EN： The Present Perfect Tense (has shown) is used to describe an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past and has relevance or results in the present.
中文： 現在完成式 (has shown) 用於描述過去某個不確定時間點發生的動作，且該動作與現在有相關性或對現在產生了結果。
Recent research has shown that sleep is vital for memory.
最近的研究顯示，睡眠對於記憶至關重要。
EN： The noun clause starting with 'that' acts as the direct object of the verb 'shown', introducing the specific information or fact being revealed.
中文： 由 'that' 引導的名詞子句作為動詞 'shown' 的直接受詞，用來帶出被揭示的具體訊息或事實。
He believes that the project will succeed.
他相信這項計畫會成功。
EN： The term 'slimming jabs' is a common British English colloquialism for weight-loss injections. In a medical context, these refer to GLP-1 receptor agonists like semaglutide.
中文： 『slimming jabs』是英式英語中對減肥注射劑的常用口語說法。在醫學背景下，這些是指 GLP-1 受體激動劑，如司美格魯肽。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle) is used here to describe a state that started in the past and continues to the present. It emphasizes the ongoing effectiveness of these drugs.
中文： 現在完成式（have/has + 過去分詞）在此處用於描述從過去開始並持續到現在的狀態。它強調了這些藥物持續至今的有效性。
These new treatments have been successful in clinical trials.
這些新療法在臨床試驗中一直很成功。
EN： The preposition 'at' is followed by a gerund (verb + -ing) to indicate the specific area or activity in which someone or something is effective or skilled.
中文： 介系詞 'at' 後面接動名詞（動詞 + -ing），用來表示某人或某事在哪個特定領域或活動中具有成效或擅長。
She is very good at explaining complex ideas.
她非常擅長解釋複雜的概念。
EN： Wegovy and Mounjaro are brand names for GLP-1 receptor agonists, which have gained massive popularity in Western media and social platforms (like TikTok) for weight loss, leading to global discussions about body image and drug accessibility.
中文： 維格威（Wegovy）和蒙扎羅（Mounjaro）是 GLP-1 受體激動劑的品牌名稱。這些藥物在西方媒體和社交平台（如 TikTok）上因減重效果而獲得巨大關注，引發了全球關於身體形象和藥物取得便利性的討論。
EN： The 'that-clause' as a direct object: After reporting verbs like 'warn', 'say', or 'think', a 'that' clause is used to introduce the information being reported. 'That' can often be omitted in informal speech.
中文： that 引導的名詞子句作為受詞：在 'warn'（警告）、'say'（說）或 'think'（認為）等動詞之後，使用 that 子句來引導所要傳達的訊息。在口語中，that 時常可以省略。
The doctor warned that the treatment might have side effects.
醫生警告說，這種治療可能會有副作用。
EN： The causative verb 'cause': The structure 'cause + object + to + infinitive' is used to describe an action that makes something else happen.
中文： 使役動詞 'cause' 的用法：結構為「cause + 受詞 + to + 不定詞」，用來描述促使某事發生的動作。
Heavy rain caused the river to overflow.
大雨導致河流氾濫。
EN： The verb 'suggest' is used here to mean 'to indicate' or 'to show as a likely fact'. It is followed by a 'that-clause' which functions as the direct object of the sentence, containing the information being reported.
中文： 動詞「suggest」在此處意為「顯示」或「表明（一項事實）」。其後接由「that」引導的子句作為受詞，用來陳述研究發現的具體內容。
Recent reports suggest that the economy is improving.
最近的報告顯示經濟正在好轉。
EN： The phrase 'between A and B' is used to specify a range. When used as a subject (e.g., 'between 25 and 40 percent of...'), the verb agreement usually follows the noun after 'of'. Here, 'percent' is treated as a singular or plural portion depending on the context, but 'comes' agrees with the singular concept of the percentage range.
中文： 短語「between A and B」用於指定一個範圍。當作為主詞的一部分時（例如「25% 到 40% 的...」），動詞通常與「of」之後的名詞或百分比概念一致。在此句中，「comes」與該百分比區間所代表的份額概念相呼應。
Between 10 and 20 people are expected to attend.
預計會有 10 到 20 人參加。
EN： In health and fitness contexts, 'lean body mass' is a technical term used to distinguish muscle, bone, and water from body fat. The concern mentioned in the text reflects a growing medical dialogue about the quality of weight loss, not just the quantity, especially with the rise of GLP-1 medications like Wegovy.
中文： 在健康與健身領域，「lean body mass」（瘦體重）是一個專業術語，用來區分肌肉、骨骼、水分與體脂肪。文中提到的擔憂反映了醫學界對於「減重品質」而非僅僅是「減重數量」的討論，特別是在維格威（Wegovy）等 GLP-1 藥物盛行的背景下。
EN： The verb 'include' is a transitive verb used to list parts that make up a whole. In this sentence, it connects the subject 'Lean body mass' to its components.
中文： 動詞「include」（包括）是一個及物動詞，用於列出構成整體的各個部分。在本句中，它將主詞「Lean body mass」（瘦體重）與其組成成分連接起來。
The price includes breakfast and tax.
價格包括早餐和稅金。
EN： The use of 'other' as an adjective. 'Other' is used before plural countable nouns or uncountable nouns to refer to additional things of the same type or category.
中文： 形容詞「other」（其他的）的用法。'Other' 用在複數可數名詞或不可數名詞之前，指代同一類型或類別中的額外事物。
I have other books to read.
我還有其他的書要讀。
EN： In health and fitness contexts, 'lean body mass' is a technical term used to differentiate muscle, bone, and water weight from body fat. It is often discussed in the context of metabolism and strength training.
中文： 在健康與健身領域，「lean body mass」（瘦體重）是一個專業術語，用於區分肌肉、骨骼、水分重量與體脂肪。這通常在討論新陳代謝和重量訓練時被提及。
EN： The conjunction 'because' is used to introduce a subordinate clause that provides the reason for the action or state described in the main clause.
中文： 連接詞「because」（因為）用於引導從屬子句，為主要子句中描述的動作或狀態提供原因。
She stayed at home because it was raining.
她待在家裡，因為當時正在下雨。
EN： The verb 'help' can be followed by an object and then either a bare infinitive (verb without 'to') or a full infinitive (with 'to'). In this sentence, 'help them stay' uses the bare infinitive.
中文： 動詞「help」（幫助）後面可以接受詞，再接原形不定詞（不帶 to 的動詞）或全不定詞（帶 to 的動詞）。在本句中，「help them stay」使用的是原形不定詞。
This exercise helps you sleep better.
這項運動能幫助你睡眠品質更好。
EN： In health and fitness contexts, 'lean tissue' or 'lean body mass' is often contrasted with 'body fat.' Maintaining muscle mass is a key focus in modern medical discussions about weight loss drugs to ensure patients remain functional and avoid 'sarcopenia' (muscle loss).
中文： 在健康與健身語境中，「瘦肉組織」（lean tissue）或「瘦體重」（lean body mass）通常與「體脂肪」相對。在現代關於減肥藥物的醫學討論中，維持肌肉量是一個關鍵焦點，以確保患者保持身體機能並避免「肌少症」（sarcopenia）。
EN： Non-restrictive Relative Clause: The word 'which' is used after a comma to add extra information about the entire preceding clause, rather than just the noun before it.
中文： 非限定用法關係子句：在逗號後使用 'which' 來對前面的整個子句補充額外資訊，而不僅僅是指代緊鄰的名詞。
He passed the exam, which surprised everyone.
他通過了考試，這讓每個人都很驚訝。
EN： Comparative Adjectives: The structure 'more [noun] than' is used to compare the quantity of something between two things.
中文： 比較級形容詞：使用 'more [名詞] than' 結構來比較兩者之間某事物的數量。
This car uses more fuel than that one.
這輛車比那輛車消耗更多燃料。
EN： The past participle 'called' is used here as a reduced relative clause (short for 'which is called') to modify the noun 'medicine'. It functions like an adjective to provide a specific name.
中文： 過去分詞「called」在此處用作簡化關係子句（原為「which is called」），用來修飾名詞「medicine」。它的功能類似形容詞，用來提供特定的名稱。
I read a book called 'The Great Gatsby'.
我讀了一本名為《大亨小傳》的書。
EN： The non-defining relative clause starts with ', which is...'. It provides extra, non-essential information about 'apitegromab'. In English, this type of clause must be preceded by a comma.
中文： 非限定關係子句以「, which is...」開頭。它為「apitegromab」提供額外的、非必要的補充資訊。在英文中，這類子句前必須加上逗號。
He lives in London, which is the capital of the UK.
他住在倫敦，那是英國的首都。
EN： The preposition 'by' followed by a gerund (verb-ing) is used to describe the method or means by which an action is achieved.
中文： 介系詞「by」後接動名詞（V-ing）用於描述達成某項動作的方法或手段，譯為「透過……方式」。
She improved her English by watching movies every day.
她透過每天看電影來增進她的英文。
EN： A relative clause starting with 'that' is used here to provide essential information about the preceding noun ('a protein').
中文： 由「that」引導的關係子句在此用於提供先行詞（a protein）的必要資訊，用來修飾並界定該名詞。
This is the machine that produces the car parts.
這就是生產汽車零件的那台機器。
EN： The mention of 'myostatin' refers to a real biological protein that limits muscle tissue growth. In medical science, inhibiting this protein is a significant area of research for treating muscle-wasting diseases and, as seen here, potentially offsetting side effects of weight-loss drugs.
中文： 提到「myostatin」（肌肉生成抑制素）是指一種限制肌肉組織生長的真實生物蛋白質。在醫學科學中，抑制這種蛋白質是治療肌肉萎縮疾病的一個重要研究領域，如本文所示，它也可能用於抵消減肥藥物的副作用。
EN： The Passive Voice (be + past participle) is used when the action is more important than who performed it. Here, 'was used' indicates that the drug was administered in a trial context.
中文： 被動語態（be 動詞 + 過去分詞）用於當動作本身比執行者更重要時。在這裡，「was used」表示該藥物在試驗環境中被施用。
The new software was tested by several experts.
這款新軟體由幾位專家進行了測試。
EN： The phrase 'be able to' is used to express ability or possibility, often used instead of 'can' to form different tenses, such as the past tense 'were able to'.
中文： 短語「be able to」用於表達能力或可能性，通常用來替代「can」以形成不同的時態，例如本句中的過去式「were able to」。
After months of practice, she was able to swim across the lake.
經過幾個月的練習，她能夠游過這座湖。
EN： The sentence mentions 'slimming jabs' (like Wegovy and Mounjaro), which have become a major cultural and medical phenomenon in recent years. The focus is shifting from just 'losing weight' to 'quality of weight loss,' ensuring that muscle mass is preserved for long-term health.
中文： 句子中提到的「減肥針」（如 維格威 和 蒙扎羅）近年來已成為主要的文化和醫學現象。大眾的關注點正從單純的「減重」轉向「減重的品質」，即確保保留肌肉量以維持長期健康。
EN： Relative Clauses with 'that': A relative clause is used to provide more information about a noun (the antecedent). In this sentence, 'that is found in Mounjaro' describes the 'active ingredient'.
中文： 使用 'that' 的關係子句：關係子句用於提供關於名詞（先行詞）的更多資訊。在本句中，「that is found in Mounjaro」描述了「活性成分」（active ingredient）。
This is the book that I bought yesterday.
這就是我昨天買的那本書。
EN： Passive Voice (is found): The passive voice is formed with 'be + past participle'. It is used when the focus is on the person or thing affected by the action.
中文： 被動語態 (is found)：被動語態由「be 動詞 + 過去分詞」構成。當重點在於受動作影響的人或事物時使用。
Water is found on the surface of Mars.
在火星表面發現了水。
EN： The sentence refers to modern pharmaceutical developments in weight loss. Mounjaro is a brand name for a drug used to treat type 2 diabetes and obesity, which has gained significant global attention recently.
中文： 這句話提到了現代減重藥物的發展。蒙扎羅 (Mounjaro) 是用於治療第 2 型糖尿病和肥胖症的藥物品牌名稱，近期在全求範圍內引起了極大的關注。
EN： Appositives: An appositive is a noun or noun phrase that renames another noun right beside it. In this sentence, 'an obesity expert at Ulster University' provides more information about 'Professor Alexander Miras'.
中文： 同位語：同位語是指緊跟在另一個名詞旁邊，用來重新命名或補充說明該名詞的名詞或名詞短語。在本句中，「an obesity expert at Ulster University」補充說明了「亞歷山大·米拉斯教授」的身分。
Mr. Chen, a talented musician, plays the piano every day.
陳先生是一位才華橫溢的音樂家，他每天都彈鋼琴。
EN： Reported Speech with 'that' clause: The verb 'said' is followed by a noun clause starting with 'that' (though 'that' is often omitted) to report what someone said. The tense in the clause usually shifts to match the past tense of 'said'.
中文： 間接引語與 that 子句：動詞「said」後接一個由「that」引導的名詞子句（that 常可省略），用來轉述某人的話。子句中的時態通常會隨主句動詞「said」的一致性而使用過去式。
She said the movie was very exciting.
她說那部電影非常刺激。
EN： In academic and news contexts, it is common to introduce an expert by their full title and affiliation (e.g., 'at Ulster University') to establish credibility before quoting their opinion.
中文： 在學術與新聞語境中，通常會先介紹專家的完整頭銜與所屬機構（例如「阿爾斯特大學」），以在引用其觀點前建立公信力。
EN： The phrase 'be linked to' is used to describe a connection or relationship between two things, often used in scientific or medical contexts to show cause and effect.
中文： 短語「be linked to」用於描述兩件事物之間的聯繫或關係，常用於科學或醫學背景中，以顯示因果關係。
Lack of sleep has been linked to various health problems.
睡眠不足與多種健康問題有關。
EN： The Past Perfect tense ('had been linked') is used here to show that the connection between the jabs and muscle loss was established or existed prior to the moment Professor Alexander Miras gave his explanation.
中文： 過去完成式（had been linked）在此處用於表示減肥針與肌肉流失之間的聯繫，在亞歷山大·米拉斯教授做出解釋之前就已經存在或被確立了。
The doctor explained that the patient had been sick for a week.
醫生解釋說，病人在那之前已經生病一個星期了。
EN： In academic and medical reporting, it is common to clarify if an expert was 'not involved in the research' to establish their impartiality. This ensures the audience knows the expert is providing an unbiased second opinion rather than promoting their own work.
中文： 在學術和醫學報導中，通常會澄清專家是否「未參與該項研究」以確立其公正性。這能確保受眾了解該專家是在提供中立的第二意見，而非在推銷自己的研究成果。
EN： The structure 'find + it + adjective + to-infinitive' uses 'it' as a dummy object (preparatory object). The real object is the 'to-infinitive' phrase at the end. This is used when the object of a verb is an infinitive or a clause and is followed by an object complement.
中文： 結構「find + it + 形容詞 + 不定詞」使用 'it' 作為虛受詞（先行受詞）。真正的受詞是句尾的「不定詞」短語。當動詞的受詞是不定詞或子句，且後接受詞補語時，會使用此結構。
I find it easy to learn English with music.
我發現透過音樂學習英文很簡單。
EN： Relative clauses starting with 'who' are used to provide more information about a person or group of people. In this sentence, 'who lose muscle mass' defines which 'people' the speaker is referring to.
中文： 以 'who' 開頭的關係子句用於提供有關個人或群體的更多資訊。在本句中，「who lose muscle mass」定義了說話者所指的「人們」是哪些人。
Students who study hard usually get good grades.
努力學習的學生通常會取得好成績。
EN： In medical and health contexts, 'muscle mass' is a standard term used to discuss physical health and aging. The sentence highlights a practical concern in the UK and other Western countries where maintaining independence in daily activities (like walking or carrying groceries) is a key goal of geriatric and obesity medicine.
中文： 在醫學和健康語境中，「肌肉量 (muscle mass)」是討論身體健康和衰老的標準術語。這句話強調了英國和其他西方國家的實際擔憂，即在日常活動中（如行走或搬運雜物）保持獨立性是老年醫學和肥胖醫學的一個關鍵目標。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'According to' is used to indicate the source of information or an opinion. It is followed by a noun or a noun phrase.
中文： 介系詞短語「According to」用於表示資訊或觀點的來源，其中文意思為「根據...」或「依照...」，後接名詞或名詞短語。
According to the weather report, it will rain tomorrow.
根據天氣預報，明天會下雨。
EN： The verb 'help' can be followed by an object and then either a bare infinitive (verb without 'to') or a 'to-infinitive'. In this sentence, 'help reduce' uses the bare infinitive form.
中文： 動詞「help」（幫助）後面可以接受詞，然後再接原形動詞（不帶 to 的不定詞）或帶 to 的不定詞。在本句中，「help reduce」使用的是原形動詞形式。
This exercise helps strengthen your back muscles.
這項運動有助於增強你的背部肌肉。
EN： In academic and medical contexts, experts like Professor Miras are often cited to provide credibility to new research findings. The use of 'could' reflects the cautious language typically used in science before a drug is fully approved for widespread use.
中文： 在學術和醫學背景下，經常引用像米拉斯教授這樣的專家觀點，以增加新研究發現的可信度。使用「could」（可能）反映了科學領域在藥物完全獲准廣泛使用前所採用的謹慎措辭。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 保留、保持，指在減重過程中維持肌肉量不流失
在本文中： （生物）組織，指構成身體的肌肉或脂肪等部分
在本文中： 有效的，指藥物能達到預期的減重效果
在本文中： 警告、提醒，指研究人員指出潛在的風險
在本文中： 卡路里，熱量單位
在本文中： 單株的，用於描述一種特定的抗體技術
在本文中： 阻斷、抑制，指藥物阻止蛋白質發揮作用
在本文中： 成分，指藥物中的有效化學物質
在本文中： 肥胖症，醫學上的肥胖狀態
在本文中： 負面的、不利的，指藥物帶來的副作用
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
The weight of your body minus the fat, including muscles, bones, and water.
瘦體重、精肉量
Injections used for the purpose of losing weight.
減重針、瘦瘦筆
The specific chemical in a drug that makes it work.
有效成分、活性成分
Connected to or associated with something else.
與...有關聯
A chronic condition that affects the way the body processes blood sugar.
第二型糖尿病