EN： Apposition (同位語): A noun phrase placed next to another noun to identify or explain it. Here, 'Britain's largest carmaker' is an appositive phrase that provides more information about the subject 'Jaguar Land Rover'. It is separated from the rest of the sentence by commas.
中文： 同位語：將一個名詞短語放在另一個名詞旁邊，用以說明或解釋該名詞。在此句中，「Britain's largest carmaker」（英國最大的汽車製造商）是一個同位語短語，用來補充說明主詞「Jaguar Land Rover」（捷豹路虎）。它與句子的其他部分用逗號隔開。
Mr. Smith, our English teacher, loves reading novels.
我們的英文老師史密斯先生熱愛讀小說。
EN： Present Perfect Tense (現在完成式): Formed with 'has/have + past participle' (here, 'has announced'). It is used to describe an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past and has a strong relevance or impact on the present.
中文： 現在完成式：由「has/have + 過去分詞」構成（此處為「has announced」）。用於描述過去某個未明確說明的時間發生的動作，且該動作對現在有著密切的關聯或影響。
The government has announced a new policy to reduce plastic waste.
政府已經宣佈了一項減少塑膠垃圾的新政策。
EN： Jaguar Land Rover (JLR) is an iconic British multinational automotive company known for luxury vehicles and sport utility vehicles (SUVs). Although currently owned by the Indian conglomerate Tata Motors, it remains a symbol of British automotive heritage and engineering, making its business decisions highly influential in the UK economy.
中文： 捷豹路虎（JLR）是英國標誌性的跨國汽車製造商，以生產豪華轎車和運動型多用途車（SUV）聞名。雖然該公司目前由印度塔塔汽車集團控股，但它仍被視為英國汽車工業傳統與工程技術的象徵，因此其商業決策對英國經濟具有舉足輕重的影響力。
EN： The phrase 'instead of' is a prepositional phrase meaning 'in place of' or 'rather than'. It must be followed by a noun, pronoun, or a gerund (verb-ing form). In this sentence, it is followed by the gerund 'moving'.
中文： 短語「instead of」是一個介係詞短語，意思是「代替」或「而不是」。後面必須接名詞、代名詞或動名詞（動詞-ing 形式）。在本句中，它後面接的是動名詞「moving」。
She decided to walk to work instead of taking the bus.
她決定走路去上班，而不是搭公車。
EN： The present perfect tense ('has said') is used here to report a recent announcement. It is followed by a noun clause acting as the direct object: '(that) it will produce...', where the conjunction 'that' is omitted.
中文： 這裡使用現在完成式（has said）來報導一項最近的聲明。其後引導一個名詞子句作為直接受詞：「(that) it will produce...」，其中連接詞「that」被省略了。
The government has announced it will lower taxes next year.
政府已宣布明年將會降低稅收。
EN： The infinitive phrase 'to grow sales...' is used as an adjective (adjectival infinitive) to modify the noun 'plan', explaining the purpose or content of the plan.
中文： 不定詞片語「to grow sales...」在此作形容詞修飾名詞「plan」（計劃），用來解釋該計劃的目的或具體內容。
She has a plan to study abroad next year.
她有一個明年出國留學的計劃。
EN： The preposition 'in' is used here to indicate a specific geographical location or market where an activity (growing sales) takes place.
中文： 介系詞「in」在此處用於表示某個特定的地理區域或市場，即活動（擴大銷售）發生的地點（美國）。
The company wants to open new stores in Japan.
這家公司想要在日本開設新分店。
EN： The term 'United States' is preceded by the definite article 'the' because it refers to a union of states. In business contexts, expanding or growing sales in the United States is often seen as a key milestone due to the country's massive consumer market and purchasing power.
中文： 「United States」（美國）前面必須加上定冠詞「the」，因為它指的是多個州組成的聯邦。在商業語境中，由於美國擁有龐大的消費市場和強大的購買力，在美國擴大銷售通常被視為企業發展的重要里程碑。
EN： Indirect Speech (Reported Speech) with 'that'-clause: When reporting what someone said in the past, we often use a reporting verb (like 'told') followed by a 'that'-clause. The tense in the 'that'-clause usually shifts back (backshift), so 'will' becomes 'would'.
中文： 間接引語（轉述語氣）與 'that' 引導的子句：當轉述過去某人所說的話時，我們通常會使用轉述動詞（如 'told'），後接 'that' 引導的子句。子句中的時態通常需要往過去推移（時態回退），因此 'will' 會變成 'would'。
She told her manager that she would complete the report by Friday.
她告訴她的經理，她會在週五前完成報告。
EN： Dative Verb Pattern (Subject + Verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object): The verb 'tell' is a dative verb that takes an indirect object (the person being told: 'investors') followed by a direct object (the information being told: the 'that'-clause).
中文： 雙賓語動詞句型（主詞 + 動詞 + 間接受詞 + 直接受詞）：動詞 'tell' 是一個雙賓語動詞，後面接間接受詞（接受訊息的人：'investors'），再接直接受詞（所告知的訊息：'that' 引導的子句）。
EN： In the automotive industry, 'petrol' is the standard term used in British English (as Jaguar Land Rover is a British carmaker), whereas American English speakers would typically use the word 'gas' or 'gasoline'.
中文： 在汽車產業中，'petrol' 是英國英語中的標準用語（因為捷豹路虎是一家英國汽車製造商），而美國英語使用者通常會使用 'gas' 或 'gasoline' 來表示汽油。
EN： Relative Clause with 'that': The relative pronoun 'that' introduces a defining relative clause ('that were previously planned...') to modify the noun phrase 'smaller SUVs', specifying which SUVs are being referred to.
中文： 使用 'that' 的關係子句：關係代名詞 'that' 引導一個限定性關係子句（'that were previously planned...'）來修飾名詞片語 'smaller SUVs'，明確指出所指的是哪些 SUV。
The company produces cars that are environmentally friendly.
這家公司生產對環境友好的汽車。
EN： Passive Voice with Infinitive: 'were planned to be sold' uses the passive voice ('were planned') followed by a passive infinitive ('to be sold') to show that the action is performed on the subject (SUVs) by an unspecified agent.
中文： 被動語態搭配不定詞：'were planned to be sold' 使用了被動語態（'were planned'）後接被動不定詞（'to be sold'），用以表示該動作是由未特定的人施加在主詞（SUVs）上。
The old buildings were scheduled to be demolished next month.
那些舊建築物原定於下個月被拆除。
EN： The subordinating conjunction 'because' is used to introduce a subordinate clause of reason, explaining why the action in the main clause occurs. It connects the main clause ('The decision reflects...') with the reason ('many carmakers... have delayed...').
中文： 從屬連接詞「because」（因為）用於引導表示原因的從屬子句，解釋主句動作發生的原因。它將主句（這項決定反映了……）與原因（許多汽車製造商……推遲了……）連接起來。
The company changed its strategy because consumer preferences shifted toward hybrid models.
該公司改變了策略，因為消費者的偏好轉向了混合動力車型。
EN： The present perfect tense ('have delayed') is used here to describe an action that started in the past and has continuing relevance or results in the present. It consists of 'have/has' + past participle.
中文： 現在完成式（have delayed）在此用於描述一個在過去開始並對現在產生持續影響或結果的動作。其結構為「have/has」+ 過去分詞。
Many tech firms have delayed their return-to-office plans this year.
許多科技公司今年都推遲了返回辦公室的計劃。
EN： The verb 'aim' is commonly followed by an infinitive ('to' + base verb) to express a goal or intention. In this sentence, 'aims to double' indicates the company's objective.
中文： 動詞「aim」（目標是/旨在）後面通常接不定詞（to + 原形動詞），用來表示目標或意圖。在本句中，「aims to double」表示該公司的目標是使銷量翻倍。
She aims to complete her master's degree by next summer.
她的目標是在明年夏天前完成碩士學位。
EN： The preposition 'by' followed by a gerund (verb-ing) is used to show the method or means of achieving something. Here, 'by adding' explains how the company plans to double its sales.
中文： 介係詞「by」後面接動名詞（V-ing），用來表示達成某事的手段或方法。在這裡，「by adding」解釋了該公司計劃如何實現銷量翻倍的目標。
You can improve your English by reading more books.
你可以透過閱讀更多書籍來提升你的英文能力。
EN： The use of superlative adjectives (e.g., 'richest', 'the most') is used to compare three or more things, indicating that one has the highest degree of a quality. 'Richest' is formed by adding '-est' to the short adjective 'rich', while 'the most' is used for plural countable nouns like 'millionaires' and 'billionaires'.
中文： 最高級形容詞（例如「richest」、「the most」）用於三個或以上的人事物進行比較，表示某物具有最高程度的特質。單音節形容詞「rich」後面加上「-est」形成「richest」；而「the most」則用於修飾複數可數名詞（如「millionaires」和「billionaires」）。
This is the most expensive car in the showroom.
這是展示間裡最昂貴的汽車。
EN： A relative clause starting with the relative pronoun 'who' is used to provide essential information about the preceding nouns ('millionaires and billionaires'). In this sentence, 'who' acts as the subject of the relative clause 'who can afford luxury vehicles'.
中文： 以關係代名詞「who」引導的關係子句（定語從句），用於修飾先行詞（在此為「millionaires and billionaires」，即百萬富翁與億萬富翁），提供關鍵的說明。在此句中，「who」在關係子句「who can afford luxury vehicles」中擔任主詞。
EN： The United States has traditionally been a key market for luxury car brands like Jaguar Land Rover due to its high concentration of high-net-worth individuals (HNWIs). The term 'millionaire' and 'billionaire' reflect the significant wealth accumulation in the US economy, making it a primary target for premium consumer goods.
中文： 由於美國擁有高度集中的高淨值人士（HNWIs），它傳統上一直是捷豹路虎等豪華汽車品牌的核心市場。句中提到的「百萬富翁」與「億萬富翁」反映了美國經濟中顯著的財富累積，這使其成為高端消費品的主要目標市場。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses are introduced by relative pronouns like 'which' (preceded by a comma) to provide extra, non-essential information about the preceding clause or noun. In this sentence, 'which' refers to the entire previous clause (the fact that a Range Rover starts at over 143,000 dollars).
中文： 非限定關係子句（Non-defining relative clauses）由關係代名詞（如前面帶有逗號的 'which'）引導，用來對前面的子句或名詞提供額外的、非必要的補充說明。在本句中，'which' 代表前面的整個子句（即路虎攬勝起售價超過 143,000 美元這件事）。
He passed the difficult exam, which surprised everyone in the class.
他通過了那場困難的考試，這讓班上的每個人都很驚訝。
EN： The preposition 'at' is used to indicate a specific price, rate, or value. In this context, 'starts at' indicates the minimum base price of the vehicle.
中文： 介系詞 'at' 用於表示特定的價格、比率或數值。在此語境中，'starts at' 表示該車輛的最低起售價格。
Tickets for the concert start at 50 dollars.
音樂會的門票起售價為 50 美元。
EN： The Range Rover is a premium luxury SUV brand produced by Jaguar Land Rover. In the United States and globally, it is widely recognized as a status symbol of high wealth and luxury lifestyle, which explains why its high starting price of over $143,000 appeals specifically to 'wealthy buyers' rather than the general public.
中文： 路虎攬勝（Range Rover）是捷豹路虎旗下生產的高級奢華 SUV 品牌。在美國及全球範圍內，它被廣泛視為高收入與奢華生活方式的地位象徵，這也解釋了為什麼其超過 143,000 美元的高昂起售價，特別能吸引「富裕買家」而非一般大眾。
EN： The verb 'believe' is followed by a noun clause (that-clause) acting as its direct object. In informal or standard English, the conjunction 'that' is frequently omitted when the meaning is clear.
中文： 動詞「believe」（相信）後面接一個名詞子句（that 子句）作為其直接受詞。在口語或標準英語中，連接詞「that」經常會被省略，而不影響句意表達。
Many experts believe the economy will recover quickly next year.
許多專家相信明年經濟將會快速復甦。
EN： The phrasal verb 'benefit from' means to receive an advantage or profit from something. It is followed by a noun or gerund.
中文： 片語動詞「benefit from」意為「從……中獲益」或「得益於……」，後面接名詞或動名詞作為介係詞的受詞。
Students can benefit from regular exercise and healthy eating habits.
學生可以從規律運動和健康的飲食習慣中獲益。
EN： The phrase 'inherited money' (often linked to the 'Great Wealth Transfer') refers to a significant economic trend in Western countries, particularly the US and UK. As the wealthy 'Baby Boomer' generation ages, trillions of dollars are expected to be passed down to their heirs (Millennials and Gen Z) over the next few decades, creating a massive wave of young, wealthy consumers for luxury brands.
中文： 「inherited money」（繼承的財富，常與「大財富轉移」相關聯）是指西方國家（特別是美國和英國）一個重要的經濟趨勢。隨著富裕的「嬰兒潮」世代老去，預計在未來幾十年內將有數萬億美元傳承給他們的繼承人（千禧世代和 Z 世代），這為奢侈品牌創造了一大批年輕且富有的潛在消費者。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses (using 'who') are used to add extra, non-essential information about a person. They are separated from the rest of the sentence by commas. If the clause is removed, the sentence still makes complete sense.
中文： 非限定關係子句（使用 'who'）用於對人添加額外的、非必要的補充資訊。這種子句前後需使用逗號與主句隔開。即使將該子句刪除，主句的意思依然完整。
Mr. Green, who lives next door, is a famous writer.
住在隔壁的格林先生是一位著名的作家。
EN： The simple past tense (e.g., 'became', 'spoke') is used to describe completed actions that happened at a specific time in the past, often indicated by time expressions like 'last year'.
中文： 簡單過去式（例如 'became'、'spoke'）用於描述在過去特定時間已經完成的動作，通常會與表示過去時間的副詞（如 'last year'，意為去年）連用。
She joined the team last month and worked on the project.
她上個月加入了團隊並參與了該專案的工作。
EN： In corporate communications, introducing a key executive with their title and tenure (e.g., 'who became chief executive... last year') is a standard way to establish authority and provide context to investors and the public.
中文： 在企業通訊與財經新聞中，介紹高階主管時加上其職稱與任期（例如「去年成為該公司執行長」）是標準的寫法，旨在向投資人及大眾建立其權威性並提供背景資訊。
EN： The infinitive of purpose ('To + verb') is used at the beginning of a sentence to express the goal or reason for the action in the main clause. It is often followed by a comma.
中文： 不定詞表示目的（To + 動詞原形）常用於句首，用來表達主句動作的目的或原因。在句首使用時，通常後面會加上逗號與主句隔開。
To improve his English, he practices speaking every day.
為了增進他的英文，他每天練習口說。
EN： Apposition (Noun + Noun Phrase) is used to rename or explain a noun. In this sentence, 'our biggest market' is an appositive that provides additional information about 'North America'.
中文： 同位語（名詞 + 名詞片語）用於重新命名或解釋前方的名詞。在本句中，「our biggest market」（我們最大的市場）是同位語，用來補充說明「North America」（北美）。
We visited Tokyo, the capital of Japan.
我們訪問了日本的首都東京。
EN： North America (specifically the United States) is a highly lucrative market for luxury car brands like Jaguar Land Rover due to the high concentration of wealthy consumers. The term 'North America' in corporate strategy often refers primarily to the US and Canadian markets.
中文： 對於捷豹路虎等豪華汽車品牌而言，北美（特別是美國）因富裕消費者高度集中而成為極具利潤的市場。在企業戰略中，「北美」一詞通常主要指美國和加拿大市場。
EN： Compound Subject with Plural Verb Agreement: When two or more singular or plural subjects are connected by 'and', they form a compound subject and require a plural verb. In this sentence, the compound subject is 'The rising demand... and the strong preference...', which takes the plural verb 'show'.
中文： 複合主詞與複數動詞一致性：當兩個或多個單數或複數主詞由「and（和）」連接時，它們會構成複合主詞，需要搭配複數動詞。在本句中，複合主詞為「The rising demand... and the strong preference...（日益增長的需求以及強烈的偏好）」，因此搭配複數動詞「show」。
The high quality of the materials and the excellent customer service make this company successful.
材料的高品質和優質的客戶服務使這家公司獲得成功。
EN： Prepositional Phrases as Noun Modifiers: Prepositional phrases starting with 'for' are used here to modify the nouns 'demand' and 'preference', specifying what the demand and preference are directed toward ('for luxury products' and 'for our brands').
中文： 介系詞片語作名詞修飾語：此處使用以「for」開頭的介系詞片語來修飾名詞「demand（需求）」和「preference（偏好）」，明確指出需求和偏好的對象（「對奢侈品」與「對我們的品牌」）。
Her passion for classical music and talent for playing the piano impressed the judges.
她對古典音樂的熱情和彈鋼琴的天賦給評審留下了深刻的印象。
EN： The reporting verb 'added' is followed by a 'that-clause' functioning as the direct object. The conjunction 'that' introduces a noun clause that contains a complete statement of what was added.
中文： 引導動詞「added」（補充說）後面接一個由「that」引導的子句，該子句作為直接受詞。這個「that 子句」是一個名詞子句，包含一個完整的陳述，說明補充說明的內容。
She added that the project would be completed by next Friday.
她補充說，該專案將在下週五前完成。
EN： The infinitive phrase 'to match...' functions as an adverbial of purpose or result, explaining the objective of growing the American business.
中文： 不定詞片語「to match...」（以達到……）在此作副詞修飾語，表示目的或結果，解釋了發展美國業務的目標。
We need to improve our service to match the competitors' standards.
我們需要提升我們的服務，以達到競爭對手的標準。
EN： In corporate strategy, 'American business' refers to the operations and sales within the United States market. The U.S. is often seen as a benchmark market for luxury brands due to its high concentration of high-net-worth individuals.
中文： 在企業戰略中，「美國業務」（American business）是指在美國市場內的營運與銷售。由於美國擁有高度集中的高淨值人士（富豪），因此通常被視為奢侈品牌最重要的指標性市場。
EN： The present perfect tense (have/has + past participle) is used here to describe an action that started in the past and has relevance or results continuing into the present. In this sentence, 'have played' indicates that the actions of governments in the past continue to affect the current situation.
中文： 現在完成式（have/has + 過去分詞）在此用於描述一個始於過去且其影響或結果持續到現在的動作。在本句中，「have played」表示政府過去的作為持續影響著目前的局勢。
Technology has changed the way we communicate.
科技已經改變了我們溝通的方式。
EN： The idiom 'play a role in (something)' means to have an effect on or be involved in a particular situation or activity. The preposition 'in' is always used before the activity or area of influence.
中文： 片語「play a role in (something)」意思是「在某事中扮演角色」或「對某事發揮作用、產生影響」。介系詞「in」後面接續受影響的活動或領域。
Parents play an important role in their children's education.
父母在孩子的教育中扮演著重要的角色。
EN： The Present Perfect Passive Voice ('have been' + past participle) is used to describe an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past, where the focus is on the result of the action rather than who performed it.
中文： 現在完成式的被動語態（have/has been + 過去分詞）用於描述過去某個不確定時間發生的動作，其重點在於該動作產生的結果，而非動作的執行者。
All the old documents have been removed from the office.
所有舊文件都已經從辦公室中被移除了。
EN： The preposition 'under' is used here to mean 'under the administration, leadership, or rule of' a specific person or government.
中文： 介系詞「under」在此處表示「在某人或某政府的領導、治理或管理之下」。
Under the new manager, the team's performance has improved significantly.
在新經理的帶領下，團隊的表現有了顯著的提升。
EN： This sentence refers to the policy shift during Donald Trump's presidency in the United States, where federal tax credits and environmental regulations aimed at promoting electric vehicles (EVs) were reduced or eliminated, reflecting a political debate over green energy versus traditional fossil fuels.
中文： 這句話指的是唐納·川普在美國擔任總統期間的政策轉變。當時旨在推廣電動車（EV）的聯邦稅收抵免和環保法規被減少或取消，這反映了美國國內關於綠色能源與傳統化石燃料之間的政治辯論。
EN： Present Perfect Tense (have + past participle): Used to describe an action that happened in the past but has a strong relevance or effect on the present situation.
中文： 現在完成式（have + 過去分詞）：用於描述過去發生但對現在狀況有強烈關聯或影響的動作。
Many companies have changed their plans recently.
許多公司最近改變了他們的計劃。
EN： Possessive Adjective 'their': Used to show ownership or association with a plural noun (in this case, 'other governments').
中文： 所有格形容詞「their」（他們的）：用於表示與複數名詞（在此句中為「其他國家的政府」）的所有權或關聯性。
The students finished their homework.
學生們完成了他們的作業。
EN： The present perfect tense ('have slowed down') is used to describe an action that started in the past and has a strong connection or result in the present.
中文： 現在完成式（have slowed down）用於描述過去開始並與現在有強烈聯繫或對現在產生影響的動作。
Many tech companies have changed their remote work policies this year.
許多科技公司今年已經改變了他們的遠距工作政策。
EN： Passive Voice with Present Simple ('are now seen as') is used to express how something is currently perceived or regarded by people in general, focusing on the receiver of the action.
中文： 現在簡單式的被動語態（are now seen as）用於表達某事目前普遍被大眾如何看待或認知，焦點在於動作的接受者。
These traditional methods are now seen as outdated by younger generations.
這些傳統方法現在被年輕一代視為過時。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 策略、戰略，指為達到特定目標而制定的長期計畫
在本文中： 投資者，投入資金以期獲得利潤的人或機構
在本文中： 反映、顯示，表現出某種情況或趨勢
在本文中： 億萬富翁，擁有數十億資產的極為富有之人
在本文中： 吸引力、感染力，能引起興趣或好感的特質
在本文中： 繼承的，指從前人或長輩處繼承而來的財產或特質
在本文中： 潛力、可能性，指未來發展或成功的潛在能力
在本文中： 誘因、獎勵措施，指用以鼓勵或刺激特定行為的優惠（如政府補貼）
在本文中： 規章、法規，指政府或機構制定的官方規則
在本文中： 切合實際的、實用的，指適合實際情況且行之有效的
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
Vehicles that use two or more distinct types of power, such as an internal combustion engine and an electric motor.
油電混合動力車
To decrease the speed of something or to make progress more slowly.
放慢、減緩
The power of attracting or interesting customers.
消費者吸引力
Rules and laws aiming to protect the environment.
環境法規、環保條例