EN： The adjective 'worth' is followed directly by a noun phrase indicating value (e.g., 'twenty million pounds') without a preposition. It acts as a post-modifier to the noun 'initiative'.
中文： 形容詞「worth」（價值……的）後面直接接表示金額或價值的名詞片語（如「twenty million pounds」），不需加介系詞。在此處作為後位修飾詞，用來修飾前面的名詞「initiative」。
The museum acquired a rare painting worth five million dollars.
這間博物館取得了一幅價值五百萬美元的罕見名畫。
EN： The present perfect passive form ('has been launched') is used to emphasize that a past action has significant present relevance or is being reported as news, with the agent omitted or placed later.
中文： 現在完成時的被動語態（has/have + been + 過去分詞）用於強調過去發生的動作對現在具有重要關聯或作為新聞報導，執行動作的主體通常被省略或置於句尾。
A new policy has been implemented to reduce carbon emissions across the city.
一項旨在減少全市碳排放的新政策已經實施。
EN： The non-finite to-infinitive clause ('to grow miniature human organs...') functions as an adverbial clause of purpose, explaining the reason or goal behind launching the initiative.
中文： 不定詞片語（to + 動詞原形）在此充當目的副詞修飾語，說明啟動該項倡議的目的或目標。
The scientists established a specialized laboratory to study climate-resistant crops.
科學家建立了一個專門的實驗室，以研究具抗氣候能力的作物。
EN： In British science funding, major investment initiatives are typically announced with explicit monetary figures in British Pounds (£). The University of Cambridge, alongside institutions receiving NHS funding, plays a central role in the UK's biomedical translation pipeline—moving basic stem cell research into practical clinical and pharmaceutical applications.
中文： 在英國的科學資助體系中，重大投資倡議通常會明確標示英鎊金額（£）。劍橋大學與獲得英國國家醫療服務體系（NHS）資助的機構，在英國生物醫學轉化管道中扮演核心角色，旨在將基礎幹細胞研究轉化為實際的臨床與藥物開發應用。
EN： The past participle phrase 'known as organoids' functions as a reduced relative clause (shortened from 'which are known as organoids'), providing essential terminology to describe the subject without cluttering the main clause.
中文： 分詞後置修飾語（縮略關係子句）：「known as organoids」是由非限定關係子句「which are known as organoids」省略主詞與 be 動詞而來，用來補充說明主詞的名稱，使句式更為精煉。
The compound, known as penicillin, saved millions of lives during the war.
這種被稱為盤尼西林的化合物，在戰爭期間挽救了數百萬人的生命。
EN： The passive structure 'are intended to + infinitive' indicates the designed purpose or function of an object, process, or policy, commonly used in academic and formal contexts.
中文： 被動結構「be intended to + 原形動詞」表示某事物、政策或計劃的「設計目的」或「旨在達到某種效果」，廣泛應用於學術與正式新聞報導中。
The new regulations are intended to protect consumer privacy online.
這項新法規旨在保護消費者的線上隱私。
EN： The phrase 'how pharmaceutical companies conduct drug testing' acts as a noun clause functioning as the direct object of the verb 'revolutionise'. 'How' introduces a complex method or mechanism.
中文： 由疑問副詞「how」引導的名詞子句「how pharmaceutical companies conduct...」作為動詞「revolutionise」的直接受詞，用來指代「……的方式或機制」。
This software will change how doctors analyze medical imagery.
這套軟體將會改變醫師分析醫療影像的方式。
EN： The directional paired prepositions 'a shift away from X toward Y' express a movement, transition, or change in trend from one state, idea, or method (X) to another (Y).
中文： 動向介系詞搭配「a shift away from X toward Y」用來表示從某種狀態、觀念或方法（X）轉變、轉向另一種（Y）的趨勢或過程。
There has been a noticeable shift away from traditional office work toward remote setups.
人們已明顯從傳統的辦公室工作轉向遠端工作模式。
EN： The structure 'what + Subject + Verb + as + Noun/Adjective' uses 'what' as a fused relative pronoun meaning 'that which', where 'characterise... as...' means to describe or classify something as a specific quality.
中文： 複合關係代名詞「what」相當於「that which」（……的事物），在此結合了「characterise A as B」（將 A 描述/歸類為 B）的結構，直接充當介系詞「toward」的受詞。
She outlined what critics have described as a highly controversial policy.
她概述了評論家所描述的一項極具爭議的政策。
EN： The past participle phrase 'obtained from NHS patients' functions as a reduced relative clause (short for 'which are obtained from...'), directly modifying the noun 'cells'. This creates concise, academic prose.
中文： 過去分詞短語「obtained from NHS patients」作為簡化的關係子句（省略了「which are/were」），直接後位修飾名詞「cells」。這是學術與新聞英文中用來簡化句子、提升資訊密度的常見手法。
Samples collected from deep-sea trenches revealed new biological species.
從深海海溝收集到的樣本揭示了新的生物物種。
EN： The verb 'plan' is followed by an infinitive ('to use'), which in turn takes an infinitive of purpose ('to cultivate'). Stacking infinitives allows clear expression of sequential intent: [Plan] -> [Action] -> [Purpose].
中文： 動詞「plan」後面接不定詞「to use」表示打算發生的動作，而「to use」後面再接第二個不定詞「to cultivate」表示目的（為了……）。這種不定詞連用結構能清晰呈現「計畫 -> 採取的行動 -> 最終目的」的邏輯鏈。
Researchers hope to apply these algorithms to predict weather patterns.
研究人員希望應用這些演算法來預測天氣模式。
EN： The NHS (National Health Service) is the publicly funded healthcare system in the UK. Research collaborations between UK universities (like Cambridge) and the NHS are common and prestigious, enabling access to diverse patient biological samples for medical breakthroughs.
中文： 英國國家醫療服務體系（NHS）是英國的公立醫療系統。英國頂尖大學（如劍橋大學）與 NHS 之間的科研合作極為常見且具影響力，能讓研究人員獲得多樣化的患者生物樣本，促進重大醫學突破。
EN： A concession clause introducing a contrast ('though smaller than a millimetre') can be reduced by omitting the subject and the verb 'be' when the subject is identical to that of the main clause. Here, 'though (it is) smaller...' directly modifies the subject 'Each organoid'.
中文： 讓步狀語從句（如 though 帶領的子句）中，若主詞與主句主詞相同且包含 be 動詞，可省略「主詞 + be 動詞」。在本句中，原為 'though it is smaller than a millimetre'，省略後變成簡化分詞/形容詞結構，直接修飾主詞 'Each organoid'。
The technique, though difficult to master, yields exceptional accuracy.
這項技術雖然難以掌握，卻能帶來極高的精準度。
EN： The preposition 'including' is frequently used to introduce specific examples that belong to a broader category mentioned previously. It acts similarly to a reduced relative clause ('which includes').
中文： 介系詞 'including'（包括）常用於引入屬於前面整體概念中的具體範例。其功能類似於簡化的關係子句（which includes），能使句子銜接更為緊密順暢。
The assessment evaluates various language skills, including how candidates structure written arguments.
該評估旨在考核多項語言技能，包括應試者如何構建書面論點。
EN： Embedded questions (noun clauses starting with question words like 'how', 'what', or 'why') follow normal statement word order (subject + verb), not interrogative inversion, when functioning as objects of prepositions or verbs.
中文： 間接疑問句（由 how、what、why 等疑問詞引導的名詞子句）作為介系詞或動詞的受詞時，須採用直述句的語序（主詞 + 動詞），而非倒裝的疑問句語序。
Researchers are examining how systemic inflammation affects brain function.
研究人員正在探討全身性發炎如何影響大腦功能。
EN： Apposition: A noun phrase ('a specialist in paediatric gastroenterology') is placed immediately after a primary noun ('Professor Matthias Zilbauer') to provide non-essential explanatory information. It is enclosed in commas and can be omitted without changing the core grammatical structure.
中文： 同位語（Apposition）：名詞短語「a specialist in paediatric gastroenterology」緊跟在主要名詞「Professor Matthias Zilbauer」之後，用以提供非必要的補充說明。前後以逗號隔開，省略後不影響句子核心語法結構。
Dr. Sarah Chen, a leading expert in artificial intelligence, delivered the keynote address.
人工智慧領域的頂尖專家陳莎拉博士發表了主題演講。
EN： Reported Speech with Backshift (Future-in-the-Past): When the main reporting verb is in the past tense ('emphasised'), the embedded clause shifts its future modal verb from 'will' to 'would' to maintain correct sequence of tenses.
中文： 間接引語中的時態呼應（過去未來式）：當主要轉述動詞為過去式（如「emphasised」）時，所引導的名詞子句中的助動詞「will」需調回過去未來式「would」，以符合時態一致原則。
The economists predicted that the new policy would stabilize the market.
經濟學家預測新政策將能穩定市場。
EN： Reduced Relative Clause (Past Participle Modifying Noun): The phrase 'used in medical research' is a reduced passive relative clause (short for 'which are/were used in medical research') modifying the preceding noun 'animals'.
中文： 簡化關係子句（分詞後位修飾）：短語「used in medical research」為被動關係子句（原為「which are/were used in medical research」）的簡化形式，作為後位修飾語用以限定修飾前方的名詞「animals」。
The methods employed in this experiment yielded consistent results.
本實驗採用的方法產生了一致的結果。
EN： In British English, 'paediatric' is spelled with 'ae', whereas American English uses 'pediatric'. Paediatric gastroenterology is a highly specialized medical field focusing on digestive disorders in infants and children.
中文： 英式英語中「paediatric」（兒科的）拼法帶有「ae」，而美式英語則拼為「pediatric」。兒童腸胃科（paediatric gastroenterology）為高度專業的醫療領域，專門診治嬰幼兒與兒童的消化系統疾病。
EN： The reporting verb 'caution' is followed by a 'that'-clause to express a warning or advisory statement. In indirect speech reported in the past tense ('cautioned'), the modal verb inside the subordinate clause shifts from 'will' to 'would' to maintain sequence of tenses.
中文： 動詞「caution」（警告/提醒）後接「that」引導的從屬子句，用來表達警告或提醒的內容。在過去時態的間接敘述中（如「cautioned」），主要子句為過去時，子句中的助動詞需由「will」改為「would」，以符合時態一致性（Sequence of Tenses）。
The economists cautioned that inflation would remain high throughout the next fiscal year.
經濟學家警告說，通膨率在下一個財政年度仍將維持在高點。
EN： The passive voice construction 'would not be eliminated' combines the modal verb 'would', the base verb 'be', and the past participle 'eliminated'. It is used to shift focus onto the action/process rather than the agent causing it.
中文： 被動語態結構「would not be eliminated」由情態助動詞「would」、原形動詞「be」以及過去分詞「eliminated」組成。此結構將焦點放在動作或過程（動物實驗被消除）本身，而非執行該動作的主體。
The safety hazards must be eliminated before the new facility can open to the public.
在新建造的設施向公眾開放之前，必須先排除安全隱患。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'in the foreseeable future' functions as a time adverbial, indicating a period of time that can be reasonably predicted or anticipated based on current knowledge.
中文： 介系詞片語「in the foreseeable future」（在可預見的未來）作為時間副詞修飾語，表示根據當前的知識或趨勢可以合理預測到的時間範圍。
The company has no plans to expand its overseas operations in the foreseeable future.
該公司在可預見的未來沒有擴展海外業務的計畫。
EN： In scientific reporting and ethics discussions, researchers often exercise caution to avoid overly optimistic claims about alternative testing methods like organoids (miniature human organs). While technology aims to reduce animal testing (3Rs principle: Replacement, Reduction, Refinement), complex systemic physiological responses still require animal models in current medical science, making balanced statements like Zilbauer's crucial for realistic public expectations.
中文： 在科學報導與倫理討論中，研究人員通常會保持審慎態度，避免對類器官（微型人體器官）等替代測試方法給予過度樂觀的評價。儘管新科技旨在減少動物實驗（遵循 3R 原則：替代 Replacement、減量 Reduction、精緻化 Refinement），但複雜的系統性生理反應在現今醫學科學中仍需依賴動物模型。因此，齊爾鮑爾（Zilbauer）這種客觀均衡的表態，對於設定公眾對科學進展的合理期待至關重要。
EN： Parenthetical insertion of attribution (e.g., 'he argued', 'she noted') breaks up a direct or indirect statement to integrate the speaker's perspective smoothly into formal discourse without relying on a rigid 'that'-clause structure.
中文： 插入語歸屬句（如『he argued』、『she noted』）可將說話者的觀點自然融入正式敘述中，無須依賴僵硬的『that』名詞子句，使句式更具變化與彈性。
This policy, the committee insisted, would ultimately benefit small business owners.
委員會堅持認為，這項政策最終將使小企業主受益。
EN： Passive voice with modal auxiliary ('cannot be adequately modelled') is used to emphasize the action or state rather than the agent, which is standard in scientific and academic writing.
中文： 結合情態助動詞的被動語態（如『cannot be adequately modelled』）常用於科學與學術寫作中，目的是將焦點放在動作或狀態本身，而非執行動作的主體。
Complex chemical reactions cannot be easily observed without specialized equipment.
如果沒有專業設備，複雜的化學反應很難被輕易觀察到。
EN： Using a participle clause as a tool or manner modifier ('using organoids alone') concisely expresses the instrument or method by which an action is performed.
中文： 使用分詞子句作為工具或方式修飾語（如『using organoids alone』），能簡潔地表達執行某項動作所使用的工具、手段或方式。
Researchers solved the structural puzzle using advanced X-ray crystallography.
研究人員利用先進的 X 射線晶體學解決了這個結構難題。
EN： The conjunction 'as' is used here to introduce a clause that provides the reason or explanation for the preceding statement, functioning similarly to 'because' or 'since' in formal written English.
中文： 「as」在此處用作從屬連接詞，引導原因副詞子句，為前述的主句提供理由或解釋，功能類似於「because」或「since」，常見於正式書面語中。
The experiment was postponed, as several key team members were absent.
由於幾位關鍵團隊成員缺席，實驗被延期了。
EN： The idiom 'a window into/to something' metaphorically means something that provides insight into or a clear view of a complex situation, subject, or process.
中文： 片語「a window into/to something」字面意思為「通往某物的窗口」，隱喻為「深入了解或觀察某個複雜狀況、主題或過程的途徑／管道」。
The newly discovered diary offers a fascinating window into daily life during the Renaissance.
這本新發現的日記為了解文藝復興時期的日常生活提供了一個絕佳的途徑。
EN： Ellipsis in comparative clauses using modal verbs: In the structure 'than any mouse ever could [offer]', the main verb 'offer' is omitted after the auxiliary verb 'could' to avoid repetition.
中文： 比較子句中的代動詞與省略：在「than any mouse ever could [offer]」結構中，情態助動詞「could」後方的主要動詞「offer」被省略，以避免重複前文已出現的動詞。
This digital tool processes data much faster than any human operator ever could.
這個數位工具處理資料的速度比任何人類操作員都快得多。
EN： The subject construction 'One of the + superlative + plural noun' takes a singular verb because the head noun of the subject phrase is 'One'.
中文： 「One of the + 最高級 + 複數名詞」的結構中，主詞的核心字是單數的「One」，因此後續的動詞必須配合使用單數形式（如本句中的 lies）。
One of the most effective strategies is to diversify your investments.
最有效的策略之一是分散你的投資。
EN： The phrasal verb 'lie in' means 'to exist or originate in' or 'to be found in'. It is frequently used in formal writing to specify the essence, core reason, or main location of a concept, benefit, or problem.
中文： 動詞片語「lie in」意為「在於……」或「存在於……」。常用於正式書面語中，用來明確指出某個概念、優勢或問題的核心所在。
The real strength of the company lies in its innovative research team.
這家公司的真正實力在於其具創新力的研究團隊。
EN： The structure 'capacity to + infinitive' denotes the ability or potential of a person or thing to perform a specific action, expressing functional capability in formal academic register.
中文： 「capacity to + 原形動詞」結構用來表示人或事物具備執行特定動作的能力或潛能，常見於學術或正式文本中。
The new battery technology has the capacity to store twice as much energy.
這項新電池技術具備儲存兩倍能量的能力。
EN： The preposition 'by' followed by a gerund (-ing form) indicates the method or means by which an action is achieved, answering the question 'how?'.
中文： 介系詞「by」後接動名詞（V-ing），用來表示達成某項動作的方法、途徑或手段，回答「如何/透過什麼方式」的問題。
By analyzing the patient's genetic profile, doctors can tailor the treatment plan effectively.
透過分析患者的基因圖譜，醫生能夠有效制定量身打造的治療方案。
EN： 'Whether... or...' introduces an indirect question or noun clause representing alternatives or options, commonly used after verbs of cognition like 'determine', 'know', or 'decide'.
中文： 「whether... or...」引導名詞子句（間接疑問句），表示兩種二擇一的可能性或替代方案，常見於「determine（確定）」、「know（知道）」或「decide（決定）」等認知動詞之後。
The clinical trial will determine whether the vaccine provides long-term immunity or requires annual boosters.
該臨床試驗將確定該疫苗是能提供長期免疫力，還是需要每年施打加強針。
EN： 'A given [noun]' refers to a specific, specified, or particular item under consideration, often used in scientific, mathematical, or formal reasoning contexts.
中文： 「A given + 名詞」意為「特定的/給定的[名詞]」，常用於科學、數學論述或正式的邏輯推理情境中，表示在特定條件下被討論的對象。
Researchers must assess how a given chemical compound reacts under extreme temperatures.
研究人員必須評估特定的化學化合物在高溫下的反應情況。
EN： The passage refers to research conducted at the University of Cambridge using tissues from NHS (National Health Service) patients. The NHS is the publicly funded healthcare system in the UK, providing universal healthcare. Patient participation in biobanking and research initiatives through the NHS plays a crucial role in enabling large-scale, ethically regulated medical innovations like organoid technology.
中文： 此段落提及劍橋大學利用來自英國國家醫療服務體系（NHS）患者的組織進行研究。NHS 是英國由國家財政資助的全民公陸醫療體系。患者透過 NHS 參與生物樣本庫與醫學研究，對於推進類器官（organoids）等經過嚴格倫理監管的大規模醫學創新起到了關鍵作用。
EN： Inverted conditional structure without 'if': When 'if' is omitted in a formal hypothetical condition, the auxiliary verb (in this case, 'Were') is inverted with the subject. 'Were + subject + to-infinitive' expresses a hypothetical future or highly tentative condition.
中文： 省略「if」的倒裝條件句：在正式或書面語中，若省略條件句的「if」，助動詞（在此為 Were）須與主詞倒裝。「Were + 主詞 + to + 動詞原形」用來表示對未來的假設或口氣極為委婉的條件。
Were the government to enact stricter regulations, companies would have to adapt quickly.
政府若要頒布更嚴格的法規，企業將必須迅速適應。
EN： Parallel structure with modal verbs: The modal verb 'could' controls two main verbs connected by the conjunction 'and': 'transform' and 'accelerate'. Both verbs remain in their base forms.
中文： 情態助動詞的平行結構：情態助動詞「could」同時控制由對等連接詞「and」連接的兩個主要動詞：「transform」（改變）與「accelerate」（加速），兩者皆使用原形動詞。
This strategy could significantly reduce operational costs and improve overall efficiency.
這項策略將能顯著降低營運成本，並提高整體效率。
EN： Temporal conjunction 'before' introducing a formal present simple clause: The conjunction 'before' introduces a time clause. Although referring to a future milestone, the present simple tense ('commence') is used after temporal conjunctions.
中文： 時間連接詞「before」引導的正式現在簡單式從屬子句：連接詞「before」用於引導時間子句。即使指涉的是未來的事件，在時間連接詞之後仍需使用現在簡單式（如「commence」）。
Please ensure all documentation is verified before the agreement takes effect.
請確保在協議生效之前，所有文件均已通過核實。
EN： The verb 'commence' is a formal register choice typical in academic, medical, and high-level journalistic contexts, where more casual registers would use 'begin' or 'start'. Similarly, 'were... to' reflects formal written prose style favored in UK broadsheet reporting.
中文： 動詞「commence」屬於極為正式的語域，常見於學術、醫療與高階新聞報導中；在較日常的語境中多會使用「begin」或「start」。此外，句首的「were... to」倒裝結構亦展現了英國大報（broadsheets）偏好的嚴謹書面語風格。
EN： The present perfect continuous tense ('have been cultivating') is used to emphasize an action that started in the past, has continued uninterrupted over a duration of time, and is still ongoing or has effects continuing into the present.
中文： 現在完成進行式（have/has been + 現在分詞）用於強調某項動作自過去開始，經過一段時間持續進行至今且尚未結束，或其影響延續到現在。
Scientists have been searching for a cure to this rare genetic disease for over two decades.
科學家二十多年來一直致力於尋找這種罕見遺傳疾病的治療方法。
EN： The conjunction 'yet' functions as an adversative coordinator similar to 'but', used here to join two independent clauses and introduce a contrasting fact that is surprising given the long effort described in the first clause.
中文： 連接詞「yet」充當轉折對等連接詞（類似於 but），用於連接兩個獨立子句，帶出與前文長時間努力相對立或令人意外的事實。
The team conducted dozens of experiments, yet they failed to achieve reproducible results.
團隊進行了數十次實驗，然而他們未能取得可重複的結果。
EN： The adjective 'elusive' paired with 'remain' describes something that continues to be difficult to achieve, catch, or define despite ongoing attempts. The time adjunct 'until now' marks the boundary of this ongoing state.
中文： 形容詞「elusive」（難以獲得的、捉摸不定的）與狀態動詞「remain」連用，表示某目標儘管經過持續努力依然難以達成；搭配時間副詞「until now」（直到現在）則標示出此狀態持續的截點。
A reliable treatment for the condition had remained elusive until recent technological breakthroughs.
直到最近的技術突破之前，這種疾病的可靠治療方法一直遙不可及。
EN： The verb 'aim' is commonly followed by an infinitive ('to + verb') to express an objective, purpose, or intended outcome. In formal and academic registers, it is frequently used to outline organizational goals.
中文： 動詞「aim」後面常接不定詞（to + 原形動詞），用來表達目標、宗旨或預期結果。在正式與學術語境中，常用於說明機構或計畫的目標。
The new government policy aims to reduce carbon emissions by forty percent over the next decade.
政府的新政策旨在未來十年內減少百分之四十的碳排放量。
EN： The relative pronoun 'that' (or 'which') introduces a restrictive relative clause modifying 'models'. Within this clause, the modal verb 'could' indicates hypothetical ability or potential, showing that any laboratory would be capable of utilizing these models.
中文： 關係代名詞「that」（或 which）引導限制性關係子句，修飾前面的名詞「models」。子句中的情態助動詞「could」表示假設性的能力或潛力，指出全球任何實驗室都有能力使用這些模型。
Researchers have developed a diagnostic test that any clinic could easily administer.
研究人員開發出了一種任何診所都能輕鬆執行的診斷測試。
EN： Adverbs like 'worldwide' can act post-modifyingly after nouns (e.g., 'laboratory worldwide') or noun phrases to mean 'throughout the world'. It adds a global scope without requiring a prepositional phrase like 'in the world'.
中文： 像「worldwide」這樣的副詞/形容詞可置於名詞（如 laboratory worldwide）後方進行後位修飾，表示「全球的、全世界的」，無需使用 prepositions（如 in the world）即可表達全球範圍。
The company provides specialized software that schools worldwide rely on for remote learning.
該公司提供全球學校在遠距教學中所依賴的專業軟體。
EN： In scientific research, 'reproducibility' is a critical hallmark of rigor. One major obstacle in biomedical research, particularly with biological models like stem-cell-derived organoids, is batch-to-batch variability. Major initiatives led by top-tier institutions like the University of Cambridge focus not just on creating cutting-edge science, but on standardizing protocols so laboratories globally can reliably duplicate the results.
中文： 在科學研究中，「可重複性」（reproducibility）是衡量研究嚴謹度的關鍵指標。生醫領域（尤其是幹細胞培植的類器官模型）常面臨不同批次間差異過大的挑戰。因此，像劍橋大學這類頂尖機構發起的重大研究計畫，不僅致力於前沿突破，更著重於將實驗流程標準化，使全球各地的實驗室都能可靠地重複驗證其成果。
EN： Inverted conditional clause with 'Should' (First/Second Conditional Inversion). When 'if' is omitted in a conditional clause expressing a hypothetical or future possibility, 'should' moves to the front of the clause (subject-verb inversion). This creates a formal, tentative, or academic tone.
中文： 省略 if 的條件子句倒裝（Should 倒裝句型）。在表示假設或未來可能性的條件子句中，若省略 if，須將助動詞 should 移至句首形成主詞與動詞倒裝。這種句型常用於正式書面語、學術報告或新聞報導，增添語氣的莊重感與假設意味。
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EN： Correlative conjunction 'not only... but also...'. Used to connect two parallel grammatical structures (in this case, prepositional phrases 'for drug testing' and 'for the broader landscape...'), emphasizing that both aspects are equally applicable, with extra weight often given to the second element.
中文： 對等連接詞「not only... but also...」（不僅……而且……）。用於連接兩個語法結構對等的成分（本句中為兩個介系詞片語「for drug testing」與「for the broader landscape...」），用以強調兩者兼具，且往往更側後者的重要性。
The new policy benefits not only local businesses but also the community as a whole.
新政策不僅惠及當地企業，也對整個社區有利。
EN： The linking verb 'prove' followed by an adjective complement ('successful'). Here, 'prove' functions as a copular verb meaning 'to turn out to be', taking an adjective directly without needing 'to be' (though 'prove to be' is also correct).
中文： 連綴動詞「prove」搭配形容詞補語（successful）。在此處 prove 作為連綴動詞，意為「結果證明是、顯現出」，後面可直接接形容詞作補語，表達最終呈現的狀態（亦可寫作 prove to be）。
The initial investment proved highly lucrative after just a few months.
事實證明，這筆初始投資在短短幾個月後就帶來了豐厚的利潤。
EN： The phrase 'watershed moment' is widely used in English discourse, especially in journalism and academic commentary, to denote a critical turning point that permanently alters the direction of a situation or field. Historically, a 'watershed' refers to a ridge of land that separates waters flowing to different rivers or basins. Metaphorically, it underscores how a milestone—such as replacing animal testing with human organoids—creates an irreversible shift toward more ethical and scientifically accurate practices in medicine.
中文： 「watershed moment」（分水嶺時刻）在英語新聞報導與學術評論中被廣泛使用，用以指稱徹底改變局勢或領域發展方向的「關鍵轉折點」。在地理學中，'watershed' 原意為分水嶺或集水區（將水流導向不同流域的山脊）。引申為比喻時，它強調了某一重大里程碑（例如以人類類器官取代動物實驗）如何促成醫學領域向更符合倫理與科學精準度的方向產生不可逆轉的變革。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 開創性的；突破性的
在本文中： 培養（細胞、組織等）
在本文中： 決定性的；明確的
在本文中： 方法學；一套方法
在本文中： 複製；模擬
在本文中： 惡化；退化
在本文中： 告誡；提醒
在本文中： 可預見的
在本文中： 病理學；病理狀態
在本文中： 子集；一部分人群
在本文中： 開始；著手
在本文中： 難以實現的；難以抓取的
在本文中： 可重現的；可複製的
在本文中： 轉捩點；分水嶺
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
A miniature, simplified, 3D version of an organ produced in vitro that shows realistic micro-anatomy.
類器官
A medical model that proposes the customization of healthcare, with medical decisions, practices, or products being tailored to the individual patient.
個人化醫療；精準醫療
A research study performed in human entities to evaluate a medical, surgical, or behavioral intervention.
臨床試驗
A point in time that marks an important, fundamental change or turning point.
分水嶺時刻；關鍵轉捩點
The time period from now until how far into the future you can reasonably predict.
可預見的未來