EN： Present Continuous Tense (be + V-ing): This tense is used to describe actions that are currently happening or ongoing trends. In this sentence, 'are calling' indicates an active, ongoing demand.
中文： 現在進行式 (be + V-ing)：此時態用於描述正在發生的動作或持續中的趨勢。在本句中，「are calling」表示一個正在進行中的積極訴求。
The students are asking for more time to finish the project.
學生們正要求有更多時間來完成這項企劃。
EN： Phrasal Verb 'Call for': This means to publicly demand or require something. It is often used in news contexts when a group of people requests a specific change.
中文： 片語動詞「Call for」：意指公開要求或呼籲某事。在新聞語境中，常用於描述一群人請求特定的改變。
The protesters are calling for a change in the law.
抗議者們正呼籲修改法律。
EN： In the UK, 'retail workers' often refers to staff in supermarkets and high-street shops. Recent years have seen a significant debate regarding the safety of these workers due to a rise in shoplifting and aggressive behavior from customers.
中文： 在英國，「retail workers」通常指超市和繁華商業街商店的員工。近年來，由於商店盜竊和顧客攻擊行為的增加，關於這些員工安全問題的討論非常激烈。
EN： The Passive Voice (be + past participle) is used when the action is more important than who performed it. Here, 'was fired' emphasizes the employee's loss of job rather than the manager who fired him.
中文： 被動語態（be 動詞 + 過去分詞）用於強調動作本身而非執行者。這裡使用 'was fired'（被解僱）強調了員工失去工作的結果，而非解僱他的經理。
The window was broken during the storm.
窗戶在暴風雨中被弄壞了。
EN： The preposition 'for' followed by a Gerund (verb-ing) is used to express the reason or cause for an action, especially in the context of punishment or reward.
中文： 介係詞 'for' 後接動名詞（V-ing）用來表示某個動作的原因或理由，特別是在描述獎懲的語境中。
She was thanked for helping the elderly man.
她因為幫助那位老先生而受到感謝。
EN： Waitrose is a high-end supermarket chain in the UK. The case highlights a common dilemma in retail: companies often have strict 'no-intervention' policies to protect staff from violence, but employees may feel a moral obligation to stop theft.
中文： Waitrose 是英國的一家高端連鎖超市。此案例突顯了零售業常見的困境：公司通常制定嚴格的「不干預」政策以保護員工免受暴力傷害，但員工可能會覺得有道德義務去阻止偷竊。
EN： Past Perfect Tense (had + past participle): This tense is used to describe an action that was completed before another action or a specific time in the past. In this context, it emphasizes that the stopping occurred before Smith was fired.
中文： 過去完成式 (had + 過去分詞)：此時態用於描述在過去某個動作或特定時間點之前已經完成的動作。在此語境中，它強調「阻止」的行為發生在史密斯被解僱之前。
The train had already left when I arrived at the station.
當我到達車站時，火車已經開走了。
EN： The pattern 'stop someone from doing something': This structure is used to indicate preventing a person from performing a specific action.
中文： 「stop someone from doing something」句型：此結構用於表示阻止某人進行某項特定的動作。
The heavy rain stopped us from going for a hike.
大雨阻止了我們去健行。
EN： Easter eggs are a significant cultural symbol in the UK during springtime. Retailers often have large displays of chocolate eggs, which unfortunately can become targets for shoplifting during the Easter season.
中文： 復活節彩蛋是英國春季重要的文化象徵。零售商通常會設置大型的巧克力蛋陳列架，不幸的是，這些陳列在復活節期間常成為店鋪竊賊的目標。
EN： The Past Simple tense is used to describe completed actions that happened at a specific time in the past. Here, 'dismissed' and 'happened' indicate the sequence of events is finished.
中文： 過去簡單式用於描述在過去特定時間點完成的動作。在此句中，「dismissed」（解僱）和「happened」（發生）表示這些事件已經結束。
The company hired her last month.
公司上個月僱用了她。
EN： The conjunction 'after' introduces a subordinate clause (after the incident happened) to indicate the time relationship between two events.
中文： 從屬連接詞「after」引導一個從屬子句（在事件發生後），用來表示兩個事件之間的時間先後關係。
We went home after the movie ended.
電影結束後我們就回家了。
EN： Waitrose is a well-known upmarket supermarket chain in the United Kingdom. In the UK, employment laws and company policies regarding how staff should handle shoplifting are very strict, often prioritizing staff safety over the recovery of stolen goods.
中文： Waitrose 是英國知名的連鎖高級超市。在英國，關於員工應如何處理商店竊盜的勞動法規和公司政策非常嚴格，通常會將員工安全置於追回失竊財物之上。
EN： The sentence uses the Present Perfect Tense (has + past participle) to describe an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past and has relevance to the present situation.
中文： 本句使用現在完成式（has + 過去分詞），用來描述過去發生但確切時間不重要，且與現在情況相關的動作。
The company has announced new safety rules.
公司已經宣佈了新的安全規定。
EN： The phrase 'called Usdaw' is a past participle phrase acting as an adjective to provide more information about the noun 'union'. It is a shortened form of 'which is called Usdaw'.
中文： 短語「called Usdaw」是過去分詞短語，充當形容詞來修飾名詞「union」（工會），提供額外資訊。這是「which is called Usdaw」的省略用法。
A man called Peter left a message for you.
一位名叫彼得的男子給你留了訊息。
EN： Usdaw (Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers) is one of the largest trade unions in the UK. In British culture, trade unions play a significant role in negotiating workers' rights and safety with both the government and large corporations.
中文： Usdaw（商店、分銷及相關工作者聯盟）是英國最大的工會之一。在英國文化中，工會在與政府及大型企業談判勞工權益與安全方面扮演著非常重要的角色。
EN： Appositive Phrase: A noun or noun phrase that sits next to another noun to rename it or provide more information. Here, 'the general secretary of Usdaw' identifies who Joanne Thomas is.
中文： 同位語片語：緊跟在名詞後方的名詞或名詞片語，用來重新命名或提供更多關於該名詞的資訊。在此句中，「the general secretary of Usdaw」用來解釋 Joanne Thomas 的身分。
Mr. Lee, my English teacher, is very kind.
李先生，我的英文老師，人非常親切。
EN： Noun Clause with 'that': The word 'that' introduces a subordinate clause acting as the object of the verb 'said'. It reports the content of what was spoken.
中文： that 引導的名詞子句：單字「that」引導一個從屬子句，作為動詞「said」的受詞，用來轉述說話的內容。
She said that the weather was beautiful.
她說天氣很漂亮。
EN： Usdaw stands for the 'Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers'. In the UK, trade unions play a significant role in negotiating workplace safety and rights with large retail corporations.
中文： Usdaw 代表「商店、分銷及相關工作者工會」。在英國，工會在與大型零售企業談判職場安全與勞工權益方面扮演著舉足輕重的角色。
EN： Present Perfect Continuous Tense (has been rising): This tense is used to describe an action that started in the past and is still continuing in the present, emphasizing the duration or ongoing nature of the activity.
中文： 現在完成進行式 (has been rising)：此時態用於描述從過去開始並持續到現在的動作，強調該活動的持續性或正在進行的狀態。
The cost of living has been rising steadily for several months.
生活成本幾個月來一直在穩步上升。
EN： Noun Clause as Object: The word 'that' introduces a noun clause ('that retail crime... protection') which functions as the direct object of the verb 'explained'.
中文： 名詞子句作為受詞：單字 'that' 引導一個名詞子句（that retail crime... protection），該子句在句中擔任動詞 'explained' 的直接受詞。
He explained that the meeting was canceled.
他解釋說會議取消了。
EN： The term 'frontline' in a retail context refers to employees who interact directly with customers, such as cashiers and floor staff. In the UK, the safety of these workers has become a significant political and social issue due to a reported rise in shoplifting and verbal abuse.
中文： 在零售語境中，「frontline」（前線）是指直接與顧客互動的員工，如收銀員和賣場人員。在英國，由於報道的商店盜竊和言語欺凌事件增加，這些工作人員的安全已成為一個重要的政治和社會議題。
EN： Present Perfect Continuous Tense (has/have + been + -ing): This tense is used to describe an action that started in the past and is still continuing in the present, often emphasizing the duration or ongoing nature of the activity.
中文： 現在完成進行式 (has/have + been + -ing)：此時態用於描述從過去開始並持續到現在的動作，通常強調活動的持續性或過程。
The team has been working on this project since January.
團隊自一月以來一直致力於這個項目。
EN： Indirect Questions with 'how': The phrase 'how to improve...' acts as a noun phrase (the object of the preposition 'about'). It uses an infinitive structure to express a method or way of doing something.
中文： 使用 'how' 的間接問句：短語 'how to improve...' 作為名詞短語（介系詞 'about' 的受詞）。它使用不定詞結構來表達做某事的方法或途徑。
She is learning how to manage her time better.
她正在學習如何更好地管理時間。
EN： In the UK, 'The union' often refers to specific trade unions like Usdaw (Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers), which play a significant role in negotiating workers' rights and safety standards directly with large retail corporations.
中文： 在英國，「The union」通常指特定的工會，如 Usdaw（商店、分銷及聯合職工工會）。這些工會在與大型零售企業直接談判勞工權益和安全標準方面發揮著重要作用。
EN： Noun Clauses with 'that': A noun clause acts as the object of a verb (in this case, 'shows'). It starts with the conjunction 'that' and contains its own subject and verb to provide more detailed information.
中文： that 引導的名詞子句：名詞子句在此作為動詞（如本句中的 shows）的受詞。它由連接詞 'that' 開頭，後接完整的子句（主詞+動詞），用來提供更詳細的資訊。
Research shows that exercise improves mental health.
研究顯示運動能改善心理健康。
EN： Subject-Verb Agreement: In English, the verb must match the subject in number. Here, 'A recent survey' is a singular third-person subject, so the verb 'show' takes an 's' to become 'shows'.
中文： 主詞與動詞的一致性：在英文中，動詞必須與主詞的單複數形式一致。本句的主詞 'A recent survey' 是第三人稱單數，因此動詞 'show' 必須加 's' 變成 'shows'。
The report indicates a need for change.
該報告指出有改變的必要。
EN： Usdaw stands for the 'Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers'. In the UK, trade unions play a significant role in negotiating workplace safety and rights, especially in the retail sector where frontline staff face increasing challenges.
中文： Usdaw 是「商店、分配及聯合工作者聯盟」的縮寫。在英國，工會在協商職場安全與權益方面扮演重要角色，特別是在第一線員工面臨日益嚴峻挑戰的零售業。
EN： The phrase 'According to' is a prepositional phrase used to attribute information to a specific source, such as a person, a document, or a study.
中文： 短語 'According to' 是一個介係詞短語，用於將資訊歸功於特定來源，例如某人、文件或研究（譯為「根據」或「據...所說」）。
According to the weather forecast, it will rain tomorrow.
根據天氣預報，明天會下雨。
EN： Reported Speech with 'would': When reporting what someone said in the past about a future preference or intention, 'will' changes to 'would' to maintain backshift in tense.
中文： 間接引語中的 'would'：當轉述某人過去所說的關於未來的偏好或意圖時，'will' 會改為 'would'，以符合時態後移的規則。
He said he would help us with the project.
他說他會幫助我們完成這個企劃。
EN： In the UK, 'union members' refers to workers who belong to a trade union, such as Usdaw. Unions play a significant role in British labor relations, negotiating for safety and pay. The mention of a '2025 survey' suggests this is a forward-looking or very recent report within the context of the story.
中文： 在英國，「工會成員」(union members) 指的是加入貿易工會（如 Usdaw）的勞工。工會在英國勞資關係中扮演重要角色，負責協商安全與薪資問題。文中提到「2025 年調查」顯示這是該故事背景下的一份前瞻性或最新的報告。
EN： The sentence uses a 'that-clause' as a noun clause acting as the direct object of the verb 'believe'. This structure allows the speaker to express a complete thought or opinion following a reporting verb.
中文： 本句使用了由 'that' 引導的名詞子句，作為動詞 'believe' 的受詞。這種結構常用於在述說動詞（如 believe, say, think）之後表達一個完整的想法或觀點。
Experts suggest that regular exercise improves mental health.
專家建議規律運動能改善心理健康。
EN： The sentence features a compound predicate where two verb phrases ('provide reassurance' and 'act as a deterrent') share the same subject ('security guards'), connected by the conjunction 'and'.
中文： 本句包含複合謂語，即兩個動詞短語（provide reassurance 與 act as a deterrent）共享同一個主詞（security guards），並由連接詞 'and' 連接。
The new policy saves money and increases efficiency.
新政策既省錢又提高了效率。
EN： In the UK, the role of retail security has become a significant public debate. Unlike some countries where security might be armed, UK retail guards are primarily there for 'reassurance' and 'deterrence', focusing on de-escalation and visual presence rather than physical intervention, which is reflected in the specific vocabulary used here.
中文： 在英國，零售業安保的角色已成為重大的公眾討論議題。與某些國家安保人員可能配備武器不同，英國零售店的保安主要功能是「提供安心感」和「威懾」，重點在於降溫衝突和視覺存在感，而非肢體干預，這也反映在句中所使用的特定詞彙中。
EN： The use of 'such as' to introduce examples. It is a prepositional phrase used to provide specific instances of a general category (in this case, 'other measures').
中文： 使用「such as」來引導例子。這是一個介系詞短語，用於提供一般類別（在此句中為「其他措施」）的具體實例。
The store sells many fruits, such as apples and oranges.
這家店販售許多水果，例如蘋果和橘子。
EN： Reported speech with 'said (that)'. When reporting what someone said, the word 'that' is often omitted in casual or journalistic English, followed by a subordinate clause.
中文： 使用「said (that)」的間接引語。在轉述某人的話時，連接詞「that」在口語或新聞英語中經常被省略，後方接從屬子句。
He said they need more time to finish the project.
他說他們需要更多時間來完成這個專案。
EN： In the UK, the use of facial recognition technology in retail is a subject of ongoing debate regarding privacy versus security. While it helps deter crime, civil liberties groups often raise concerns about surveillance.
中文： 在英國，零售業使用人臉識別技術是一個關於隱私與安全的持續辯論話題。雖然它有助於威懾犯罪，但公民自由團體經常對監控表示擔憂。
EN： The sentence begins with a participial phrase 'After losing...'. This is a reduced adverbial clause where the subject 'Smith' is omitted because it is the same as the subject of the main clause. The '-ing' form (present participle) indicates an active action.
中文： 句子以分詞短語「After losing...」開頭。這是一個簡化的副詞子句，因為主詞與主句主詞「Smith」相同而省略。使用「-ing」形式（現在分詞）表示主動動作。
After finishing her homework, Sarah went to the park.
完成作業後，莎拉去了公園。
EN： The main clause uses the passive voice 'was offered'. The passive voice is formed with 'be' + past participle, focusing on the person receiving the action (Smith) rather than who performed it.
中文： 主句使用了被動語態「was offered」。被動語態由「be 動詞 + 過去分詞」構成，重點在於接受動作的人（Smith），而非執行動作的人。
He was offered a promotion by his manager.
他的經理給了他晉升的機會。
EN： Waitrose and Iceland represent different segments of the UK grocery market. Waitrose is typically seen as an upmarket, premium supermarket, while Iceland is known for frozen foods and budget-friendly prices. The move from Waitrose to Iceland in this context highlights a significant change in employment environment.
中文： Waitrose 和 Iceland 代表了英國超市市場的不同定位。Waitrose 通常被視為高檔、優質的超市，而 Iceland 則以冷凍食品和親民價格著稱。在這種背景下，從 Waitrose 轉到 Iceland 工作，突顯了就業環境的顯著變化。
EN： Appositive Phrase: A noun or noun phrase that follows another noun to explain or identify it. Here, 'the chief executive of Iceland' identifies who Richard Walker is.
中文： 同位語片語：緊跟在名詞後面的名詞或名詞片語，用來解釋或說明該名詞的身分。在此句中，「the chief executive of Iceland」說明了 Richard Walker 的身分。
Mr. Brown, my English teacher, is very kind.
Brown 先生，我的英文老師，為人非常親切。
EN： Noun Clause as Object: The word 'that' introduces a clause (shop workers need more tools...) which functions as the direct object of the verb 'said'.
中文： 名詞子句作為受詞：連接詞「that」引導一個子句（商店員工需要更多工具...），該子句在句中擔任動詞「said」的直接受詞。
She said that she would arrive on time.
她說她會準時到達。
EN： Iceland is a well-known British supermarket chain specializing in frozen foods. Richard Walker is its high-profile executive often involved in social and environmental advocacy.
中文： Iceland 是英國知名的連鎖超市，主要經營冷凍食品。其執行長 Richard Walker 經常參與社會與環境議題的倡議，在英國媒體中具有高知名度。
EN： The verb 'suggest' is followed by a 'that-clause' acting as a direct object. In formal contexts, 'suggest' often triggers the subjunctive mood (base form of the verb), though 'could' or 'should' are frequently used to express possibility or recommendation.
中文： 動詞 'suggest'（建議）後面接 'that' 引導的子句作為受詞。在正式語境中，'suggest' 常觸發虛擬語氣（使用動詞原形），但在表達可能性或建議時，也常使用 'could' 或 'should'。
The doctor suggested that he take a rest.
醫生建議他休息一下。
EN： The phrase 'such as' is used to introduce specific examples that belong to a broader category (in this case, 'technology'). It functions similarly to 'like' but is more common in formal writing.
中文： 'such as'（例如）用於引出屬於某個大類別（本句中為 'technology'）的具體例子。其功能與 'like' 相似，但在正式寫作中更為常見。
We need to reduce waste, such as plastic bottles and paper.
我們需要減少廢棄物，例如塑膠瓶和紙張。
EN： In the UK, the term 'staff' is a collective noun and is often used without an 's' even when referring to multiple people. The debate over AI in retail is currently a major topic in British business, as companies balance efficiency and security with privacy concerns.
中文： 在英國英語中，'staff' 是一個集合名詞，即使指代多人也通常不加 's'。目前，人工智慧在零售業的應用是英國商業領域的重大課題，企業正在效率、安全與隱私疑慮之間尋求平衡。
EN： The structure 'describe A as B' is used to define or characterize someone or something in a specific way. 'As' functions as a preposition here.
中文： 結構「describe A as B」（將 A 描述為 B）用於以特定方式定義或表徵某人或某事。這裡的「as」作為介系詞使用。
The critics described the new movie as a masterpiece.
評論家將這部新電影描述為一部傑作。
EN： A relative clause starting with 'that' is used to provide more information about the noun 'problem'. In this case, it defines what kind of problem it is.
中文： 以「that」引導的關係子句用於提供關於名詞「problem」的更多資訊。在這種情況下，它定義了這是一個什麼樣的問題。
He solved a problem that was very difficult.
他解決了一個非常困難的問題。
EN： In the UK, 'shoplifting' is a significant legal and social issue. The debate often centers on whether it is a 'victimless' crime or one that leads to more serious 'violent crime', as mentioned by Richard Walker.
中文： 在英國，「商店盜竊」(shoplifting) 是一個重要的法律和社會問題。爭論通常集中在它究竟是「無受害者」的犯罪，還是像理查·沃克所說的那樣，會導致更嚴重的「暴力犯罪」。
EN： Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle): This tense is used to describe an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past and has a connection or result in the present.
中文： 現在完成式 (have/has + 過去分詞)：此時態用於描述過去某個不確定時間發生的動作，且該動作與現在有聯繫或對現在產生影響。
The new policy has improved the working environment.
新政策改善了工作環境。
EN： Prepositional Phrases as Modifiers: Phrases starting with prepositions (like 'of', 'about', 'in') are used here to provide specific details about the nouns they follow (case, discussion, safety).
中文： 介係詞短語作為修飾語：以介係詞（如 of, about, in）開頭的短語在此處用於為其前面的名詞（case, discussion, safety）提供具體細節。
The report about the accident is on the desk.
關於那起事故的報告在桌子上。
EN： In the UK, the debate over retail workers' rights to intervene in shoplifting is significant. Many companies have 'no-touch' policies to protect staff from potential violence, which can lead to controversy when employees are fired for trying to protect store property.
中文： 在英國，關於零售業員工是否有權干預商店盜竊的辯論非常激烈。許多公司設有「禁止接觸」政策以保護員工免受潛在暴力傷害，這也導致當員工因試圖保護公司財產而被解僱時，往往會引發社會爭議。
EN： The sentence uses a 'that-clause' as a noun clause acting as the direct object of the verb 'believe'. This structure allows the speaker to express a thought, opinion, or fact.
中文： 本句使用 'that 子句' 作為名詞子句，擔任動詞 'believe' 的直接受詞。這種結構常用於表達想法、觀點或事實。
I believe that education is the key to success.
我相信教育是成功的關鍵。
EN： The modal verb 'should' is used here to express a strong opinion or moral obligation, followed by 'not have to' which indicates a lack of necessity or an unfair requirement.
中文： 助動詞 'should' 在此用於表達強烈的觀點或道德義務，後接 'not have to' 則表示缺乏必要性或這是不公平的要求（不必、不應被迫）。
You should not have to pay for someone else's mistake.
你不應該被迫為別人的錯誤買單。
EN： In the UK, there is an ongoing debate regarding the safety of retail workers. Traditionally, shop staff were not expected to act as security, but rising shoplifting rates have forced many into dangerous confrontations, leading to calls for legal protection and professional security presence.
中文： 在英國，關於零售業員工安全的討論持續不斷。傳統上，店員並不被要求擔任安保工作，但日益增長的商店竊盜率迫使許多人陷入危險的對峙中，這引發了對法律保護和專業安保人員進駐的呼聲。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (has + past participle) is used here to describe a situation that started in the past and continues to be relevant or true in the present.
中文： 現在完成式 (has + 過去分詞) 在此處用於描述一個從過去開始並持續影響到現在，或在目前仍為事實的情況。
The cost of living has become a major challenge for many families.
生活成本已成為許多家庭面臨的主要挑戰。
EN： The phrasal verb 'push for' means to demand or try hard to get something, often used in the context of advocacy or negotiations.
中文： 短語動詞 'push for' 意為「爭取」或「強烈要求」，通常用於倡議或談判的語境中。
Environmental groups are pushing for stricter laws on plastic waste.
環保團體正在爭取更嚴格的塑膠廢棄物法規。
EN： In the UK, 'The Union' often refers to major trade unions like Usdaw, which represent retail workers' rights. The rise in retail crime is a significant socio-economic issue currently being debated in British media.
中文： 在英國，「工會」(The Union) 通常指像 Usdaw 這樣代表零售業員工權益的大型工會。零售犯罪率上升是目前英國媒體熱烈討論的重要社會經濟議題。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 當面質疑或對抗某人，特別是針對其不當行為。
在本文中： 解僱；開除。
在本文中： （不尋常或不愉快的）事件、事故。
在本文中： 安慰；放心；消除疑慮。
在本文中： 威懾力量；遏制因素；嚇阻物。
在本文中： 措施；方法。
在本文中： 辨認；識別。
在本文中： 阻撓；威懾；使斷念。
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
A person who steals goods from a shop while pretending to be a customer.
商店竊賊
In a position where you are directly dealing with a dangerous or difficult situation.
身處第一線
To express one's opinion publicly and openly, especially in opposition to something.
公開表態；大膽發言
A technology capable of identifying or verifying a person from a digital image or a video frame.
人臉辨識
Criminal activities that occur within a retail environment, such as theft or violence against staff.
零售犯罪