EN： Indirect Speech (Reported Speech): When reporting what someone said in the past, the tenses in the reported clause usually shift backward (backshift). Here, Sarah's original words 'I am feeling much better' (present continuous) shift to 'she was feeling much better' (past continuous) after the reporting verb 'said'.
中文： 間接引語（轉述語氣）：當轉述某人過去所說的話時，被引導子句中的時態通常需要向過去推移（時態回退）。在此處，莎拉原本說的「I am feeling much better」（現在進行式）在轉述動詞「said」之後，轉變為「she was feeling much better」（過去進行式）。
He said that he was working on a new project.
他說他當時正在進行一個新專案。
EN： Noun Clause as Object: The conjunction 'that' introduces a noun clause ('that she was feeling much better') which functions as the direct object of the reporting verb 'said'. In informal English, 'that' is often omitted.
中文： 名詞子句作賓語（受詞）：連接詞「that」引導一個名詞子句（that she was feeling much better），在句子中作為轉述動詞「said」的直接受詞。在非正式英語中，「that」經常會被省略。
They believe that the plan will succeed.
他們相信這個計劃會成功。
EN： Indirect speech with 'tell'. When reporting what was said, 'tell' is followed by an indirect object (the person being spoken to) and a 'that' clause containing the reported statement. The conjunction 'that' can optionally be omitted.
中文： 使用 'tell' 的間接引語。在轉述所說的話時，'tell' 後面會接一個間接賓語（聽話者），然後接一個由 'that' 引導的從句來表示轉述的內容。連接詞 'that' 可以省略。
She told me that she was leaving.
她告訴我她要離開了。
EN： Future in the past. We use 'would' (the past form of 'will') to talk about the future from a perspective in the past, which is common in reported speech after past tense reporting verbs like 'told'.
中文： 過去將來時。我們使用 'would'（'will' 的過去式）來從過去的角度描述將來發生的事，這在 'told' 等過去時態的轉述動詞後的間接引語中非常常見。
They said they would help us.
他們說他們會幫助我們。
EN： Indirect Questions (Noun Clauses): When a wh-question is embedded within another sentence, it becomes an indirect question. The word order changes from question order (verb + subject) to statement order (subject + verb), and no auxiliary verbs like 'do/does/did' are used.
中文： 間接問句（名詞子句）：當一個疑問詞引導的問句嵌入另一個句子中時，它就變成了間接問句。語序需要從疑問句語序（動詞 + 主詞）改為陳述句語序（主詞 + 動詞），且不使用助動詞（如 do/does/did）。
She asked me where the post office was.
她問我郵局在哪裡。
EN： Sequence of Tenses (Backshift): In reported speech, if the reporting verb is in the past tense ('asked'), the tense of the verb in the reported clause shifts back. Here, the original question 'Where is the library?' becomes 'where the library was'.
中文： 時態一致（時態後退）：在間接敘述中，如果主要動詞是過去式（如 'asked'），則轉述子句中的動詞時態通常需要往過去推一格。在此句中，原本的問句 'Where is the library?' 變成了 'where the library was'。
He wanted to know what time the train left.
他想知道火車什麼時候出發。
EN： The verb 'tell' is commonly used in the pattern 'tell someone to do something' to report an order, instruction, or strong request. In indirect speech, the infinitive 'to + verb' (to hand in) is used to represent the original imperative sentence.
中文： 動詞「tell」常用於「tell someone to do something」（告訴某人去做某事）的句型中，用來轉述命令、指示或強烈的要求。在間接敘述中，使用不定詞「to + 動詞原形」（to hand in）來表示原本的祈使句。
My boss told me to finish the project by Friday.
我的老闆叫我在星期五前完成這個專案。
EN： The phrasal verb 'hand in' means to submit or give something (like homework, a report, or a document) to a person in authority.
中文： 片語動詞「hand in」意為「繳交」或「遞交」，指將某物（如作業、報告或文件）提交給有權力或負責的人。
Please hand in your homework before you leave.
請在離開前交出你們的作業。
EN： In English-speaking academic environments, 'hand in' is the standard phrasal verb used by both teachers and students for submitting assignments. It carries a slightly more casual, everyday tone compared to the formal verb 'submit'.
中文： 在英語系國家的學校環境中，「hand in」是師生之間用來表示「交作業、交報告」最標準且常用的片語。相較於較為正式的單字「submit」，「hand in」聽起來更口語、更貼近日常生活。
EN： Indirect Speech (Reported Speech) with omitted 'that': When reporting what someone said in the past, the conjunction 'that' can be omitted, especially in informal or spoken English. The tenses in the reported clause usually shift back (backshift) to match the past tense of the reporting verb 'said'.
中文： 省略 'that' 的間接引語（轉述語氣）：當轉述他人過去所說的話時，連接詞 'that' 可以省略，這在口語或非正式英語中非常常見。被轉述子句中的時態通常需要往回推一個時態（時態回推），以配合主要動詞 'said' 的過去時態。
He said he was tired.
他說他累了。
EN： Past Perfect Tense (had + past participle): Used to show that an action was completed before another action or point in the past. In this sentence, she finished the project (past perfect) before she spoke about it (simple past).
中文： 過去完成時（had + 過去分詞）：用於表示在過去某個動作或時間點之前就已經完成的動作。在本句中，她完成專案（過去完成時）發生在她說這件事（簡單過去時）之前。
They realized they had lost the keys.
他們意識到他們把鑰匙弄丟了。
EN： In professional and academic contexts, keeping others updated on project status (using terms like 'finished the project') is a key communication skill. Using 'already' emphasizes efficiency and proactive completion of tasks.
中文： 在職場與學術環境中，主動回報專案進度（如使用 'finished the project'）是關鍵的溝通技巧。使用 'already'（已經）能強調工作的高效率與主動完成任務的態度。
EN： Indirect questions with 'whether': 'Whether' is used to introduce noun clauses representing yes/no questions in reported speech. It functions similarly to 'if' but is often preferred in more formal contexts.
中文： 使用「whether」引導的間接問句：「whether」用於在間接敘述中引導代表「是/否」疑問句的名詞子句。其功能與「if」相似，但在較正式的語境中更常被使用。
She asked whether the museum was open on Sundays.
她詢問博物館星期日是否開放。
EN： Past progressive for future in the past: 'Were coming' is the past progressive tense used here to express a future action from a perspective in the past (backshifting from 'are coming' in direct speech).
中文： 過去進行式表示過去的未來：這裡的「were coming」是過去進行式，用來從過去的角度表達未來的動作（由直接敘述中的「are coming」隨時態一致原則後退一步）。
They said they were leaving the next morning.
他們說他們隔天早上就要離開了。
EN： In English-speaking cultures, RSVPing or confirming whether you are coming to a party is considered an important social etiquette, allowing the host to prepare food and drinks accordingly.
中文： 在英語系國家中，回覆（RSVP）或確認自己「是否會去參加派對」被視為非常重要的社交禮儀，這能讓主辦人依據人數準備相應的食物與飲料。
EN： The reporting verb 'tell' is used in the pattern 'tell someone to do something' for indirect commands. To make it negative, 'not' is placed directly before the to-infinitive: 'tell someone not to do something'.
中文： 動詞「tell」（告訴/要求）在間接命令句中常使用「tell someone to do something」（要求某人做某事）的結構。若要表示否定，需將「not」直接放在不定詞「to」之前，形成「tell someone not to do something」（要求某人不要做某事）。
The doctor told him not to eat fast food.
醫生叫他不要吃速食。
EN： The phrasal verb 'stay up' means to go to bed later than usual. It is often paired with 'late' or 'too late' to describe the act of remaining awake past one's normal bedtime.
中文： 片語動詞「stay up」意為「熬夜」或「遲睡」。它經常與「late」或「too late」連用，用來描述超過正常就寢時間仍保持清醒的行為。
I had to stay up late to finish my homework.
我必須熬夜來完成我的功課。
EN： In English-speaking cultures, 'staying up late' is a common topic of discussion among teenagers and parents, often relating to sleep hygiene and school performance. The phrase 'Mom told me...' is a very common way to report parental guidance or rules in a casual, everyday conversation.
中文： 在英語系國家中，「staying up late」（熬夜/晚睡）是青少年與家長之間常見的話題，通常與睡眠衛生和學校表現有關。而在日常口語中，使用「Mom told me...」（媽媽叫我...）來轉述父母的叮嚀或規定是非常普遍且自然的表達方式。
EN： Noun clauses introduced by 'that' function as the direct object of reporting verbs like 'explain', 'say', or 'think'. The conjunction 'that' is optional in informal speech but often retained in formal writing or clear explanations.
中文： 由「that」引導的名詞子句，在「explain」（解釋）、「say」（說）或「think」（認為）等轉述動詞後面擔任直接受詞。在非正式口語中，「that」常被省略，但在正式寫作或需要清晰表達時通常會保留。
She explained that the office was closed on weekends.
她解釋說辦公室在週末是不開放的。
EN： Backshift in indirect speech: When the reporting verb is in the past tense ('explained'), the tense in the noun clause shifts backward. Here, the future auxiliary 'will' shifts to its past form 'would' to reflect a future-in-the-past perspective.
中文： 間接引語中的時態後退：當轉述動詞為過去式（如「explained」）時，名詞子句中的時態需向過去推移。在此處，表示未來的助動詞「will」轉變為過去式「would」，以反映「過去看未來」的時間點。
They said that the train would arrive late.
他們說火車會晚點到。
EN： Indirect questions are used to report a question that was asked in the past. When a wh-question (like 'what time') is used as a noun clause (the direct object of 'asked'), the word order changes from question order (verb + subject) to statement order (subject + verb). Also, the tense shifts back (backshifting) to match the past tense of the reporting verb 'asked'.
中文： 間接問句用於轉述過去提出的問題。當疑問詞（如 'what time'）引導的子句作為「asked」的直接受詞（名詞子句）時，語序須由疑問句語序（動詞 + 主詞）改為陳述句語序（主詞 + 動詞）。此外，子句中的時態需要往過去推一個時態（時態一致），以配合主要動詞「asked」的過去式。
She asked me where I lived.
她問我住在哪裡。
EN： The verb 'ask' can take a double object (ditransitive structure): 'ask + indirect object (person) + direct object (the question/clause)'. In this sentence, 'her' is the indirect object, and the noun clause 'what time the movie started' is the direct object.
中文： 動詞「ask」可以接雙受詞（雙賓動詞結構）：「ask + 間接受詞（人）+ 直接受詞（問題/子句）」。在本句中，「her」是間接受詞，而名詞子句「what time the movie started」則是直接受詞。
He asked us what we wanted to eat.
他問我們想吃什麼。
EN： In English-speaking cultures, asking about movie times or schedules is a common casual conversation starter or planning phrase. Note that 'what time' is often preferred over 'when' in daily conversation when asking for a specific clock time.
中文： 在英語系國家中，詢問電影時間或行程是常見的社交開場白或規劃行程用語。值得注意的是，在日常對話中，若想詢問具體的鐘點時間，人們通常更傾向使用 'what time' 而非較為籠統的 'when'。
EN： Indirect Speech (Reported Speech) with Tense Shift: When reporting what someone said in the past, the verb tenses in the reported clause shift backward (backshifting). Here, the original spoken words 'You played very well' (Past Simple) shift to the Past Perfect ('had played') because the action occurred before the reporting verb 'said'. The conjunction 'that' is omitted but understood.
中文： 間接引語（轉述語氣）與時態回推：當轉述某人過去所說的話時，被轉述子句中的動詞時態需要向過去回推（Backshifting）。在此句中，原本說的「You played very well」（過去簡單式）轉述後變成了過去完成式（had played），因為該動作發生在轉述動詞「said」（說）之前。連接詞「that」在此被省略了。
She said they had finished the project.
她說他們已經完成了那個專案。
EN： Past Perfect Tense: Formed with 'had' + past participle, it is used to describe an action that was completed before another action or point in the past. In this sentence, 'had played' happened before the coach 'said' it.
中文： 過去完成式：由「had」+ 過去分詞構成，用於描述在過去某個動作或時間點之前就已經完成的動作。在本句中，「had played」（表現/比賽）發生在教練「said」（說）之前。
He realized he had lost his keys.
他意識到他把鑰匙弄丟了。
EN： Indirect speech (reported speech) with the omission of the conjunction 'that'. In English, when reporting what someone said, 'that' can be omitted after reporting verbs like 'tell' or 'say' in informal or spoken contexts.
中文： 間接引語（轉述語氣）中連接詞「that」的省略。在英語中，當使用「tell」或「say」等轉述動詞來轉述他人說過的話時，在非正式或口語情境中，引導從句的「that」通常可以省略。
He told me he would call me later.
他告訴我他晚點會打給我。
EN： Backshift of tenses in reported speech. When the reporting verb is in the past tense ('told'), the verbs in the reported clause usually shift back into the past. Here, 'cannot' shifts to 'could not' to match the past tense of 'told'.
中文： 間接引語中的時態後退。當主句的轉述動詞為過去式（如「told」）時，被轉述子句中的動詞通常也需要轉為過去時態。在此處，原本說話時的「cannot」後退為過去式「could not」，以配合「told」的時態。
She said she could help us with the project.
她說她可以幫我們做這個專案。
EN： The passive voice with 'ask' (be asked to + verb) is used to express that someone was requested or instructed to do something, often shifting the focus away from who made the request.
中文： 使用「ask」的被動語態（be asked to + 動詞）用來表示某人被要求或指示去做某事，通常會將焦點從「是誰提出要求」轉移開來。
They were asked to submit their homework by Monday.
他們被要求在星期一之前繳交作業。
EN： The verb 'keep' can be followed by an object and an adjective (keep + object + adjective) to describe maintaining a certain state or condition.
中文： 動詞「keep」後面可以接賓語和形容詞（keep + 賓語 + 形容詞），用來描述保持某種狀態或情況。
Please keep the door open.
請保持門開著。
EN： In English-speaking cultures, using the passive voice like 'We were asked to...' is a polite and indirect way to convey rules or requests, as it avoids naming the specific person (like a teacher or boss) who gave the order, making it sound less confrontational.
中文： 在英語系國家中，使用像「We were asked to...」（我們被要求...）這樣的被動語態，是一種禮貌且委婉表達規則或要求的方式。因為它避免直接點出下達命令的具體人員（如老師或老闆），聽起來較不具衝突性。
EN： The verb 'share' is commonly used with the preposition 'with' in the pattern 'share something with someone' to indicate the recipient of the shared information or object.
中文： 動詞「share」（分享）常與介系詞「with」連用，形成「share something with someone」（與某人分享某事/某物）的句型，用來表示分享對象。
She shared her travel experiences with the class.
她與全班同學分享了她的旅遊經歷。
EN： The word 'news' is an uncountable noun in English. It always takes a singular verb and is often paired with determiners like 'some' or 'any' rather than 'a' or 'many'.
中文： 「news」（消息/新聞）在英文中是不可數名詞。它總是搭配單數動詞，且常與限定詞如「some」或「any」連用，而不能使用「a」或「many」。
I have some good news for you.
我有一些好消息要告訴你。
EN： Reported Speech with Tense Shift: When reporting what someone said in the past, the verb tense in the reported clause usually shifts backward in time (backshifting). Here, the original spoken words were in the Simple Past ('I won...'), which shifts to the Past Perfect ('she had won...') in reported speech.
中文： 間接引語與時態回溯：當轉述某人過去所說的話時，被轉述子句中的動詞時態通常會向過去推移（稱為時態回溯）。在此處，說話者原本說的是簡單過去式（「我贏了...」），在間接引語中則需轉為過去完成式（「她贏了...」）。
He said that he had lost his keys.
他說他弄丟了鑰匙。
EN： Noun Clause with 'that': The conjunction 'that' introduces a noun clause functioning as the direct object of the reporting verb 'said'. In informal English, 'that' is often omitted, but it is kept here for formal clarity.
中文： 由 that 引導的名詞子句：連接詞「that」引導一個名詞子句，作為轉述動詞「said」（說）的直接受詞。在非正式英語中，「that」經常被省略，但在此處保留以求正式與清晰。
She believed that the project would succeed.
她相信這個企劃會成功。
EN： Indirect Questions (Noun Clauses): When an information question (starting with a question word like 'how', 'what', 'where') is embedded within another sentence, it becomes a noun clause. The word order changes from question order (verb + subject) to statement order (subject + verb). In this sentence, 'how she had prepared for it' acts as the direct object of the verb 'asked'.
中文： 間接問句（名詞子句）：當一個資訊問句（以 how, what, where 等疑問詞開頭）嵌入另一個句子中時，它會變成名詞子句。其語序會從問句語序（動詞 + 主詞）改為陳述句語序（主詞 + 動詞）。在本句中，「how she had prepared for it」作為動詞「asked」的直接受詞。
She asked me where I lived.
她問我住在哪裡。
EN： Past Perfect Tense: Used to describe an action that was completed before another action in the past. Here, the action of 'preparing' (had prepared) happened before the action of 'asking' (asked).
中文： 過去完成式：用於描述在過去某個動作或時間點之前就已經完成的動作。在本句中，「準備」（had prepared）的動作發生在「詢問」（asked）的動作之前。
They had already eaten dinner when I arrived.
當我到達時，他們已經吃過晚餐了。
EN： Indirect Speech with Reporting Verbs: When reporting what someone said in the past using verbs like 'explain', 'say', or 'tell', we often use a noun clause introduced by 'that' (which can be omitted) as the direct object of the verb.
中文： 間接引語與轉述動詞：當使用 'explain'（解釋）、'say'（說）或 'tell'（告訴）等動詞轉述過去某人所說的話時，我們通常會使用由 'that' 引導的名詞子句（that 可省略）作為該動詞的直接受詞。
He explained that the office was closed on weekends.
他解釋說辦公室在週末是不開放的。
EN： Past Perfect Tense: Used to show that an action was completed before another action or point in the past. It is formed with 'had' + past participle (V3). Here, the practicing happened before the explaining.
中文： 過去完成式：用於表示在過去某個動作或時間點之前就已經完成的動作。其結構為 'had' + 過去分詞 (V-ed)。在此句子中，「練習」發生在「解釋」之前。
She told me that she had already seen the movie.
她告訴我她已經看過那部電影了。
EN： Indirect Speech with Past Perfect Tense: When reporting what someone said in the past (indirect speech), the tense of the original spoken words shifts back. Here, the original belief happened before the 'telling', so the past perfect tense ('had believed') is used to show this relationship in time.
中文： 間接引語與過去完成式：當轉述某人過去所說的話（間接引語）時，原本說話的時態需要往回推一個時態。在此句中，老師的「信任」發生在「告訴」之前，因此使用過去完成式（had + 過去分詞）來表示這兩個過去事件的先後順序。
He told me that he had lost his keys.
他告訴我他弄丟了鑰匙。
EN： The Phrasal Verb 'believe in': This phrase means to have trust or confidence in the abilities, character, or existence of someone or something, which is different from simply believing that a statement is true.
中文： 片語動詞「believe in」：此片語意為「信任、對…有信心」或「相信…的存在」，與單純相信某句話是真實的（believe）有所不同。
My parents always believe in me.
我的父母總是信任我。
EN： In English-speaking academic and personal development contexts, expressing that a teacher 'believed in' a student is a powerful sentiment. It highlights the cultural value placed on mentorship, encouragement, and individual potential, which is often seen as a key driver of student success.
中文： 在英語系的學術與個人成長背景中，表達老師「信任（believed in）」學生是一種非常強烈且具鼓勵性的情感。這凸顯了西方文化中對於導師角色、鼓勵教育以及個人潛力的重視，這通常被視為學生成功的關鍵推動力。
EN： The conjunction 'whether' is used to introduce noun clauses expressing doubt or choice, functioning as 'if' in indirect questions. In this sentence, 'whether she was nervous' acts as the direct object of the verb 'asked'.
中文： 連 staff「whether」（是否）用於引導表示疑問或選擇的名詞子句，在間接問句中相當於「if」。在本句中，「whether she was nervous」作為動詞「asked」的直接受詞。
I don't know whether he will attend the meeting.
我不知道他是否會參加會議。
EN： Adverbial clauses of time introduced by 'when' indicate the time at which the action in the main clause occurs. When the 'when' clause is placed at the beginning of the sentence, a comma is required to separate it from the main clause.
中文： 由「when」（當……時）引導的時間副詞子句，用來表示主要子句動作發生的時間。當「when」子句放在句首時，需要用逗號與主要子句隔開。
When the bell rang, the students left the classroom.
當鐘聲響起時，學生們離開了教室。
EN： Indirect Speech (Reported Speech) with Backshift: When reporting what someone said in the past, the tense of the original spoken words shifts backward. Here, the original statement 'Nerves pushed me...' (Past Simple) shifts to 'nerves had pushed her...' (Past Perfect) because the reporting verb 'said' is in the past tense.
中文： 間接引語（轉述語氣）與時態後退：當轉述某人過去所說的話時，原話的時態通常需要向過去推移一格。在此句中，說話者原話為過去簡單式 'Nerves pushed me...'，因主要動詞 'said' 為過去式，轉述時便後退為過去完成式 'nerves had pushed her...'。
He said that he had lost his keys.
他說他弄丟了鑰匙。
EN： The causative structure 'push someone to do something' means to strongly encourage, motivate, or force someone to take action or perform a task.
中文： 使役結構 'push someone to do something' 表示強烈鼓勵、激勵或迫使某人採取行動或完成某事。
My parents always push me to study harder.
我的父母總是督促我更努力學習。
EN： In English-speaking cultures, 'nerves' (the feeling of being anxious or worried) is often discussed in a positive light when it comes to performance. It is commonly believed that a healthy amount of nervous energy can heighten focus and lead to a better performance, as encapsulated in the phrase 'nerves pushed me to do my best.'
中文： 在英語系國家中，'nerves'（緊張感、焦慮感）在面對表演或挑戰時，常被賦予積極的意義。人們普遍認為，適度的緊張感能提高專注力並激發潛能，進而帶來更好的表現，正如句中「緊張感促使我發揮出最佳表現」所表達的觀點。
EN： Indirect speech with 'tell' + indirect object + 'that' clause. When reporting what someone said, 'tell' requires a personal object (her) followed by a noun clause starting with 'that' (which can be omitted in casual speech) to report the statement.
中文： 使用「tell + 間接受詞 + that 子句」的間接引語。在轉述某人所說的話時，「tell」後面必須接一個表示人的受詞（如 her），接著再接一個由「that」引導的名詞子句（在口語中 that 常可省略）來轉述說話內容。
He told me that he was busy.
他告訴我他很忙。
EN： Tense agreement in reported speech (backshifting). When the reporting verb is in the past tense ('told'), the verbs inside the reported clause are usually shifted back into the past tense ('were' instead of 'are').
中文： 間接引語中的時態一致（時態後退）。當主要動詞為過去式（如「told」）時，被轉述子句中的動詞通常也需要退回過去式（例如用「were」代替「are」）。
She said that she loved the movie.
她說她很喜歡那部電影。
EN： In English-speaking cultures, parents frequently express verbal affirmation and pride ('I'm so proud of you') to encourage their children's independence and achievements. This direct emotional validation is a key aspect of positive reinforcement in family dynamics.
中文： 在英語系國家中，父母經常會透過言語肯定（例如說「我為你感到驕傲」）來鼓勵孩子的獨立性與成就。這種直接的情感表達是西方家庭教育中「正向鼓勵」非常核心的一環。
EN： Indirect Speech with 'that' clause: When reporting what someone said in the past, we often use a reporting verb (like 'added') followed by a noun clause starting with 'that'. The tense in the 'that' clause usually shifts backward (backshift) to match the past tense of the reporting verb (e.g., 'will' becomes 'would').
中文： 使用 'that' 子句的間接敘述：當轉述某人過去所說的話時，我們常用引導動詞（如 'added'）後接由 'that' 引導的名詞子句。子句中的時態通常需要往回推一個時態（時態回推），以配合引導動詞的過去式（例如：'will' 變成 'would'）。
He explained that he would arrive later.
他解釋說他會晚點到。
EN： Keep + Gerund (V-ing): The verb 'keep' followed by a gerund (verb-ing) is used to express the continuation of an action, meaning to continue doing something without stopping.
中文： Keep + 動名詞 (V-ing)：動詞 'keep' 後面接動名詞（V-ing）用來表示動作的持續，意思是「繼續做某事」而不中斷。
She kept running despite the heavy rain.
儘管下著大雨，她仍繼續跑著。
EN： Indirect speech with a 'that' clause is used to report what someone said without using their exact words. The tense in the reported clause often shifts back (backshift) to match the past tense of the reporting verb 'told'. Here, 'had inspired' (past perfect) is used because the inspiring happened before the telling.
中文： 間接引語與 'that' 引導的子句用於轉述某人所說的話，而不使用其原話。轉述子句中的時態通常會向後推移（時態回推），以配合主要動詞 'told'（過去式）。在此處，使用 'had inspired'（過去完成式）是因為「啟發」發生在「告訴」之前。
He told me that he had lost his keys.
他告訴我他弄丟了鑰匙。
EN： The past perfect tense ('had' + past participle) is used to describe an action that was completed before another action in the past. In this sentence, the story's inspiring effect ('had inspired') occurred before the speaker told her about it ('told').
中文： 過去完成式（'had' + 過去分詞）用於描述在過去某個動作或時間點之前就已經完成的動作。在本句中，故事帶來的啟發（'had inspired'）發生在說話者告訴她這件事（'told'）之前。
She realized that she had left her phone at home.
她意識到她把手機留在家裡了。
EN： Indirect questions (noun clauses) are used to report questions that someone else asked. Unlike direct questions, indirect questions use statement word order (subject + verb) and do not use auxiliary verbs like 'do', 'does', or 'did'. In this sentence, 'what my own dream was' is the indirect question acting as the direct object of the verb 'asked'.
中文： 間接問句（名詞子句）用於轉述他人提出的問題。與直接問句不同，間接問句使用陳述句語序（主詞 + 動詞），且不使用助動詞（如 do, does, did）。在本句中，「what my own dream was」是間接問句，作為動詞「asked」的直接受詞。
He asked me where the library was.
他問我圖書館在哪裡。
EN： The word 'own' is used as an adjective after a possessive determiner (like 'my', 'your', 'her') to emphasize that something belongs or relates to a particular person and no one else.
中文： 「own」這個字用在所有格限定詞（如 my, your, her）之後作為形容詞，用以強調某物屬於特定的人，而非其他人，具有加強語氣的作用。
I want to start my own business one day.
我希望有一天能創立我自己的事業。
EN： Indirect Speech with 'that' clause: When reporting what someone said in the past, we often use a reporting verb (like 'replied' or 'said') followed by a noun clause starting with 'that'. The tense in the 'that' clause usually shifts back (backshifting) to match the past tense of the reporting verb.
中文： 使用 'that' 子句的間接引語：當轉述某人過去所說的話時，我們通常會使用轉述動詞（如 'replied' 或 'said'），後接由 'that' 引導的名詞子句。子句中的時態通常需要往回推一個時態（時態回推），以配合轉述動詞的過去時態。
She replied that she was too busy to help.
她回答說她太忙了而無法幫忙。
EN： The infinitive 'to write' as a direct object: The verb 'hope' is followed by an infinitive (to + verb) to express a desire or plan for the future.
中文： 不定詞 'to write' 作為直接受詞：動詞 'hope'（希望）後面須接不定詞（to + 動詞），用以表達對未來的期望或計劃。
They hope to visit Japan next year.
他們希望明年能訪問日本。
EN： In English, information questions (wh- questions) are formed by placing the question word (what, who, where, etc.) at the beginning, followed by an auxiliary verb (did) and the subject (the teacher). The auxiliary verb 'did' indicates the simple past tense, and the main verb (say) remains in its base form.
中文： 在英文中，資訊疑問句（wh- 疑問句）的結構是將疑問詞（如 what, who, where 等）放在句首，後面接助動詞（did）和主詞（the teacher）。助動詞「did」表示過去式，而主要動詞（say）則保持原形。
What did you buy at the store?
你在商店買了什麼？
EN： A vocative comma is used to set off the name of a person being addressed directly (Emma). If the name is at the end of the sentence, the comma precedes it.
中文： 呼格逗號用於隔開直接稱呼的人名（艾瑪）。如果名字位於句尾，逗號會放在名字之前。
How are you feeling, John?
你感覺怎麼樣，約翰？
EN： In English-speaking classrooms, it is common and polite for students to address their peers by their first names (like 'Emma') when discussing schoolwork or teacher instructions. The tone is collaborative and informal.
中文： 在英語系國家的課堂中，學生在討論功課或老師的指示時，直接稱呼同儕的名字（如「艾瑪」）是非常普遍且禮貌的。這種語氣顯得合作且隨和。
EN： Reported Speech (Indirect Speech) with a 'that' clause: When reporting what someone said in the past, we often use a reporting verb like 'said' followed by a noun clause starting with 'that' (which can be omitted). The tense in the 'that' clause typically shifts back (backshift) to match the past tense of the reporting verb.
中文： 間接引語與 'that' 引導的子句：當轉述某人過去所說的話時，我們常用 'said' 等轉述動詞，後接由 'that' 引導的名詞子句（that 可省略）。子句中的時態通常需要往回推一個時態（時態回推），以配合轉述動詞的過去式。
He said that he was tired.
他說他累了。
EN： Passive Voice in the Past Tense: The passive voice is formed using 'be' + past participle (V-3). In the simple past tense, we use 'was' or 'were' depending on the subject. It is used when the focus is on the action or the receiver of the action, rather than the doer.
中文： 過去式的被動語態：被動語態由「be 動詞 + 過去分詞 (V-3)」構成。在簡單過去式中，依主詞單複數使用 'was' 或 'were'。當焦點在於動作本身或動作的接受者，而非執行者時使用。
The window was broken by the wind.
窗戶被風吹破了。
EN： Indirect questions with 'whether': When reporting a yes/no question indirectly, we use 'whether' (or 'if') to introduce the noun clause. Unlike direct questions, the word order in the indirect question is statement order (subject + verb), not question order.
中文： 使用 'whether' 的間接問句：當我們間接轉述一個「是/否」問句時，會使用 'whether'（或 'if'，意為「是否」）來引導名詞子句。與直接問句不同，間接問句的語序為陳述句語序（主詞 + 動詞），而非疑問句語序。
She asked whether we wanted to join them.
她問我們是否想加入他們。
EN： Past Perfect Tense (had + past participle): Used to describe an action that was completed before another action or point in time in the past. In reported speech, when the reporting verb is in the past tense ('asked'), a direct present perfect or past simple verb shifts back to the past perfect ('had finished').
中文： 過去完成式（had + 過去分詞）：用於描述在過去某個動作或時間點之前就已經完成的動作。在間接引語中，當主要動詞為過去式（如 'asked'）時，直接引語中的現在完成式或過去簡單式動詞需往回推一個時態，變成過去完成式（'had finished'）。
They told me they had already eaten dinner.
他們告訴我他們已經吃過晚餐了。
EN： The verb 'tell' is commonly used in the pattern 'tell someone to do something' (tell + object + to-infinitive) to report a command, request, or instruction in indirect speech.
中文： 動詞「tell」常用於「tell someone to do something」（告訴某人去做某事）的結構中（tell + 受詞 + 不定詞），用來轉述間接引語中的命令、要求或指示。
The doctor told me to drink more water.
醫生叫我多喝水。
EN： The phrase 'after school' is a prepositional phrase acting as an adverbial of time. In English, such time expressions usually appear at the end of the sentence, whereas in Chinese they often appear before the verb.
中文： 介系詞片語「after school」（放學後）在此作為時間副詞。在英文中，此類時間表達通常置於句尾，而在中文中則常置於動詞之前。
We usually play basketball after school.
我們通常在放學後打籃球。
EN： Reported speech (indirect speech) with backshift of tenses. When the reporting verb is in the past tense ('said'), the tense in the reported clause shifts back. Here, the future 'will arrive' shifts to 'would arrive'. The conjunction 'that' is omitted after 'said'.
中文： 間接引語（轉述語氣）與時態後退。當主要子句的轉述動詞為過去式（如 'said'）時，被轉述子句的時態通常需要往過去推一格。在此處，原本的未來式 'will arrive' 轉變為過去未來式 'would arrive'。此外，引導名詞子句的連接詞 'that' 在此處被省略了。
She said she would call me later.
她說她晚點會打電話給我。
EN： The preposition 'by' is used to indicate a deadline or a point in time 'not later than'. In this context, 'by noon' means at noon or anytime before noon.
中文： 介係詞 'by' 用於表示截止時間或「不遲於」某個時間點。在此情境中，'by noon' 意指在中午或中午之前的任何時間。
EN： Indirect questions (noun clauses) are used to report a question. Unlike direct questions, indirect questions follow statement word order (subject + verb) and do not use auxiliary verbs like 'do', 'does', or 'did'.
中文： 間接問句（名詞子句）用於轉述問題。與直接問句不同，間接問句使用陳述句語序（主詞 + 動詞），且不使用助動詞（如 do, does, did）。
She asked me where I lived.
她問我住在哪裡。
EN： The past perfect tense ('had' + past participle) is used to describe an action that occurred before another action in the past. In reported speech, a direct question in the present perfect or simple past shifts to the past perfect.
中文： 過去完成式（had + 過去分詞）用於描述在過去某個動作或時間點之前就已發生的動作。在間接引語中，直接問句的現在完成式或簡單過去式會轉化為過去完成式。
They wanted to know what he had decided.
他們想知道他做出了什麼決定。
EN： In English-speaking cultures, asking 'where have you been?' can range from a friendly inquiry to a demanding interrogation depending on the tone. Using reported speech ('I asked him...') is a common, neutral way to recount past conversations without repeating the emotional intensity of the original moment.
中文： 在英語系國家中，詢問「where have you been?」（你去了哪裡？）根據語氣的不同，可以是友善的關心，也可以是質問。使用間接引語（「I asked him...」）是一種常見且中立的方式，用來轉述過去的對話，而不會帶有當時可能存在的強烈情緒。
EN： Indirect commands with 'tell' use the pattern 'tell + object + to-infinitive'. To make the command negative, 'not' is placed directly before the 'to-infinitive' (tell + object + not + to-infinitive).
中文： 使用動詞「tell」（告訴/要求）表達間接命令時，句型為「tell + 受詞 + 不定詞（to + 動詞原形）」。若要表示否定（要求某人不要做某事），則將「not」直接放在不定詞前面，形成「tell + 受詞 + not + to-infinitive」。
The doctor told me not to eat spicy food.
醫生叫我不要吃辣的食物。
EN： The phrasal verb 'worry about' is used to express anxiety or concern about someone or something. In this sentence, 'about' is a preposition followed by the noun phrase 'the test'.
中文： 片語動詞「worry about」用於表達對某人或某事感到焦慮或擔心。在此句子中，「about」是介係詞，後面接名詞片語「the test」（考試）作為其受詞。
EN： Indirect Speech with Reporting Verbs: When reporting what someone said or explained in the past, we use a reporting verb (like 'explained') followed by a noun clause starting with 'that'. The tense in the 'that'-clause usually shifts back (backshift) to reflect the past perspective.
中文： 間接引語與轉述動詞：當轉述某人過去所說或解釋的話時，我們會使用轉述動詞（如「explained」），後接由「that」引導的名詞子句。子句中的時態通常需要往回推一個時態（時態回推），以反映過去的時間點。
She explained that the office was closed.
她解釋說辦公室已經關門了。
EN： Past Perfect Tense: The past perfect tense ('had' + past participle) is used to show that an action was completed before another action or point in time in the past. In this sentence, the rules changed before he explained it.
中文： 過去完成式：過去完成式（had + 過去分詞）用於表示在過去某個動作或時間點之前就已經完成的動作。在本句中，規則的改變發生在他做出解釋之前。
They realized that the train had left.
他們意識到火車已經開走了。
EN： Indirect speech (reported speech) with a noun clause. When reporting what someone said in the past, the verb in the reported clause typically shifts back in tense (backshift). Here, the modal verb 'can' shifts to its past form 'could' because the reporting verb 'said' is in the past tense. The conjunction 'that' is omitted before 'we'.
中文： 間接引語（轉述語氣）與名詞子句。當轉述過去某人所說的話時，被轉述子句中的動詞通常需要向過去推移一個時態（時態回推）。在此處，因為主要動詞「said」是過去式，情態助動詞「can」需轉為過去式「could」。此處省略了引導名詞子句的連接詞「that」。
He said we could use his computer.
他說我們可以使用他的電腦。
EN： The use of the modal verb 'could' for permission in the past. While 'can' is used for present permission, 'could' is used to report permission that was given in the past.
中文： 使用情態助動詞「could」表示過去的允許。雖然「can」用於表示現在的允許，但「could」用於轉述過去獲得的允許。
My mother said I could go to the cinema.
我媽媽說我可以去電影院。
EN： In many tourist destinations, museums, or sacred sites, photography policies are strict. Hearing 'The guide said we could take photos' is a reassuring confirmation for tourists, as unauthorized photography can sometimes lead to fines or cultural disrespect.
中文： 在許多旅遊景點、博物館或宗教聖地，拍照規定非常嚴格。聽到「導遊說我們可以拍照」對遊客來說是一個令人安心的確認，因為未經授權的拍照有時可能會導致罰款或被視為文化上的不尊重。
EN： Passive Voice with Indirect Objects (be told): When converting a sentence like 'Someone told us...' into the passive voice, the indirect object 'us' becomes the subject 'We', followed by 'were told' (past passive). This is commonly used when the speaker of the information is unknown or unimportant.
中文： 間接賓語的被動語態（be told）：當我們把像「有人告訴我們……」這樣的句子轉換為被動語態時，間接賓語「us」（我們）會變成主詞「We」，後面接「were told」（過去式被動）。這常用於說話者未知或不重要的情況。
We were told that the flight was delayed.
我們被告知班機延誤了。
EN： Noun Clause as Direct Object with 'that': The conjunction 'that' introduces a noun clause ('that the show would start late') which functions as the direct object of the verb 'told'. In indirect speech, 'would' is used as the past form of 'will' to express future in the past.
中文： that 引導的名詞子句作為直接賓語：連接詞「that」引導一個名詞子句（that the show would start late），在句中作為動詞「told」的直接賓語。在間接引語中，「would」用作「will」的過去式，用來表示過去時間點看來的未來。
She said that she would call me later.
她說她晚點會打給我。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 比賽、競賽
在本文中： 準備、防備
在本文中： 練習、訓練
在本文中： 緊張的、擔憂的
在本文中： 緊張情緒、膽量
在本文中： 鼓舞、激發、啟發
在本文中： 取消、廢除
在本文中： 解釋、說明
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
To submit or give something to a person in authority.
繳交、遞交
To go to bed later than usual.
熬夜、不睡覺
To try as hard as possible to achieve something.
盡最大努力、全力以赴
Feeling pleasure and satisfaction because of your own or someone else's achievements.
為……感到驕傲、自豪
To do things that will help you to achieve a particular plan or dream.
朝著……努力、致力於