位藝術家將舊車庫轉變為一間美麗的工作室。
EN： In the UK, many older schools in cities like London face infrastructure challenges due to Victorian-era drainage systems and increasing extreme weather events. 'Climate-adapted' spaces are part of a growing movement to use 'Sustainable Drainage Systems' (SuDS) in urban planning.
中文： 在英國，倫敦等城市的許多老舊學校因維多利亞時代的排水系統以及日益增加的極端天氣事件而面臨基礎設施挑戰。「適應氣候」的空間是城市規劃中日益增長的「永續排水系統」(SuDS) 運動的一部分。
EN： The phrase 'used to' is used to describe habits or states that existed in the past but no longer exist now. It is followed by the base form of the verb.
中文： 「used to」用於描述過去存在的習慣或狀態，但現在已不再發生。其後接動詞原形。
The students used to play on the old tarmac before the renovation.
在翻新之前，學生們過去常在舊的柏油地上玩耍。
EN： The phrasal verb 'suffer from' is used to indicate that someone is experiencing something unpleasant, such as a physical illness or a persistent problem like flooding.
中文： 片語動詞「suffer from」用於表示某人正遭受不愉快事物的困擾，例如身體疾病或像淹水這樣的持續性問題。
Many urban areas suffer from air pollution.
許多城市地區遭受空氣污染之苦。
EN： A 'Church of England school' is a state-funded school in England that has a formal link with the Church of England, often incorporating Christian values into its curriculum while following the national education standards.
中文： 「英國國教會學校」(Church of England school) 是英國的一種公立學校，與英國國教會（聖公會）有正式聯繫。這類學校在遵循國家教育標準的同時，通常會將基督教價值觀融入課程中。
EN： The conjunction 'because' is used to introduce a subordinate clause that provides the reason for the action or state described in the main clause.
中文： 連接詞「because」用於引導從句（子句），說明主句中所描述動作或狀態的原因。
The match was cancelled because it was raining heavily.
比賽被取消了，因為雨下得很大。
EN： The phrasal verb 'sit on' in this context means to be situated or located in a particular place or on a specific type of ground.
中文： 片語動詞「sit on」在此語境下意指「位於」或「坐落在」特定的地點或某種地質基礎之上。
The old castle sits on a hill overlooking the village.
那座古堡坐落在俯瞰村莊的山丘上。
EN： London's geology is famous for 'London Clay,' which is impermeable and often leads to drainage issues in low-lying areas like Barnet, especially during heavy rainfall exacerbated by climate change.
中文： 倫敦的地質以「倫敦黏土層」聞名，這種土質不透水，常導致巴內特等低窪地區出現排水問題，尤其是在氣候變遷加劇的強降雨期間。
EN： The modal verb 'would' is used here to describe a past habit or a repeated action in the past, similar to 'used to'.
中文： 助動詞「would」在此處用於描述過去的習慣或過去反覆發生的動作，類似於「used to」的用法。
Every summer, we would go to the beach for a week.
每年夏天，我們都會去海邊待一個星期。
EN： The relative pronoun 'which' is used in a non-defining relative clause to refer back to the entire preceding clause ('Water would pool... and stay there...').
中文： 關係代名詞「which」用於非限定關係子句中，用來指代前面整個子句所描述的情況（即積水並停留這件事）。
He passed the exam, which surprised everyone.
他通過了考試，這讓每個人都很驚訝。
EN： Appositives are nouns or noun phrases that follow another noun to identify or explain it. Here, 'the school's headteacher' provides more information about 'Macci Dobie'.
中文： 同位語（Appositives）是緊跟在另一個名詞後面的名詞或名詞短語，用於識別或解釋該名詞。在此句中，「the school's headteacher」為「麥琪·多比」提供了更多資訊。
Mr. Smith, my neighbor, is a doctor.
史密斯先生，我的鄰居，是一位醫生。
EN： Noun clauses starting with 'how' function as the object of a verb. In this sentence, 'how bad the situation was' is the object of the verb 'described'. Note that the word order follows a statement (Subject + Verb), not a question.
中文： 由「how」引導的名詞子句可作為動詞的受詞。在本句中，「how bad the situation was」是動詞「described」的受詞。請注意，子句的語序應為陳述句語序（主詞 + 動詞），而非疑問句語序。
She explained how the machine works.
她解釋了這台機器是如何運作的。
EN： In the UK, a 'headteacher' is the equivalent of a 'principal' in the US. The term is used for the person in charge of a primary or secondary school.
中文： 在英國，「headteacher」相當於美國的「principal」（校長）。這個詞用於指代小學或中學的最高負責人。
EN： The 'so + adjective + that' structure is used to express cause and effect, indicating that something is to such a degree that a particular result follows.
中文： 「so + 形容詞 + that」結構用於表達因果關係，表示某事達到某種程度，以至於產生了特定的結果。
The music was so loud that I couldn't hear him speak.
音樂聲太大，以至於我聽不見他說話。
EN： 'Had to' is the past tense of 'have to', used to express a necessity or obligation that existed in the past.
中文： 「had to」是「have to」的過去式，用於表達過去存在的必要性或義務（不得不）。
We had to cancel the picnic because of the rain.
因為下雨，我們不得不取消野餐。
EN： In the UK, 'collecting' children from school is a daily routine for parents of primary school pupils, as children of that age are usually not allowed to leave the school premises alone.
中文： 在英國，從小學「接」(collect) 孩子是家長的日常行程，因為該年齡層的學童通常不被允許獨自離開校園。
EN： The passive voice 'was forced to' indicates that the subject (the school) had no choice due to external circumstances. It is formed by 'be' + past participle.
中文： 被動語態「was forced to」（被迫）表示主詞（聖約翰學校）因外部環境而別無選擇。其結構為「be 動詞」+「過去分詞」。
The flight was forced to land early due to a technical issue.
由於技術問題，該航班被迫提前降落。
EN： The conjunction 'because' introduces a subordinate clause that explains the reason for the action in the main clause.
中文： 連接詞「because」（因為）引導一個從屬子句，用來解釋主句動作發生的原因。
The game was cancelled because it was raining heavily.
比賽因為雨下得很大而取消了。
EN： In the UK, 'dismiss' is the formal term used when a school day ends and pupils are allowed to leave. 'Exits' refers to the various gates or doorways of the school grounds, which are often managed strictly for safety.
中文： 在英國，「dismiss」是學校放學時的正式用語。而「exits」指的是校園的各個大門或出口，為了安全起見，這些出口通常會受到嚴格管理。
EN： The past participle 'named' is used here as a reduced relative clause (short for 'who was named') to modify the noun 'parent governor'. It functions like an adjective to provide more information about the person.
中文： 過去分詞「named」在此處用作簡化關係子句（原為「who was named」），用來修飾名詞「parent governor」（家長校董）。它的功能類似形容詞，提供關於該人物的進一步資訊。
A boy named Jack found the lost wallet.
一個名叫傑克的男孩找到了遺失的錢包。
EN： The idiom 'take the lead' means to be the first to start doing something or to take control of a situation to guide others.
中文： 片語「take the lead」意為「帶頭」或「領先」，指率先開始做某事，或在某種情況下取得控制權以引導他人。
Our company decided to take the lead in reducing plastic waste.
我們公司決定在減少塑膠廢棄物方面採取領先行動。
EN： In the UK, a 'parent governor' is a parent elected to the school's governing body. They play a crucial role in decision-making and representing the interests of parents in school management, reflecting the high level of community involvement in British schools.
中文： 在英國，「parent governor」（家長校董）是指被選入學校管理委員會的家長。他們在決策中扮演重要角色，並在學校管理中代表家長的利益，這反映了英國學校中高度的社區參與度。
EN： The conjunction 'Because' is used to introduce a subordinate clause that provides the reason for the action in the main clause. In formal writing, when the 'Because' clause comes first, it is followed by a comma.
中文： 連接詞「Because」用於引導從句，提供主句動作的原因。在正式寫作中，當「Because」引導的子句放在句首時，後面必須加上逗號。
Because it was raining, we decided to stay home.
因為下雨，我們決定待在家裡。
EN： The phrase 'be able to' is used to express ability or possibility, often implying that something was achieved despite challenges. In this sentence, 'was able to' indicates a successful outcome in the past.
中文： 片語「be able to」用於表達能力或可能性，通常暗示儘管面臨挑戰仍達成了某事。在本句中，「was able to」表示過去的一個成功結果。
After months of practice, she was able to run a marathon.
經過幾個月的練習，她終於能夠跑完馬拉松。
EN： In the UK, schools in high-risk environmental areas can apply for specific government grants for 'climate adaptation'. This reflects the UK government's increasing focus on urban resilience against climate change, especially in historic cities like London where drainage can be an issue.
中文： 在英國，位於高環境風險地區的學校可以申請政府特定的「氣候適應」撥款。這反映了英國政府日益重視城市應對氣候變遷的韌性，特別是在像倫敦這樣排水系統可能面臨挑戰的歷史城市。
EN： The phrase 'enlist the help of someone' means to ask for and get help or support from a person or organization, often for a specific project or cause.
中文： 短語「enlist the help of someone」意為尋求並獲得某人或某個機構的幫助或支持，通常是為了特定的計畫或目標。
The local council enlisted the help of volunteers to clean up the park.
地方議會尋求志願者的幫助來清理公園。
EN： A relative clause starting with 'that' is used here as an adjective to provide more information about the noun 'charity'. This is a defining relative clause.
中文： 這裡使用由「that」引導的關係子句作為形容詞，用來提供關於名詞「charity」（慈善機構）的更多資訊。這被稱為限定用法關係子句。
She works for a company that develops educational software.
她在一家開發教育軟體的公司工作。
EN： The organization 'Trees for Cities' is a real UK-based charity. In urban planning, 'green spaces' are increasingly seen as essential infrastructure for climate resilience, not just for aesthetics.
中文： 「城市樹木協會」是英國真實存在的慈善機構。在都市規劃中，「綠地」越來越被視為應對氣候變遷的必要基礎設施，而不僅僅是為了美觀。
EN： The verb 'help' can be followed by an object and then either a bare infinitive (verb without 'to') or a 'to-infinitive'. Both 'help schools adapt' and 'help schools to adapt' are grammatically correct, though the bare infinitive is more common in modern English.
中文： 動詞「help」（幫助）後面可以接受詞，然後再接不帶 to 的不定詞（原形動詞）或帶 to 的不定詞。例如「help schools adapt」和「help schools to adapt」皆正確，但在現代英語中，省略 to 的用法更為常見。
The teacher helps the students understand the lesson.
老師幫助學生理解課程內容。
EN： The verb 'adapt' is often followed by the preposition 'to' to indicate the thing or situation one is adjusting to. It is an intransitive use here, meaning 'to change behavior or ideas to deal with a new situation'.
中文： 動詞「adapt」（適應）通常後接介系詞「to」，用來表示所要適應的事物或情況。這裡是不及物用法，意指「改變行為或觀念以應對新情況」。
It takes time to adapt to a new environment.
適應新環境需要時間。
EN： The 'climate crisis' is a term increasingly used by media and environmental organizations instead of 'climate change' to emphasize the urgency and severity of the global environmental situation.
中文： 「氣候危機」（climate crisis）是媒體和環保組織越來越常使用的詞彙，用以取代較為中性的「氣候變遷」（climate change），旨在強調全球環境形勢的緊迫性和嚴重性。
EN： Appositives are nouns or noun phrases that follow another noun to provide additional information or identification. In this sentence, 'a landscape architect at Trees for Cities' identifies who Alfie Davies is.
中文： 同位語（Appositives）是緊跟在另一個名詞後面的名詞或名詞短語，用於提供額外資訊或身份說明。在本句中，「a landscape architect at Trees for Cities」說明了阿爾菲·戴維斯的身份。
Mr. Smith, my favorite teacher, is retiring next month.
史密斯先生，我最喜歡的老師，下個月要退休了。
EN： The past tense of the irregular verb 'lead' is 'led'. It is used here to describe a completed action in the past.
中文： 不規則動詞「lead」（領導/帶領）的過去式是「led」。這裡用來描述過去已經完成的動作。
She led the team to victory in last year's competition.
她在去年的比賽中帶領團隊贏得了勝利。
EN： Trees for Cities is a real UK-based charity that focuses on improving lives by planting trees in cities. In the UK, many schools are historically linked to the Church of England, which is why 'St John's Church of England school' includes a religious reference in its name, though they serve the general community.
中文： 「城市樹木協會」是一個總部位於英國的真實慈善機構，致力於透過在城市植樹來改善生活。在英國，許多學校在歷史上與英國國教會（Church of England）有聯繫，這就是為什麼「聖約翰英國國教會學校」的校名中包含宗教參考，儘管它們也為一般社區提供服務。
EN： The sentence uses a 'that-clause' as a noun clause to function as the direct object of the verb 'explained'. This structure is commonly used to report what someone said or thought.
中文： 本句使用「that 子句」作為名詞子句，擔任動詞「explained」（解釋）的直接受詞。這種結構常用於轉述某人的言論或想法。
She said that the project was a success.
她說那個計畫很成功。
EN： The phrase 'had to' is the past tense of 'have to', indicating a necessity or obligation that existed in the past.
中文： 短語「had to」是「have to」的過去式，表示過去存在的必要性或義務（必須）。
We had to leave early because of the rain.
因為下雨，我們當時必須提早離開。
EN： In the context of urban planning and school design in the UK, 'functional' often implies a balance between safety, durability, and the specific developmental needs of children, especially in climate-resilient projects led by charities like Trees for Cities.
中文： 在英國的城市規劃與學校設計背景下，「functional」（功能性）通常意味著在安全性、耐用性與兒童特定發展需求之間取得平衡，特別是在由「城市樹木協會」等慈善機構領導的氣候適應計畫中。
EN： The phrase 'take something away from someone' is a phrasal verb meaning to remove something or deprive someone of something.
中文： 短語「take something away from someone」是一個片語動詞，意思是移走某物或剝奪某人的某物。
The teacher took the phone away from the student.
老師沒收了學生的手機。
EN： The relative clause 'they can use' modifies the pronoun 'something'. In English, the relative pronoun 'that' or 'which' is often omitted when it functions as the object of the clause.
中文： 關係子句「they can use」修飾代名詞「something」。在英語中，當關係代名詞（如 that 或 which）在子句中擔任受詞時，通常會被省略。
This is the book I bought yesterday.
這是我昨天買的那本書。
EN： In urban planning and school design, there is a strong emphasis on 'functional play'. This means that every element of a playground, even environmental features like rain gardens, should serve a purpose for the children's development and enjoyment.
中文： 在城市規劃和學校設計中，非常強調「功能性遊戲」。這意味著操場上的每一個元素，甚至是像雨水花園這樣的環保設施，都應該為兒童的發展和樂趣服務。
EN： The First Conditional is used to talk about things which might happen in the future. It uses 'if' + present simple, followed by 'will' + base verb to show the likely result.
中文： 第一類條件句（First Conditional）用於討論未來可能發生的情況及其結果。結構為「if + 現在簡單式」，後接「will + 動詞原形」來表示可能的結果。
If it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home.
如果明天下雨，我們就會待在家裡。
EN： The phrasal verb 'look after' means to take care of or be responsible for something or someone.
中文： 片語動詞「look after」意為「照顧」或「照看」，指對某人或某物負起維護或關懷的責任。
Please look after my plants while I am on holiday.
我度假期間請幫我照看我的植物。
EN： In educational design, there is a strong belief that 'ownership' leads to better maintenance. If students feel a space belongs to them and is useful, they are more likely to respect and care for it, reducing vandalism or neglect.
中文： 在教育設計領域，有一種強烈的觀念認為「歸屬感」會帶來更好的維護。如果學生覺得某個空間屬於他們且對他們有用，他們就更有可能尊重並愛護它，從而減少破壞或忽視。
EN： The phrase 'with [something] in mind' is an idiomatic prepositional phrase used to indicate that a specific thought or purpose is being considered while performing an action.
中文： 短語「with [something] in mind」是一個慣用介系詞短語，用來表示在執行某項動作時，心中正考量著某個特定的想法或目的。
With the deadline in mind, she worked late into the night.
考慮到截止日期，她工作到了深夜。
EN： The word 'that' introduces a relative clause (adjective clause) to provide more information about the noun 'stepping logs'. In this case, 'that' acts as the subject of the clause.
中文： 單字「that」引導一個關係子句（形容詞子句），用來提供關於名詞「stepping logs」（踏木）的更多資訊。在這種情況下，「that」作為該子句的主詞。
I bought a book that explains how to garden.
我買了一本解釋如何園藝的書。
EN： A 'rain garden' is an environmentally friendly landscaping feature designed to manage stormwater runoff. It uses native plants and soil to soak up rain, preventing flooding in urban areas like London.
中文： 「雨水花園」（rain garden）是一種環保的景觀設計，旨在管理雨水逕流。它利用原生植物和土壤來吸收雨水，防止像倫敦這樣的城市地區發生淹水。
EN： The verb 'enjoy' is followed by a gerund (verb + -ing) when expressing an activity that someone likes doing.
中文： 動詞「enjoy」（享受/喜歡）後面接動名詞（V-ing），用來表達某人喜歡進行的活動。
The students enjoy playing football after school.
學生們喜歡在放學後踢足球。
EN： A relative clause starting with 'that' is used here to provide more information about the noun 'soil beds'. The verbs 'contain' and 'help' both refer back to the soil beds.
中文： 這裡使用以「that」引導的關係子句來提供關於名詞「soil beds」（土床）的更多資訊。動詞「contain」（包含）和「help」（幫助）都指向前面的土床。
I bought a book that explains history and provides maps.
我買了一本解釋歷史並提供地圖的書。
EN： Rain gardens are a sustainable drainage system (SuDS) increasingly used in UK urban planning to manage surface water and prevent flooding in cities like London, which face challenges from heavy rainfall and non-porous surfaces.
中文： 雨水花園（Rain gardens）是一種永續排水系統（SuDS），在英國城市規劃中越來越常用於管理地表水，以防止像倫敦這樣面臨強降雨和不透水地面挑戰的城市發生洪水。
EN： Present Perfect Passive: Formed using 'has/have + been + past participle'. It describes an action that started in the past and has a result in the present, focusing on the person or thing receiving the action.
中文： 現在完成式的被動語態：由「has/have + been + 過去分詞」構成。用於描述從過去開始並對現在產生影響的動作，且強調動作的承受者。
The new library has been opened by the principal.
新圖書館已經由校長主持開幕了。
EN： The Passive Voice with 'by': In passive sentences, the 'agent' (the person or thing performing the action) is introduced using the preposition 'by'.
中文： 被動語態中的「by」：在被動句中，執行動作的主體（施事者）通常由介系詞「by」引導。
The cake was eaten by the dog.
蛋糕被那隻狗吃掉了。
EN： In British English, 'school community' refers not just to the students and teachers, but also to parents, governors, and local residents who are involved with the school's environment and activities.
中文： 在英國英語中，「school community」(學校社群) 不僅指學生和老師，還包括家長、校董以及參與學校環境與活動的當地居民。
EN： The sentence uses 'said' followed by an omitted 'that' to introduce a noun clause (reported speech). The present perfect tense 'have put' indicates that the action started in the past and has a result in the present.
中文： 本句使用動詞「said」引導一個省略了「that」的名詞子句（間接引語）。子句中使用了現在完成式「have put」，表示動作發生在過去且對現在產生了影響。
The teacher said the students have finished their homework.
老師說學生們已經完成了功課。
EN： The phrasal verb 'put something up' means to increase the level or amount of something.
中文： 片語動詞「put something up」在這裡的意思是提高或增加某事物的程度或數量。
The store has put the prices up this month.
這家商店這個月調漲了價格。
EN： In British English, 'headteacher' is the standard term for the person in charge of a school, whereas in American English, 'principal' is more commonly used.
中文： 在英式英語中，「headteacher」是學校負責人的標準稱呼，而在美式英語中，則更常用「principal」一詞。
EN： The conjunction 'while' is used here to express two actions happening simultaneously. When followed by a present participle (-ing), it often implies that the subject of the main clause is performing both actions.
中文： 連接詞「while」在此用於表達兩個動作同時發生。當後面接現在分詞（-ing）時，通常隱含主句的主詞同時在執行這兩項動作。
She listened to music while doing her homework.
她一邊做功課一邊聽音樂。
EN： The 'that' clause functions as a noun clause serving as the direct object of the verb 'shows'. It introduces a complete statement or fact that is being demonstrated.
中文： 「that」引導的名詞子句作為動詞「shows」的直接受詞。它引出了一個被證明的完整陳述或事實。
Research shows that regular exercise improves mental health.
研究顯示，規律運動能改善心理健康。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 容易發生水災的
在本文中： 使徹底改觀、轉化
在本文中： 吸收（液體、氣體等）
在本文中： （建築物的）地基
在本文中： 嚴重的、劇烈的
在本文中： 解散、放學
在本文中： 基礎設施、公共建設
在本文中： 爭取、請求（幫助或支持）
在本文中： 實用的、功能性的
在本文中： 實際的、切實可行的
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
A garden designed to absorb and filter rainwater runoff from hard surfaces.
雨水花園
To take a position of leadership or control in a project or activity.
帶頭、領軍、主導
Modified or designed to withstand the effects of climate change.
適應氣候變遷的
To take care of or be responsible for something or someone.
照料、維護
Land that is at or near sea level and often prone to flooding.
低窪地區