EN： Appositive phrase (同位語): A noun phrase placed immediately after another noun to identify or give more information about it, usually set off by commas. Here, 'Australia's national carrier' provides additional descriptive information about the subject 'Qantas'.
中文： 同位語片語：置於另一個名詞之後，用來說明或補充該名詞身分與特性的名詞片語，通常以逗號隔開。在此句中，'Australia's national carrier' 作為同位語，用來補充說明主詞「澳洲航空」（Qantas）。
Tokyo, the capital of Japan, attracts millions of tourists every year.
日本的首都東京每年吸引數百萬名遊客。
EN： Present Perfect Tense (現在完成式): Formed by 'has/have + past participle' (has announced). It is used to express an event that happened at an unspecified time in the recent past that has direct relevance or results in the present.
中文： 現在完成式：由「has/have + 過去分詞」構成（如本句中的 has announced）。用於表達在最近剛發生且對當下具備直接關聯或重要性的動作，常見於新聞發布或公告。
The railway company has announced plans to build a new high-speed rail line.
這家鐵路公司已宣布興建新高鐵路線的計畫。
EN： A 'national carrier' (or flag carrier) refers to an airline registered in a given country that enjoys preferential rights or government representation. Qantas is colloquially known in Australia as 'The Flying Kangaroo'.
中文： 「國家航空公司」（national carrier 或 flag carrier）指的是在該國註冊、具代表性並常享有特權地位的航空公司。澳洲航空（Qantas）在澳洲常被暱稱為「飛行袋鼠」（The Flying Kangaroo）。
EN： The passive structure 'be expected to + verb' is commonly used in news and formal English to report future projections, schedules, or anticipated events without attributing the expectation to a specific person.
中文： 「be expected to + 原形動詞」為常見的被動結構，常用於新聞或正式英語中，表示「預計／預期將會做某事」，用來陳述未來的規劃或預期發生的事件，而不必特別指出是誰在預期。
The new subway line is expected to open next spring.
這條新地鐵路線預計將於明年春季開通。
EN： The verb 'take' is often used to express the duration of time needed to complete an action or journey, often following the pattern 'take + [duration]'.
中文： 動詞「take」常與表示時間長度的字詞連用（take + 時間），用來表達完成某個動作或旅程「耗費、需要多少時間」。
The bus ride will take around 45 minutes during rush hour.
尖峰時段搭乘公車大約需要 45 分鐘。
EN： In commercial aviation, flights exceeding 16 hours without a layover are typically classified as 'ultra long-haul'. These flights pose unique physiological challenges for passengers and crew, often leading airlines to design specialized aircraft cabins with dedicated wellness or stretching areas.
中文： 在民航業界，直飛飛行時間超過 16 小時的航班通常被稱為「超長途航班」（ultra long-haul）。這類航線對旅客與機組員的身心適應力帶來極大考驗，因此航空公司常需特別規劃機艙，設置伸展或休憩專區以提升搭乘舒適度。
EN： The structure 'will be' combines the modal auxiliary verb 'will' with the base verb 'be' to make a factual prediction or express a future state.
中文： 「will be」結構結合了情態助動詞「will」與原形動詞「be」，用來對未來狀況做出事實預測或陳述未來的狀態。
This will be our company's biggest product launch of the year.
這將是我們公司今年規模最大的產品發布會。
EN： The prepositional pattern 'from [origin] to [destination]' is used to indicate movement, travel, or distance between a starting point and an endpoint.
中文： 介系詞結構「from [起點] to [終點]」用於表示從出發地點到抵達地點的位移、航程或距離。
The train runs directly from London to Paris in just over two hours.
這班火車從倫敦直達巴黎僅需兩個多小時。
EN： Kingsford-Smith airport is named after Charles Kingsford Smith, an Australian aviation pioneer who made the first trans-Pacific flight in 1928. JFK airport is named after John F. Kennedy, the 35th President of the United States. In everyday English, locals typically refer to them simply as 'Sydney Airport' and 'JFK'.
中文： 金斯福德·史密斯機場以 1928 年完成首次跨太平洋飛行的澳洲航空先驅查爾斯·金斯福德·史密斯命名；甘迺迪機場則以美國第 35 任總統約翰·甘迺迪命名。日常口語中，人們通常簡稱為「Sydney Airport」或直接稱「JFK」。
EN： Past participle as a reduced relative clause: 'called Project Sunrise' acts as an adjective modifying 'a major project'. It is a shortened form of 'which is called Project Sunrise'.
中文： 過去分詞片語作後位修飾：'called Project Sunrise' 相當於形容詞，用來修飾前面的名詞 'a major project'。這是從關係子句 'which is called Project Sunrise' 簡化而來的分詞構句。
The company introduced a new strategy called Global Reach.
該公司推出了一項名為「全球佈局」的新策略。
EN： Non-restrictive relative clause: ', which aims to...' provides additional, non-essential information about 'Project Sunrise'. It uses a comma before 'which' and cannot use 'that'.
中文： 非限定關係子句：', which aims to...' 用於對先行詞 'Project Sunrise'（日出計畫）提供補充說明，逗號前不能使用 'that' 代替 'which'。
She joined the charity foundation, which aims to protect endangered animals.
她加入了這個慈善基金會，該基金會旨在保護瀕危動物。
EN： Qantas named its ambitious non-stop flights project 'Project Sunrise' as a tribute to the historic WWII 'Double Sunrise' flights (1943–1945), where crews flew across the Indian Ocean in secret for up to 32 hours and saw two sunrises in a single flight.
中文： 澳洲航空將這項雄心勃勃的直飛計畫命名為「日出計畫」（Project Sunrise），是為了向二戰時期著名的「雙日出」（Double Sunrise）飛行任務（1943–1945）致敬。當時機組人員在印度洋上空秘密飛行長達 32 小時，在單次飛行中見證了兩次日出。
EN： The prepositional pair 'from [origin] to [destination]' indicates the starting point and endpoint of a journey or route.
中文： 介系詞搭配「from [起點] to [終點]」用來表示旅程或路線的起點與終點。
The train runs from London to Paris every morning.
這列火車每天早晨自倫敦行駛至巴黎。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'with a stopover in [location]' functions as an adverbial modifier explaining an intermediate stop during a trip.
中文： 介系詞片語「with a stopover in [地點]」在此作修飾語，表示旅程中途的停留站（轉機或過境點）。
We flew to Tokyo with a stopover in Taipei.
我們搭機前往東京，中途在台北停留。
EN： In aviation terminology, a 'stopover' generally refers to a break in a journey lasting more than 24 hours (or significant hours on international itineraries), as opposed to a simple 'layover' or connection where passengers merely wait for their connecting flight.
中文： 在航空術語中，「stopover」通常指中途停留超過 24 小時（或國際航程中的實質過境停留），旅客往往可以入境該城市短暫觀光或休息；與單純等待轉機的「layover」（短暫轉機）略有不同。
EN： A compound predicate uses a coordinating conjunction ('and') to link two verb phrases sharing the same subject ('These flights'). Here, 'take about 21 hours' and 'typically cost more than 1,400 dollars one way' share 'These flights'.
中文： 複合謂語結構：使用對等連接詞「and」連接兩個共享同一主詞（These flights）的動詞片語。在此句中，「take about 21 hours」與「typically cost more than 1,400 dollars one way」均由主詞「These flights」所發出。
The train leaves at six and arrives in the capital before noon.
這列火車六點出發，並於中午前抵達首都。
EN： The adverbial phrase 'one way' is used after prices to specify that the ticket covers travel in one direction only, contrasting with 'round-trip' or 'return'.
中文： 副詞片語「one way」放在金額之後，用來說明該票價僅適用於單程旅行，與「round-trip（來回）」或「return」相對應。
A bus ticket to Boston costs thirty dollars one way.
前往波士頓的巴士單程票價為三十美元。
EN： In travel contexts, English clearly differentiates between 'one-way' (a single trip from A to B) and 'round-trip' (North American English) or 'return' (British/Australian English). Ticket prices in news articles are typically quoted in either US dollars or local currency (Australian dollars in this context, depending on the audience).
中文： 在航空與旅行情境中，英語明確區分「one-way」（單程票）與「round-trip」（北美英語常用）或「return」（英式及澳洲英語常用）來回票。機票報導中常以「one way」作為基準價格，讀者閱讀時需留意這不包含回程費用。
EN： The verb 'cut' can mean 'to reduce' or 'to decrease'. The structure 'cut [amount] from [total]' is commonly used to express reducing a specific quantity, time, or cost from an overall amount.
中文： 動詞「cut」在此處意為「縮減、減少」。「cut [數量] from [總額/總量]」是常見句型，用來表示從總數、時間或花費中扣除或減少特定份額。
The new express train will cut 20 minutes from the daily commute.
新的特急列車將使每日通勤時間減少 20 分鐘。
EN： 'At least' is an adverbial phrase meaning 'not less than' or 'a minimum of'. It modifies quantities, numbers, or actions to set a lower limit.
中文： 「At least」為副詞片語，意思是「至少」或「不低於」，常用來修飾數量、數字或動作，以設定數額的最低下限。
You need to drink at least two liters of water every day.
你每天需要喝至少兩公升的水。
EN： In aviation, a 'direct route' or 'direct flight' often saves substantial transit time compared to flights with stopovers (such as stopping in Los Angeles). Ultra long-haul direct services are marketed specifically to business travelers and tourists seeking to eliminate layover fatigue.
中文： 在航空界中，「直飛航線（direct route/flight）」相較於中途轉機或停留（如在洛杉磯中停）能節省可觀的過境時間。這類超長途直飛航班主要鎖定商務客及追求效率的旅客，以省去轉機的奔波與疲憊。
EN： The adverb 'yet' is frequently used with the present perfect tense in negative statements to indicate that an action has not happened up to the present moment, but is expected to happen in the future. It typically appears at the end of the clause or directly after 'not' ('has not yet revealed').
中文： 副詞「yet」常用於現在完成式的否定句中，表示某動作直到目前為止尚未發生，但預期未來會發生。它通常放在子句末尾，或直接置於「not」之後（例如：has not yet revealed）。
The company has not yet confirmed the official release date.
該公司尚未確認正式發布日期。
EN： Comparative structures expressing difference by amount often use the pattern: '[noun/pronoun] + could/may be + [amount/percentage] + [comparative adjective] + than + [noun/pronoun]'. Here, 'about 20 percent higher than' quantifies the exact extent of difference in price.
中文： 表達程度或數量差異的比較級結構常遵循：「[名詞/代名詞] + could/may be + [數量/百分比] + [形容詞比較級] + than + [名詞/代名詞]」。本句中的「about 20 percent higher than」即具體說明了票價差異的幅度。
Electricity bills could be 15 percent higher than last year.
電費帳單可能會比去年高出百分之十五。
EN： In aviation and travel, ultra long-haul direct flights often command a price premium over multi-leg or stopover flights. Passengers are typically willing to pay more for the convenience of saving hours and avoiding the hassle of transferring through intermediate hubs like Los Angeles.
中文： 在航空與旅遊產業中，超長途直飛航班通常比中途停留或轉機的航班享有溢價（price premium）。旅客通常願意支付較高票價，以換取節省數小時的航程，並免去在洛杉磯等中途轉機樞紐上下飛機的麻煩。
EN： Compound Adjectives before Nouns: Words connected by hyphens (e.g., 'ultra long-haul') act as single modifier units directly preceding a noun ('flight'). Here, 'ultra' is a prefix meaning 'extremely' and 'long-haul' refers to long-distance transport.
中文： 名詞前的複合形容詞（Compound Adjectives）：以連字號連接的詞彙（例如「ultra long-haul」）作為單一修飾語單位，直接修飾後方的名詞（「flight」）。在此處，「ultra」為表示「極端、超級」的前綴，而「long-haul」則指長途運輸。
Singapore Airlines operates several ultra long-haul services across the globe.
新加坡航空營運數條遍布全球的超長途航線。
EN： The Preposition 'under' to express Framework or Initiative: The preposition 'under' is often used to indicate that something belongs to, operates within, or is governed by a specific project, program, or scheme (e.g., 'under Project Sunrise').
中文： 介系詞「under」表示計畫或架構框架：介系詞「under」常引導所屬的專案、架構或計畫體系（例如「under Project Sunrise」），表示某事是在該計畫的範疇下進行。
Several new initiatives were launched under the government's green energy plan.
政府的綠能計畫下推行了數項新舉措。
EN： 'Project Sunrise' is Qantas's ambitious initiative named after the airline's historic WWII flights across the Indian Ocean that remained airborne long enough to see two sunrises. In modern aviation, 'ultra long-haul' typically refers to non-stop commercial flights exceeding 16 hours.
中文： 「日出計畫」（Project Sunrise）是澳洲航空的重大旗艦計畫，其名稱源自二戰時期該航空橫越印度洋的傳奇飛行任務——因飛行時間極長，乘客能在單趟航程中目睹兩次日出。在現代民航術語中，「超長途」（ultra long-haul）通常指直飛時間超過16小時的航班。
EN： The passive voice construction 'is planned for + [time/event]' is commonly used in official announcements and news reports to indicate a scheduled future event without needing to emphasize who made the plan.
中文： 被動語態結構「is planned for + [時間/事件]」常用於官方公告和新聞報導中，用來表示已排定的未來事件，無須強調是誰制定了該項計畫。
The grand opening of the new library is planned for next spring.
新圖書館的盛大開幕預計於明年春天舉行。
EN： Parenthetical prepositional phrases set off by commas (e.g., ', from Sydney to London,') act as non-defining modifiers that provide extra descriptive detail about the preceding noun ('The first route') without altering the basic sentence structure.
中文： 由逗號隔開的介系詞片語（如「, from Sydney to London,」）扮演補充說明的修飾語角色，為前面的名詞（「The first route」）提供額外描述細節，而不改變句子的基本主幹結構。
The high-speed train, from Paris to Lyon, will start operations tomorrow.
這列從巴黎開往里昂的高速列車將於明天開始營運。
EN： Non-stop commercial flights connecting the UK and Australia (known historically as the 'Kangaroo Route') have been considered aviation's 'holy grail' due to the extreme distance (over 17,000 km) and the endurance required for both aircraft and passengers.
中文： 連結英國與澳洲的直飛商業航班（歷史上被稱為「袋鼠航線」）由於航程極遠（超過 17,000 公里），且對飛機性能與旅客耐力皆是巨大考驗，一直被視為民航界的「聖杯」。
EN： The past participle phrase 'designed to help...' acts as a reduced relative clause (short for 'which are designed to help...'), modifying the noun phrase 'special wellbeing zones'.
中文： 過去分詞片語「designed to help...」在此作為後位修飾語（省略了 which are 的簡化關係子句），用來修飾前面的名詞片語「special wellbeing zones」（特殊健康休憩區）。
The hotel features ergonomic chairs designed to reduce back pain.
這間飯店配備了旨在減輕背痛的人體工學椅。
EN： The verb 'help' can be followed by an object and either a bare infinitive (infinitive without 'to') or a to-infinitive: 'help passengers (to) feel comfortable'. In modern English, the bare infinitive is more common.
中文： 動詞「help」後面接受詞後，其補語可接原形不定詞（省略 to 的動詞）或 to 不定詞，即「help someone (to) do something」。現代英文中以接原形動詞最為常見。
Gentle music can help people fall asleep faster.
輕柔的音樂可以幫助人們更快入睡。
EN： On ultra long-haul flights (flights lasting 16 hours or more), airlines increasingly invest in 'wellbeing zones'—dedicated physical spaces with hydration stations and room for physical stretching to combat jet lag, deep vein thrombosis (DVT), and cabin fatigue.
中文： 在超長途航班（飛行時間超過 16 小時）上，航空公司愈來愈重視「健康休憩區」（wellbeing zones）的規劃。這些專門區域配備飲水補給站與拉筋伸展空間，旨在緩解時差反應、預防深層靜脈栓塞（DVT）並減輕長時間處於機艙內的疲倦感。
EN： The pattern 'allow + object + to-infinitive' means to give permission or provide the opportunity for someone to do something. When multiple actions share the same infinitive marker 'to', subsequent verbs often omit 'to' for parallelism (e.g., 'to stretch, move around, and relax').
中文： 句型「allow + 受詞 + 不定詞 (to-V)」表示「允許或讓某人做某事」。當有多個動詞並列時，通常只在第一個動詞保留不定詞符號「to」，後續並列的動詞則省略「to」以維持對稱結構（例如：to stretch, move around, and relax）。
The online portal allows students to submit assignments, check grades, and contact tutors.
該線上平台讓學生能夠繳交作業、查詢成績以及聯繫導師。
EN： Hyphenated compound adjectives before a noun (e.g., '18-hour') combine a number and a singular unit of measurement to describe the following noun ('flight'). Even though the quantity is greater than one, the measurement noun remains singular.
中文： 置於名詞前的連字號複合形容詞（如「18-hour」），是由數字加上單數計量名詞所構成，用來修飾後面的名詞（flight）。即便數量大於一，中間的名詞依然必須維持單數形式，不可加 s。
We survived a 10-hour drive through the mountains.
我們撐過了長達 10 小時穿越山區的車程。
EN： Ultra long-haul flights (flights exceeding 16 hours) pose significant physiological challenges like deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and fatigue. Airlines operating these routes, such as Qantas with its Project Sunrise, design dedicated 'wellbeing zones' between economy and premium cabins specifically to encourage physical activity, reflecting growing passenger health awareness in modern aviation.
中文： 超長程航班（航程超過 16 小時）會對人體帶來重大生理挑戰，例如深層靜脈血栓（DVT）和極度疲勞。營運此類航線的航空公司（如澳洲航空的「日出計畫」）會在客艙間專門設計「健康專區」，鼓勵乘客起身活動，這反映了現代民航對於乘客健康意識的日益重視。
EN： The present perfect tense ('has/have + past participle') is used here with the time expression 'over the years' to describe actions or events that have occurred repeatedly or developed continuously from the past leading up to the present moment.
中文： 現在完成式（has/have + 過去分詞）在此與時間片語「over the years」（多年來）搭配使用，用來表示從過去某一時間點開始持續到現在、或在此期間多次發生的情況或經歷。
The company has developed several successful products over the years.
該公司多年來研發出了數款成功的產品。
EN： The transitive verb 'face' means to confront or encounter a difficult situation or obstacle, directly followed by a noun phrase acting as its direct object (e.g., 'faced several setbacks').
中文： 及物動詞「face」在此意為「面臨」或「遭遇（困難、阻礙）」，後方直接接著名詞片語作為受詞（如「faced several setbacks 面臨數次挫折」）。
Our research team faced major challenges during the trial.
我們研究團隊在試驗過程中面臨了重大挑戰。
EN： 'Project Sunrise' is an ambitious initiative by Australia's national airline, Qantas, named after historic World War II 'Double Sunrise' flights. It aims to operate non-stop commercial flights connecting Australia's east coast directly to London and New York, pushing the boundaries of ultra-long-haul aviation.
中文： 「日出計畫」（Project Sunrise）是澳洲航空（Qantas）一項雄心勃勃的超長程直飛計畫，其名稱源自二戰時期澳洲著名的「雙日出」飛行任務。該計畫目標是建立從澳洲東岸直飛倫敦與紐約的不經停商業航線，挑戰商業民航的最長航程極限。
EN： The passive structure 'be planned + to-infinitive' is used to express an intention or scheduled arrangement, often combined with adverbs like 'originally' to show past intentions that may have changed.
中文： 被動語態結構「be planned + 不定詞（to-infinitive）」用來表達某項計畫或既定安排。常與副詞（如 originally）搭配，表示過去原本的意圖或計畫（隱含後來有所變動）。
The conference was originally planned to take place in Tokyo.
該會議原先計畫在東京舉行。
EN： The coordinating conjunction 'but' connects two independent clauses to contrast an original plan with an unexpected obstacle or outcome.
中文： 對等連接詞「but」連接兩個獨立子句，用於對比最初的計畫與隨後發生的意外阻礙或結果。
We wanted to go hiking, but bad weather forced us to stay indoors.
我們本來想去健行，但惡劣的天氣迫使我們待在室內。
EN： The Covid-19 pandemic severely disrupted the global aviation industry between 2020 and 2022, halting long-term capital investments and delaying groundbreaking long-haul flight programs worldwide.
中文： 嚴重特殊傳染性肺炎疫情在 2020 至 2022 年間對全球航空業造成了毀滅性衝擊，各國航空公司的長期投資與開創性超長程航線計畫（如澳洲航空的直飛專案）皆因此面臨大規模延期與停滯。
EN： The sentence uses the passive voice ('were also delayed') in the past simple tense (were + past participle). Passive voice is used here because the emphasis is on the plans that suffered the delay, rather than identifying the specific actor causing the delay.
中文： 本句使用了一般過去式的被動語態（were + 過去分詞 delayed）。使用被動語態是因為焦點在於「受到延誤的計畫」，而非刻意強調造成延遲的執行者。
The flight was delayed due to severe turbulence.
該航班因嚴重氣流而延誤。
EN： 'Because of' is a compound preposition followed by a noun phrase ('problems with aircraft manufacturing') to express a cause or reason. Unlike 'because', which introduces a full clause (subject + verb), 'because of' takes a noun or noun phrase.
中文： 「because of」為複合介系詞，後方接名詞片語（problems with aircraft manufacturing）來表達原因或理由。與引導完整子句（主詞 + 動詞）的「because」不同，「because of」只能接名詞或代名詞。
The game was canceled because of heavy rain.
比賽因為大雨而取消。
EN： The passive structure 'be expected to + verb' is commonly used in news and formal contexts to report predictions, plans, or anticipated events without attributing them to a specific person.
中文： 被動語態結構「be expected to + 原形動詞」常見於新聞與正式場合，用來報導預測、計畫或預期的事件，無須明確指名是由誰預期。
The new museum is expected to open to the public next spring.
這座新博物館預計於明年春天對大眾開放。
EN： The idiom 'go on sale' means to become available for purchase. Note that 'for sale' simply means available to buy, while 'on sale' often refers to being discounted in US English or newly available for purchase in ticketing/release contexts.
中文： 成語「go on sale」意為「開始販售、公開發售」。在票券或新產品發行時，常指正式開放購買。
Concert tickets will go on sale starting this Friday at noon.
演唱會門票將於本週五中午起開始販售。
EN： Major ultra long-haul flight routes, such as direct flights connecting Australia to the US East Coast or the UK, typically begin ticket sales approximately one year before their scheduled launch. This allows airlines to gauge demand and adjust operations well in advance.
中文： 重大的超長途航線（例如連接澳洲與美國東岸或英國的直飛航線）通常會在正式開航前約一年開放售票，以便航空公司提早評估市場需求並規劃營運。
EN： The conjunction 'although' introduces an adverbial clause of concession, meaning 'even though' or 'in spite of the fact that'. It connects a contrasting secondary idea to the main clause.
中文： 連字號「although」引導讓步副詞子句，意為「雖然、儘管」，用來連接與主要子句形成對比或轉折的次要資訊。
The airline launched the new route, although ticket prices were relatively high.
儘管票價相對較高，該航空公司仍開通了這條新航線。
EN： The present perfect passive ('have been' + past participle) describes an action that has been completed at an unspecified time before now, with the focus on the result affecting the subject ('plans').
中文： 現在完成式被動語態（have/has been + 過去分詞），用以表示過去某個未明確指出的時間點已完成的動作，重點放在主詞（plans 計畫）所承受的結果上。
Several proposed projects have been dropped due to budget constraints.
由於預算限制，幾項擬議的計畫已經被放棄。
EN： Perth, located on Australia's west coast, serves as a natural geographic springboard for nonstop flights to Europe (such as London and Paris) due to its proximity compared to east coast hubs like Sydney, Melbourne, and Brisbane.
中文： 伯斯位於澳洲西海岸，地理位置上比起東岸的雪梨、墨爾本和布里斯本更靠近歐洲與非洲，因此常被澳洲航空選為直飛歐洲（如倫敦、巴黎）的起點樞紐。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 運輸公司；航空公司
在本文中： 航線；路線
在本文中： 商業的；營利的
在本文中： 中途停留；轉機停留
在本文中： 通常；一般而言
在本文中： 揭露；公佈
在本文中： （飛機、火車、巴士等的）票價
在本文中： 飛機；航空器（單複數同形）
在本文中： 挫折；阻礙
在本文中： 製造業；生產製造
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
Referring to an exceptionally long flight, usually non-stop and lasting more than 16 hours
超長程的（通常指超過 16 小時以上的直飛航班）
To become available for people to buy
開始發售；開賣
To walk or change position rather than staying seated or still
走動；活動活動