EN： The conjunction 'as' is used here to mean 'while' or 'at the same time that', showing two actions occurring simultaneously.
中文： 從屬連接詞「as」在此處表示「隨著……」或「當……之際」，用來表達兩個動作或狀態同時發生。
As summer approaches, the days become longer.
隨著夏天臨近，白天變得越來越長。
EN： The present perfect tense ('have discovered') is used to describe an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past and has relevance to the present.
中文： 現在完成式（have + 過去分詞）在此處用於描述過去發生、但對現在仍具影響或相關性的動作（「已經發現」）。
Scientists have discovered a new species of frog in the rainforest.
科學家在雨林中發現了一種新蛙類。
EN： Historically, residential air conditioning has been uncommon in the United Kingdom due to its temperate maritime climate. However, with rising global temperatures and more frequent summer heatwaves, UK homeowners are increasingly seeking practical ways to cool their residences.
中文： 歷史上，由於英國屬於溫和的海洋性氣候，住宅安裝冷氣並不普及。然而，隨著全球氣溫上升以及夏天熱浪變得更加頻繁，英國屋主越來越積極尋求為房屋降溫的實用方法。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses are introduced by a comma and 'which' to add extra information about a noun. They can be omitted without changing the main meaning of the sentence.
中文： 非限定關係子句（Non-defining relative clauses）使用逗號加「which」來為名詞補充額外資訊。即使省略此子句，主要句子的核心意思依然完整。
My laptop, which I bought last year, works very well.
我的筆記型電腦（我去年買的）運作得非常好。
EN： The phrase 'be known for' means to be famous or recognized for a particular feature or achievement. It is followed by a noun or a gerund (verb+ing).
中文： 片語「be known for」意為「以……著名」或「因……而為人所知」。後接名詞或動名詞（V-ing）。
Taiwan is known for its delicious street food.
台灣以其美味的街頭小吃而聞名。
EN： The structure 'be surprised to learn that...' uses a passive adjective followed by an infinitive verb to express the emotional reaction to acquiring new information. The 'that-clause' then specifies what was learned.
中文： 「be surprised to learn that...」結構結合了表示情緒的被動形容詞與不定詞，用來表達「對得知某事感到驚奇」。隨後的「that 引導的名詞子句」則詳細說明所獲知的具體內容。
I was delighted to learn that my application was accepted.
得知我的申請被接受了，我感到非常高興。
EN： The Present Perfect Passive ('have been surprised') is used to describe a state or action that began in the past and continues to be relevant in the present, emphasizing the ongoing reaction of people.
中文： 現在完成式的被動語態（have been surprised）用於描述從過去開始並持續影響到現在的狀態或動作，在此處強調人們至今仍感到驚訝的心理狀態。
Many customers have been pleased to find that the new policy saves them money.
許多顧客高興地發現新政策為他們節省了開支。
EN： A non-defining relative clause (introduced by 'who') provides extra, non-essential information about a specific person. It is separated from the main clause by commas.
中文： 非限定關係子句（由 relative pronoun 'who' 引導）用來補充說明特定名詞的額外資訊，非句子的核心必要內容。通常前後會使用逗點與主句隔開。
My brother, who works in London, is visiting us this weekend.
我哥哥（他在倫敦工作）這個週末要來看我們。
EN： The present perfect tense ('has experienced') is used to describe an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past and has relevance or a connection to the present situation.
中文： 現在完成貌（助動詞 have/has + 過去分詞）用於表示過去發生且對現在仍有影響或相關的經驗與狀態。
She has lived in Paris for three years and knows the city very well.
她已經在巴黎住了三年，對這座城市非常熟悉。
EN： The reported speech structure 'say that...' is used to state information spoken by someone. 'That' acts as a conjunction introducing the noun clause that functions as the direct object of the verb 'says'.
中文： 「say that...」（說...）為間接引述（Reported Speech）結構，其中「that」作為連接詞，引導一個名詞子句來擔任動詞「says」的直接受詞。
She says that she will call us tomorrow.
她說她明天會打電話給我們。
EN： The phrasal verb 'bring [something] down to [a number/level]' means to reduce or lower something to a specific amount or level.
中文： 片語動詞「bring [something] down to [金額/數字]」意為「將（某物）降低或調降至（特定數值或水平）」。
The new manager hopes to bring the production costs down to ten dollars per unit.
新經理希望能把生產成本降低到每單位十美元。
EN： In the UK, traditional homes are built to retain heat, and air conditioning is historically rare in residential properties. As climate change causes more frequent summer heatwaves, the dual heating/cooling capability of heat pumps is becoming a major selling point for British homeowners.
中文： 在英國，傳統住宅的建造設計重點在於保暖，歷史上住宅安裝冷氣非常罕見。然而隨著氣候變遷導致夏季熱浪越發頻繁，熱泵（Heat pump）兼具製熱與冷氣供冷的功能，正成為英國屋主關注的一大賣點。
EN： 'After' is used here as a subordinating conjunction to introduce a time clause ('after they removed...'). It shows that the action in the main clause happened following the action in the dependent clause.
中文： 「after」在此處作為從屬連接詞，引導時間副詞子句（「after they removed...」），用來表示主要子句的動作發生在該子句動作之後。
She went to bed after she finished her homework.
她在做完作業後就去睡覺了。
EN： The Simple Past Tense ('installed', 'removed') is used to describe completed actions that took place at a specific time in the past.
中文： 簡單過去式（如「installed」、「removed」）用於描述在過去特定時間點已經完成的動作或狀態。
They bought a new car last month.
他們上個月買了一輛新車。
EN： In the UK, traditional home heating relies heavily on gas boilers. As part of net-zero carbon initiatives and in response to rising temperatures, the UK government has been encouraging households to replace gas boilers with air source heat pumps.
中文： 在英國，傳統的家庭供暖非常依賴瓦斯熱水爐（gas boilers）。為了達成淨零碳排目標並應對日益上升的氣溫，英國政府近年積極鼓勵民眾將瓦斯熱水爐替換為更環保的空氣源熱泵（air source heat pumps）。
EN： A relative clause (or adjective clause) uses a relative pronoun like 'that' or 'which' to give more information about a noun. Here, 'that installed the system' describes 'The company'.
中文： 關係子句（形容詞子句）使用關係代名詞（如 that 或 which）來提供有關名詞的更多資訊。在此句中，'that installed the system' 用來修飾主詞 'The company'（公司）。
The engineer that repaired our heating system was very professional.
維修我們加熱系統的工程師非常專業。
EN： The verb 'suggest' can be followed by a 'that'-clause (where 'that' is often omitted) expressing a proposal or recommendation. In reported speech or past context, modal verbs like 'could' are used to indicate possibility or ability.
中文： 動詞 'suggest'（建議）後面可接包含主詞與動詞的賓語子句（that 常被省略），用來表達建議或提議。在過去式的轉述語氣中，會使用情態動詞 'could' 來表示可能性或可行作法。
My doctor suggested I could try swimming to reduce my back pain.
我的醫生建議我可以嘗試游泳來減輕背痛。
EN： The preposition 'by' followed by a gerund (-ing form) is used to explain the method or means by which an action is accomplished.
中文： 介系詞「by」後面接動名詞（-ing 形式），用來表示達成某動作的方法或手段（透過……方式）。
You can improve your English by reading news articles every day.
你可以透過每天閱讀新聞文章來提升你的英文能力。
EN： The phrase 'rather than' is used to show contrast or preference, meaning 'instead of'. When followed by a verb, it usually takes the -ing form (gerund) to match the parallel structure in the sentence.
中文： 片語「rather than」意為「而不是」，用於表示對比或取捨。在此句中後面接動名詞（burning），與前面的介系詞受詞（transferring）形成平行結構。
He decided to walk to work rather than taking the bus.
他決定走路去上班，而不是搭公車。
EN： Compound Predicate with Parallel Verbs: When a subject performs two actions joined by a conjunction like 'and', both verbs should be in the same tense and form (here, simple present 'extracts' and 'sends').
中文： 複合謂語與平行動詞：當主詞執行由對等連接詞（如 and）連接的兩個動作時，兩個動詞必須保持相同的時態與形式（在此處皆為單數現在式的 extracts 與 sends）。
In summer, the machine absorbs heat from inside and releases it outside.
在夏天，這台機器會吸收室內的熱氣並將其釋放到室外。
EN： Preposition 'through' for Means or Channels: The preposition 'through' is used to indicate the medium, system, or mechanism by which something is conveyed or transmitted.
中文： 介系詞 through 表示途徑或管道：介系詞 through 可用來表示某物被傳送或傳播時所透過的媒介、管道或機制。
Fresh air circulates through the ventilation shafts.
新鮮空氣透過通風管道進行循環。
EN： Passive Voice (be + past participle) is used when the focus is on the action or the receiver of the action rather than the doer. Here, 'is reversed' and 'is removed' emphasize what happens to the process and heat.
中文： 被動語態（be 動詞 + 過去分詞）用於當焦點放在動作本身或接收動作的對象，而非執行者時。在此句中，'is reversed'（被顛倒）與 'is removed'（被移除）強調了過程與熱氣所發生的變化。
The trash is collected every morning.
垃圾每天早上都會被收集。
EN： Prepositional phrases of place, such as 'from inside the house', combine prepositions ('from' and 'inside') to show movement away from a specific location.
中文： 地方介系詞短語，例如 'from inside the house'（從房屋內部），結合了介系詞（from 與 inside）來表示從特定地點離開或移出的動態關係。
She took a cold drink from inside the fridge.
她從冰箱內部拿了一瓶冷飲。
EN： The structure 'make + object + object complement' uses 'make' as a causative-like verb, where the object complement (a noun phrase or adjective) describes the resulting state of the object.
中文： 「make + 賓語 + 賓語補語」結構中，make 作為使役動詞用法，賓語補語（名詞短語或形容詞）用來說明賓語最終變成的狀態或身份。
The heavy rain made the dirt road a muddy track.
大雨使這條泥土路變成了一條泥濘的小徑。
EN： The subordinating conjunction 'because' introduces an adverbial clause of cause/reason, followed by a complete subject-verb clause.
中文： 從屬連接詞 'because' 用來引導原因副詞子句，後面須接結構完整的主詞與動詞子句。
She stayed at home because it was snowing heavily.
她待在家裡，因為外頭正下著大雪。
EN： The pattern 'describe A as B' is used to express how someone characterizes or views something. 'Describe' is the verb, 'A' is the object being described, and 'as' introduces the noun or adjective phrase 'B' that specifies the characterization.
中文： 「describe A as B」（將 A 形容為 B）結構用於表達某人如何描述或看待某事物。其中 describe 是動詞，A 是被描述的對象，介系詞 as 後面接名詞或形容詞短語 B，用來說明具體的特徵或性質。
She described the new policy as a major step forward.
她將這項新政策形容為一個重大進步。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense ('has/have + past participle') is used to connect a past action or experience with the present moment. Here, 'has described' indicates that Ingram made this comment recently, and its relevance continues to be important now.
中文： 現在完成貌（has/have + 過去分詞）用於連結過去發生的動作或經驗與現在時刻。在此句中，「has described」表示英格拉姆最近做出了這樣的描述，且該看法對目前仍具影響力與相關性。
The doctor has described the treatment as highly effective.
醫生已將這種療法形容為非常有效。
EN： In the UK, traditional housing rarely features central air conditioning because summers have historically been mild. However, with rising global temperatures causing intense heatwaves, British homeowners are turning to technologies like heat pumps—originally installed for winter heating—to keep cool, leading many to view these dual-function systems as life-saving 'lifelines'.
中文： 在英國，傳統住宅很少安裝中央空調，因為過往夏季氣候溫和。然而，隨著全球氣溫上升帶來劇烈熱浪，英國屋主開始利用原本為了冬季供暖而安裝的熱泵系統來進行降溫，讓許多人將這種雙功能系統視為極具新意且不可或缺的「救命稻草」。
EN： A complex sentence with an indirect speech reported clause introduced by 'that', containing a time clause ('when...') followed by two main coordinated actions ('turn... and then let...').
中文： 間接引語子句（由 that 引導）：主句動詞為 explained，後面接由 that 引導的賓語子句，子句內包含一個由 when 引導的時間狀語從句，以及兩個由 and 連接的並列對應動作（turn... 與 let...）。
She explained that when the rain stops, we can go outside and enjoy the fresh air.
她解釋說，當雨停的時候，我們就可以出去呼吸新鮮空氣。
EN： The structure 'let + object + bare infinitive (verb without 'to')' is used to express allowing or permitting something to happen.
中文： 使役動詞用法：let + 受詞 + 原形動詞（bare infinitive），表示「讓/允許」某事發生或進行。
Please let the soup cool down before you drink it.
請讓湯冷卻一下再喝。
EN： The conjunction 'when' introduces an adverbial clause of time, showing two events happening at or around the same time.
中文： 連詞「when」（當……時）用來引導時間副詞子句，表示主詞句與子句的動作同時或緊接著發生。
When she arrives at the station, she will call you.
當她到達車站時，她會打電話給你。
EN： The present continuous tense ('is using') can be used inside an object clause to represent an action believed to be happening at that moment.
中文： 「動詞 think + 名詞子句」結構中，子句使用現在進行式（is using），用來表示某人「認為/以為某事此刻正在進行」。
Many customers think the store is opening early today.
許多顧客以為這家店今天提早營業。
EN： In the UK, traditional air conditioning units are historically rare in residential homes due to the mild climate. As summer temperatures rise, air-source heat pumps that offer reverse cooling are perceived by many as equivalent to traditional air conditioning, though their operating principles differ.
中文： 在英國，由於傳統氣候溫和，住宅通常很少安裝傳統冷氣機（空調）。隨著近年夏季氣溫上升，具備逆向製冷功能的氣源熱泵被許多人誤以為是傳統冷氣，雖然兩者的運作原理與能源效率有所差異。
EN： The transition word 'however' is used at the beginning of a sentence to introduce a contrast to a previous statement or situation.
中文： 轉折連接詞「however」（然而）常用於句首，用來引入與前文相反或對比的情況。
She was tired; however, she continued working on her project.
她很累；然而，她仍繼續努力處理她的專案。
EN： In a noun clause introduced by 'that', a participle phrase ('working in reverse') can be used as a post-modifier to describe the preceding noun ('heat pump').
中文： 由「that」引導的名詞子句中，現在分詞短語（working in reverse）可作為後置修飾語，用來修飾前面的名詞（heat pump）。
I saw a car moving in reverse down the street.
我看到一輛汽車倒車沿著街道行駛。
EN： Heat pumps have traditionally been viewed in the UK primarily as replacements for gas boilers for winter heating. Using them for space cooling in summer is a relatively new concept for many British homeowners.
中文： 熱泵在英國傳統上主要被視為替代天然氣鍋爐的冬季供暖設備。對許多英國屋主來說，在夏季利用熱泵進行室內降溫降溫是一個相對較新的觀念。
EN： The conjunction 'as' is used here to mean 'while' or 'in proportion to the time that', indicating two actions or processes happening simultaneously.
中文： 連詞「as」在此處表示「隨著……」，用來連接兩個同時發生或具因果演變關係的動作與狀態。
As technology advances, electric cars are becoming more affordable.
隨著科技進步，電動車變得越來越便宜。
EN： 'Both... and...' is a correlative conjunction used to join two equal grammatical elements (in this case, two gerunds: 'heating' and 'cooling').
中文： 「both... and...」為對等連接詞，意為「既……又……」或「兩者皆」，用來連接兩個語法結構相同的成分（本句中為兩個動名詞：heating 與 cooling）。
This venue is suitable for both weddings and corporate events.
這個場地既適合辦婚禮，也適合舉辦企業活動。
EN： Traditionally, homes in temperate countries like the UK rarely had air conditioning because hot summers were brief. However, due to recent extreme summer temperatures driven by global climate change, technologies like heat pumps are gaining popularity as double-duty systems for both winter warmth and summer cooling.
中文： 傳統上，像英國這類溫帶國家因為夏季炎熱天數少，家庭很少安裝冷氣。然而，隨著全球氣候變遷導致近年夏季屢創高溫，「氣候適應」（climate adaptation）成為重要議題，兼具冬暖夏涼功能的熱泵（heat pump）因而躍升為熱門的節能替代方案。
EN： The present perfect tense ('has been') with 'for + duration' is used to describe an action or state that started in the past and continues into the present.
中文： 「現在完成式」（has been）搭配「for + 時間長度」，用來描述從過去就已經開始，並且一直持續到現在的動作或狀態。
This model has been popular for three years.
這個款式已經流行三年了。
EN： 'Because of' is a prepositional phrase meaning 'due to' or 'as a result of', followed by a noun or noun phrase.
中文： 「because of」是介系詞短語，意為「因為……」或「由於……」，後面須接名詞或名詞短語（如受詞或動名詞），與後接完整子句的連詞「because」不同。
The match was canceled because of heavy rain.
比賽因為大雨而取消了。
EN： The phrase 'play a role in + V-ing' means to be involved in an activity or to contribute to a result. Adjectives like 'significant' or 'important' can be added before 'role' to show the degree of impact.
中文： 動詞短語「play a role in + 動名詞 (V-ing)」意為「在……方面發揮作用/扮演角色」。可以在 role 前面加上形容詞（如 significant「重要的」）來修飾其影響力程度。
Technology plays a crucial role in improving modern education.
科技在改善現代教育方面扮演著至關重要的角色。
EN： The conjunction 'while' can be followed directly by a present participle (-ing phrase) to indicate two actions happening simultaneously, serving as a shortened adverbial clause (while [they are] also reducing...).
中文： 連詞「while」後面可直接接現在分詞（-ing 短語），表示兩個動作同時進行。這是狀語從句的省略形式（原為 while heat pumps are also reducing...）。
She listens to classical music while studying for her exams.
她邊準備考試，邊聽古典音樂。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 急升；飆升
在本文中： 顯著地；相當程度地
在本文中： 好處；益處
在本文中： 親自地；第一手地
在本文中： 轉移；傳送
在本文中： 萃取；提取
在本文中： 反轉；顛倒
在本文中： 可再生的
在本文中： 出乎意料的好發現；啟示
在本文中： 救命稻草；生命線
在本文中： 逐漸地；逐步地
在本文中： 適應；順應
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
A device that transfers heat from a cooler area to a warmer area, or vice versa, using mechanical energy.
熱泵（一種利用少量電能轉移熱量的冷暖氣設備）
Energy from a source that is not depleted when used, such as wind or solar power.
可再生能源
To gradually return to a higher level or position over time.
緩慢回升；漸漸上升
To become noticed or widely recognized by people.
獲得關注；引起注意
Actions taken to manage the impacts of climate change.
氣候適應